ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL

BB CANTT SRINAGAR

BIOLOGY
PROJECT REPORT
CLASS XII
SESSION 2024-25
MENDELIAN GENETICS

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Amaan Lone Mr. Sheikh Shakir
Class- XII Science
 DECLARATION
I Amaan Lone, student of class XII Science of Army Public School
Srinagar, do hereby declare that the project work entitled
“Mendelian Genetics” is undertaken by me as part of CBSE
curriculum. To the best of my knowledge, it is an original piece of
work done by me and is worthy of consideration in partial fulfilment
of the requirement by CBSE. I assert the statements made and
conclusions drawn are an outcome of my research work. I have
followed the guidelines provided by the Central Board of Secondary
Education(CBSE) in doing the project .

This project is submitted to Department of Biology, Army Public

School Srinagar.

Amaan Lone
Class-XII Science
Army Public School, Srinagar
 Certificate

This is to certify that the Biology project on

Mendelian Genetics has been successfully
completed by Amaan Lone of Class XII, Army
Public School, Srinagar for consideration in
practical fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board
of Secondary Education (CBSE) of Biology (044) for
the award of AISSCE Practical Examination 2024-
25.

I certify that the project is up to my expectations

and can be submitted for evaluation.

(External Examiner) (Internal Examiner)

(Principal)

Amaan Lone (Student)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all

those who have been instrumental in the preparation of this
project.

I feel great pleasure to express my obligation to Mr. Rajiv

Choudhary, Principle of Army Public School Srinagar.

I also am sincerely grateful to Mr. Sheikh Shakir (PGT Biology),

Army Public School, Srinagar for his encouragement and
valuable guidance during the entire period of work.

I am also thankful to my parents and friends for their

constant encouragement and cooperation throughout this
project.
 CONTENTS:

• INTRODUCTION

• INHERITANCE OF ONE GENE(MONOHYBRID CROSS)

• INHERITANCE OF TWO GENES (DIHYBRID CROSS)

• LAW OF DOMINANCE

• LAW OF PURITY OF GAMETES

• LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

• TEST CROSS

• BACK CROSS
WHAT IS GENETICS?
• It is the branch of biology that deals with heredity,
especially the mechanisms of hereditary
transmission and the variation of inherited
characteristics among similar or related organisms.
• The term Genetics was introduced by Bateson in
1906. It was derived from the word “Gene” which
means ‘to become’ or ‘to grow into’.
• Therefore, genetics is the science of coming into
being.

INHERITANCE OF ONE GENE:

• Monohybrid cross refers to the genetic inheritance that
involves a single characteristic or trait like plant height,
pod shape, etc. Mendel crosses two homozygous traits
and forms a heterozygous trait which is known as
a monohybrid cross or the inheritance of a single gene.
Each gene has two versions that control a character that
is called an allele. Through Punnett square, it can be
easily shown.
• After the monohybrid cross the heterozygous progeny is
obtained which is called Fillial1 (F1) generation. And
again cross is done between F1 progeny or heterozygous
trait and the resulting progeny is called Fillial2 (F2)
generation. Three of the resulting alleles exhibit the
dominant trait, while one show the recessive trait, giving
rise to a phenotypic ratio of 3:1. The ratio of the
dominant allele, a heterozygous and recessive allele is
1:2:1 which is called as genotypic ratio.
How to carry out a Monohybrid cross?
The monohybrid cross is carried out by carrying out following
steps:
• Select two parent organisms with differing traits
controlled by a single gene.
• Ensure one parent is homozygous dominant, and the
other is homozygous recessive for that gene.
• Cross the parents, allowing for controlled pollination or
mating.
• Observe the offspring (F1 generation), which will all be
heterozygous for that gene.
• Allow the F1 generation to self-pollinate.
• Observe the F2 generation to determine the phenotypic
ratios.

INHERITANCE OF TWO GENES:

A dihybrid cross is a breeding experiment between organisms
with two contrasting traits. The individuals involved in this
type of trait are homozygous for that specific trait. This
experiment helps us in understanding how these traits are
inherited independently in organisms. Genes
are DNA segments that control these features.
Different pairs of alleles for each trait are carried by the
parents in a dihybrid cross. While the other parent carries a
homozygous recessive allele, one parent is homozygously
dominant. All of the offspring born following the crossings in
the F1 generation are heterozygous for particular traits.

Dihybrid Cross Example

Mendel crossed two features that were incompatible, such as
the color and form of seeds, at a time. He crossed the
spherical yellow seed and the green seed with wrinkles. In
the F1 generation, he only succeeded in getting round yellow
seeds. This demonstrated that seeds are often spherical and
yellow.
In contrast, the seeds’ wrinkled shape and green color are
distinct characteristics. F1 offspring were later self-pollinated.
Four distinct seed combinations were produced as a result of
the F2 generation. Within the phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1,
there were wrinkled-yellow, round-yellow, wrinkled-green,
and round-green seeds. He noticed a similar dominance and
inheritance pattern during the monohybrid cross of these
features. Hybridization also maintained the 3:1 phenotypic
ratio of the round and wrinkled seed shape and the yellow
and green seed color.
Consider the letters “Y” for seeds of yellow color, “g” for
seeds of green color, “R” for seeds with a round shape, and
“w” for seeds with a wrinkled shape. As a result, it is possible
to deduce the parental genotype as “YYRR” (yellow-round
seeds) and “yyrr” (green-wrinkled seeds).
Conclusion – Dihybrid Cross
In conclusion, a dihybrid cross is a crucial genetic experiment
that helps us understand how traits are inherited
independently of each other. The dihybrid cross phenotype
ratio is 9:3:3:1. By studying the offspring of individuals
differing in two traits, we gain valuable insights into the
patterns of inheritance for each trait separately. Through
experiments like these, scientists continue to unravel the
mysteries of genetics and advance our understanding of
heredity.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERTIANCE:
Mendel had given three laws of inheritance after observing
his experiments. These are:
1. Law of Dominance
2. Law of Independent Assortment
3. Law of Segregation
1. Law of Dominance
The law of dominance states that the expression of only one
of the forms of the parental trait in the F1 hybrid. In
heterozygous condition i.e. different alleles, the dominant
allele get expressed. only one is dominant and will be
expressed when two different alleles are present. F1
generation expresses dominant alleles. The suppressed allele
is known as the recessive allele or trait.
TT × tt (parents) ——> Tt; F1 generation
2. Law of Independent Assortment
The law of independent assortment is also the second law of
Mendels. It states that completely different pairs of alleles
are passed on to the offspring independently of each other
that is during gametes formation, two genes segregate
independently of each other as well as of the other trait. The
inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of
any other gene.
3.LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT:
The law of segregation is the third law of Mendel. The law of
segregation states that for any trait, each pair of alleles of a
gene segregate, and one gene passes from each parent to an
offspring. Two alleles do not mix when they come together in
a hybrid pair and are independent of each other.

TEST CROSS:
A test cross is a cross between a person with an unknown
genotype and another person with a homozygous recessive
genotype. A test cross determines or discloses the genotype
of the original person. A test cross can assist in determining if
a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for a
certain trait.

BACK CROSS:
When the heterozygotes or F1F1 individuals are crossed with
any one of the parent organisms that are phenotypically
similar and genotypically similar to the parents. This type of
crossing is called a back cross.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

References and Bibliography:

• Biology Class XII NCERT Publication.
• http://www.ncert.co.in/
• https://geeksforgeeks.org/
• https://www.wikipedia.org/