Research Assignment
Research Assignment
Research Assignment
• Explain how stress and strain are defined when a rod is subjected to tension.
o When a rod is subjected to tension, it experiences both stress and strain. Stress
is the force per unit area acting on the rod, while strain is the deformation
caused by this stress. In tension, the rod is pulled from both ends, causing it to
elongate. We can usually observe this phenomenon in cables that are used for
lifting, like cranes. The ratio of this elongation to the original length is known as
tensile strain. There are many materials being used within the engineering and
manufacturing industry, and for many materials, within a certain range of stress,
stress and strain are directly proportional, a relationship described by Hooke's
law.
o There are multiple formulas that are used in finding out the stress-strain of a
material. For one, there is the stress formula, σ = F/A, where F is the load being
given to the material, and A is the cross-sectional area of the material bearing
the load.
o Another formula is the strain formula, ε = ΔL/L, where ΔL is the change in length
of the material that underwent tensile loading, while L is the original length of
the material.
• Identify and explain the conventional units used for measuring stress and strain in both
the SI (International System of Units) and USCS (United States Customary System).
o The SI system, or the International System of Units, was developed in the late
18th century during the French Revolution. Its goal was to create a unified and
standardized system of measurement that would be used globally, unfortunately
it is not the case today, as Americans refuse to use SI units. The original system,
known as the Système International d'Unités, was based on seven base units:
meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole. Eventually, the
system has evolved and expanded to include derived units and prefixes for
expressing very small or very large quantities.
o The SI Units for stress is usually Pascals, which can also be denoted by N/m 2.
• Label important features such as the proportional limit, yield point, ultimate tensile
strength, and fracture point.
o
4. Difference Between Elastic and Plastic Behavior of Materials:
o Elastic Behavior occurs when a material deforms under stress but returns to its
original shape when the stress is removed. This is like a spring stretching and
then bouncing back to its original length. As the word elastic says, it is like an
elastic rubber band that is in its original position when it is at rest, meaning it is
not stretched. Plastic Behavior occurs when a material deforms under stress and
does not return to its original shape after the stress is removed. This is like
bending a paperclip; it will not straighten out completely even if you let go. Even
then, you can still bend it back to its original position but it won’t be perfect, and
you may have lessened its structural integrity
Abesamis, Gregg Angelo A. Research Assignment
o Elastic
o Plastic
o Elastic Modulus
o Proportional Limit
The link between stress and strain grows more complicated beyond the
proportionate limit. When a material behaves elastically in a nonlinear
way, the relationship between strain and stress is no longer straight
forward. The material may even start to distort plastically in some
situations, which means that even when the stress is removed, it won't
go back to its previous shape.
o Elastic Limit
o Yield Point
Upper yield point is the initial stress at which plastic deformation begins.
Lower yield point is After yielding, the material stabilizes at this stress
level.
o Ultimate Point
• The highest stress that a material can bear before failing is known as the
ultimate point. This is the breaking or rupture point of the material.
Although the ultimate point is frequently higher than the yield point, it
occasionally falls below it, particularly for materials that show a
considerable degree of strain hardening. A process known as "strain
hardening" occurs when a material undergoes plastic deformation and
subsequently becomes stronger and more resistant to distortion.
Abesamis, Gregg Angelo A. Research Assignment
Poisson's ratio (v) is calculated using the formula: -(lateral strain) / (axial strain)
For example, a rubber band will also get narrower when stretched longitudinally.
The same is true for strings of yarn and that is because rubber exhibits a
relatively high Poisson's ratio, meaning that stretching causes it to compress
considerably laterally. Conversely, when stretched, a material like cork that has a
low Poisson's ratio won't shrink all that much laterally.
• Discuss the differences between tensile and shear stresses, providing examples where
applicable.
o Two basic forms of stress that may be applied to a material are shear stress and
tensile stress. Although a force is applied in both cases, the direction of the force
and the resulting deformation are different.
• Explain how the shear yield strength Ssy is related to the yield strength Sy obtained from
a tensile test.
Abesamis, Gregg Angelo A. Research Assignment
• Discuss when the factor of safety might be considered too small or too large.
Safety Hazards: This can lead to serious consequences, such as injury, property
damage, or loss of life.
There is a chance that the structure or component will fail under the expected
loads if the safety factor is too low. There may be negative consequences from
this, including:
• Discuss the trade-offs engineers must consider when deciding whether the factor of
safety is too large or too small.
Higher factor of safety: While providing greater safety, a higher factor of safety
typically leads to increased material usage, fabrication costs, and maintenance
expenses.
Lower factor of safety: While reducing costs, a lower factor of safety increases
the risk of failure, potentially leading to serious consequences.
Performance vs Weight:
weight is crucial and can be the difference between a crash or not even working
properly.
Lower factor of safety: A lower factor of safety can lead to a lighter design, but
at the risk of reduced performance or increased vulnerability to failure.
Lower factor of safety: A reduced factor of safety might lead to more frequent
failures, which would necessitate more regular upkeep and inspections.