Problem 205

A uniform bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and unit mass ρ is suspended vertically from one end.
Show that its total elongation is δ = ρgL2/2E. If the total mass of the bar is M, show also that δ = MgL/2AE.

Solution

δ= 𝑃𝐿/𝐴𝐸 From this formula we can get derive its elongation. From our general formula we got: L = Length,
A = Cross Section Area, W = Total Weight or mg. First, we need to derive all our given to our general formula
let’s start with P, we know that P is an external force and from the given we can derive it into: 𝑃=
𝑊𝑦=(ρ𝐴𝑦)𝑔=𝑁(𝑦), ρ𝐴𝑦 is the axial load multiplied by the gravity to create a force.

From using these formulas:

We can use Robert Hooke’s Law 𝜎(𝑦)=𝐸∙𝜀(𝑦) 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝛿= 𝑁(𝑦) 𝐸𝐴(𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 and now we can

use integration. ∙𝑑𝑦.

𝑾𝑳𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 =
𝟐𝑬
For the second problem we have total mass 𝑀,𝜌= 𝑀/𝑉 = 𝑀/𝐴𝐿 . From 𝛿=𝑊𝐿2/2𝐸, we can derive W = 𝜌∙𝑔.

𝑴𝒈𝑳
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 =
𝟐𝑨𝑬
Problem 206

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended vertically from
one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E
= 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Solution:

We have two Axial Deformations, 𝛿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2, 𝛿1is the deformation due to its own weight while the 𝛿2is due
to applied load. First we need to get the 𝛿1 and to do that we will use 𝛿1= 𝑃1∙𝐿/𝐴𝐸 , and from the given we
need to get P and to do that we need to multiply the unit of mass of the steel to gravity. After that we will
change the units for easier cancellation.

We can just simply plug in the values to the general formula

Now, we can get the elongation caused by the applied load.

Finally, we will get the Total Elongation:

Stress= 𝛿1+ 𝛿2

Stress= 20𝑚+ 500𝑚=520m

Problem 207

A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the weight of the wire,
determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed
0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.

Solution:

In this problem we are asked to determine the required diameter to not exceed the allowable stress of 29
ksi or 20,000 psi. From the given data we can get the diameter by deriving the formula of stress and using
the area of diameter of a circle which is 𝜋𝑑2/4.

We can then separate the diameter by deriving it one by one until we get the d:

.1784 inch

We simply moved pi/4 over to the right side and got the square root to eliminate the square of the diameter.

So, now we will try and find the required diameter that is based on the maximum allowable deformation.

By doing so, we can get the answer 0.1988. We can use a steel wire with a diameter ranging from 0.1784
to 0.1988 inch.
Problem 208

A steel tire, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 1500.0 mm inside diameter, is heated and shrunk onto a steel
wheel 1500.5 mm in diameter. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30, what torque is required to twist the
tire relative to the wheel? Neglect the deformation of the wheel. Use E = 200 GPa.

Solution:

We will still stick to our general formula δ = 𝑃𝐿/𝐴𝐸 , from the given data we are asked to get the torque but
we are missing some values that we need and from our general formula we will get those missing values.
We will start with L and based on the figure we can get the Length using a circumference of a circle

, L = 1500 mm, the unit is in mm so we will

convert it into m. Next, we can get the deformation by subtracting the difference of circumference. Lastly,

we will get the area using the thickness and base of the wheel.

P=53,333.33N

Now we need to get the total normal force that is acting on the wheel to get that we can use the equation
of equilibrium of forces we can see that there are 2 T forces and there is only one Normal force so we got:

F=2𝑃; 𝐹 =𝑝𝐴
I𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝) ∙ 0.0008 𝑚2 = 2∙ 53,333.33N

P =133,333,325 𝑁/𝑚2

Now we can get the total normal force:

Fn =𝑝𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒l

Now that we got the normal force we can use it to get the friction resistance and use it to get the Torque
by multiplying the friction to the diameter of wheel divided by 2:

Friction Resistance, F=uN 0.30(50282234.48N) = 15,084,670.34 N

Torque = 11,317.274 Nm2

Problem 209

An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied at the positions
shown in Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 10 6 psi. Assume the bar is
suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

Solution:

To solve this problem, we need to consider the forces acting on the aluminum bar. To do that, we should
separate or divide the aluminum bar into 3 figures based on the length separating them to determine what
kind of force is acting on each figures. Those forces will be known as P.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

After separating them into their respective FBDs, we can now take all the given values to start off with the
solving

Given:

P1 = 6000 lb T

P2 = 1000 lb C

P3 = 4000 lb T

P1 (Figure 1) shows a 6000 lb tension force because it is shown on the arrows that they are pulling/going
on the opposite side of each other. P2 (Figure 2) showed a 1000 force of compression because the arrows
are facing one another, this means that they are going towards the direction of each other, compressing
the aluminum bar. We can also see that it P2 becomes 1000 due to the difference of forces from 6000lb to
7000lb. Then lastly, P3 (Figure 3) showed a 4000 lb force of tension.
It is shown in the given problem that there’s a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 and Young’s Modulus E of 10
x 106 psi, giving the following:

A = 0.5 in2

E = 10 x 106 lb/in2

Now, to solve for the total change in length of the bar, we have the formula of stress

Figure 4

Figure 5

From the mathalino reviewer (Figure 5), it was not clearly explained on how they arrived on that
conclusion.

δ1 is for figure 1, since the force acting on P1 is tension, this meant that the aluminum bar is lengthening
on that part, making it positive.

δ2 is for figure 2, since the force acting on P2 is compression, this meant that the aluminum bar is
shortening, making it negative.

δ3 is for figure 3, since the force acting on P3 is tension, this meant that the aluminum bar is lengthening
on that part, making it positive.

Thus, δ = δ1 – δ2 + δ3

Figure 6

Figure 7
Problem 210

Solve Prob. 209 if the points of application of the 6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces are interchanged.

Solution:

So, this problem is the continuation for the Problem 209, with a change for P 1 and P3. Figure 1 and 3
showed that its force is in tension, with the changes for problem 210 for the forces, we’ll have:

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Therefore,

P1 = 4000 lb compression

P2 = 1000 lb compression

P3 = 6000 lb compression

P1 (Figure 1) showed a 4000 lb of compression because it is shown on the arrows that they are pushing on
one another. P2 (Figure 2) showed a 11000 force of compression because the arrows are facing one
another, compressing the aluminum bar, also, this happened because 4000 + 7000 is 11000. Then lastly,
P3 (Figure 3) showed a 6000 lb force of compression.

Using the same given as Problem 209, we’ll have:

A = 0.5 in2

E = 10 x 106 lb/in2

Now, to solve for the total change in length of the bar, we have the formula

Figure 2.4 Figure 1.5

As you can see, the signs were different for this equation, this is due to the following:

For δ1, δ2, and δ3, (figures 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3), since the force acted on them is compression, this meant that
the aluminum bar is shortening, making is negative.

Thus, δ = – δ1 – δ2 – δ3

Figure 6

Figure 7
Problem 211

A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum as shown in Fig. p-211. Axial loads are
applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation
of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the
aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use E st = 200 GPa, Eal = 70
GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Solution:

To start solving this, we should separate first the bars to see the forces acting on each bar.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Given:

Stress:

σst = 140 MPa = 140,000,000 Pa

σbr = 120 MPa = 120,000,000 Pa

σal = 80 MPa = 80,000,000 Pa

Young’s Modulus “E”

Est = 200 GPa = 200,000,000,000 Pa

Ebr = 83 GPa = 83,000,000,000 Pa

Eal = 70 GPa = 70,000,000,000 Pa

Length:

Lst = 1 m (figure P-211)

Lbr = 2 m (figure P-211)

Lal = 1.5 m (figure P-211)

Area:

Ast = 480 mm2 = 0.48 m2

Abr = 650 mm2 = 0.65 m2

Aal = 320 mm2 = 0.32 m2

Overall Deformation:

δ = 3.0 mm = 0.003 m

We can now solve for the allowable stresses on each bar.

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

To calculate for the maximum allowable stress, we can use the formula:

P (Force) = σ (stress) x A (area)

The dimensional analysis for Figures 4-6 were not clear, the following will show how that happened:

Steel:
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = σ𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = (140,000,000 𝑃𝑎)(0.48 𝑚2 )

𝑁
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = (140,000,000 )(0.48 𝑚2 )
𝑚2
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 67,200,000 𝑁 ≈ 67.2 𝑀𝑁
Thus, correcting the mathalino reviewer (figure 3.4), MN instead of kN.

Bronze:

Pbr = 2P because there’s 1P (figure 1) acting on the 3P (figure 2), thus, difference of 3P and 1P is 2P.

2𝑃𝑏𝑟 = σ𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟

2𝑃𝑏𝑟 = (120,000,000 𝑃𝑎)(0.65 𝑚2 )

𝑁
2𝑃𝑏𝑟 = (120,000,000 )(0.65 𝑚2 )
𝑚2
2𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 78,000,000 𝑁
2𝑃𝑏𝑟 78,000,000 𝑁
=
2 2
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 39,000,000 𝑁

Aluminum:

Pal = 2P because there’s 2P (figure 3.2) acting on the 4P (figure 3.3), thus, 4P decreased by 2P is 2P.

2𝑃𝑎𝑙 = σ𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑎𝑙

2𝑃𝑎𝑙 = (80,000,000 𝑃𝑎)(0.32 𝑚2 )

𝑁
2𝑃𝑎𝑙 = (80,000,000 )(0.32 𝑚2 )
𝑚2
2𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 25,600,000 𝑁
2𝑃𝑎𝑙 25,600,000 𝑁
=
2 2
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 12,800,000 𝑁

Figure 7
 Figure 8

Figure 9

Solving based on allowable deformation:

Bars steel and aluminum lengthens because they are both tensile based on figures 1 and 3 respectively,
therefore, they are both positive. On the other hand, the bar bronze shortens because it’s compressive
based on figure 2, therefore, it is negative. Thus explaining figure 7.
𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
Neglecting the P values above we just solved above, we will be solving for P for the maximum allowable
stress.

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 − 𝛿𝑏𝑟 + 𝛿𝑎𝑙

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑏𝑟 𝐿𝑏𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑙
𝛿= − +
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿𝑠𝑡 2𝑃𝐿𝑏𝑟 2𝑃𝐿𝑎𝑙
𝛿= − +
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑃(1 𝑚) 2𝑃(2 𝑚) 2𝑃(1.5 𝑚)
0.003 𝑚 = − +
(0.48 𝑚2 )(200,000,000,000 Pa) (0.65 𝑚2 )(83,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎) (0.32 𝑚2 )(70,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎)

𝑃(1 𝑚) 2𝑃(2 𝑚) 2𝑃(1.5 𝑚)

0.003 𝑚 = − +
N 𝑁 𝑁
(0.48 𝑚2 ) (200,000,000,000 ) (0.65 𝑚2 )(83,000,000,000 ) (0.32 𝑚2 )(70,000,000,000 )
𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑚2
(1 𝑚) 2(2 𝑚) 2(1.5 𝑚)
0.003 𝑚 = 𝑃( − + )
N 𝑁 𝑁
(0.48 𝑚2) (200,000,000,000 2 ) (0.65 𝑚2) (83,000,000,000 2 ) (0.32 𝑚2) (70,000,000,000 2 )
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚

(1 𝑚) 2(2 𝑚) 2(1.5 𝑚)
0.003 𝑚 = 𝑃( − + )
(96,000,000,000 N) (53,950,000,000 𝑁) (22,400,000,000 𝑁)
1 𝑚 4 𝑚 3 𝑚
0.003 𝑚 = 𝑃( − + )
96,000,000,000 𝑁 53,950,000,000 𝑁 22,400,000,000 𝑁
1 𝑚 4 𝑚 3 𝑚
0.003 𝑚 𝑃 ( 96,000,000,000 𝑁 − + )
53,950,000,000 𝑁 22,400,000,000 𝑁
=
1 𝑚 4 𝑚 3 𝑚 1 𝑚 4 𝑚 3 𝑚
( 96,000,000,000 𝑁 − + ) ( 96,000,000,000 𝑁 − + )
53,950,000,000 𝑁 22,400,000,000 𝑁 53,950,000,000 𝑁 22,400,000,000 𝑁

0.003 𝑚
𝑃=
1 𝑚 4 𝑚 3 𝑚
( − + )
96,000,000,000 𝑁 53,950,000,000 𝑁 22,400,000,000 𝑁
𝑃 = 42,733,512.76 𝑁
𝑃 ≈ 42.73 𝑀𝑁, The smallest value of P is 12.8MN of Pbr.
Problem 212

The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. P-212 is hinged at A and supported by rod at B. Determine the largest load
P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end
C must not exceed 0.10 in.

Solution:

Figure 1

Figure 2

To start, the summation of moment (ΣM) is equal to the force (P) multiply by the distance (L or length).

From figure 1, the summation of moment point A is zero (0). It was not clear on they arrived to the
conclusion that 5P is equal to 2Pst. So, let’s analyze.
↻
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
+
↻
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ − 𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅
+
↻
̅̅̅̅) − 𝑃(𝐴𝐶
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 (𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ )
+
↻
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 (2) − 𝑃(5)
+
↻
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡 − 5𝑃
+
 5𝑃 = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡
Now to get the 0.4 at figure 2:
5𝑃 2𝑃𝑠𝑡
=
5 5
2
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡
5
𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑠𝑡
To get the load (P), we multiply the stress (σ) and the area (A).

Based on the given, we have the following:

Lst = 4ft

Ast = 0.50 in2

Est = 29 x106 psi = 29,000,000 psi

σst = 30 ksi = 30,000 psi

With those we have:

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 0.4𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡

lb
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 0.4 (30,000 )(0.50𝑖𝑛2 )
𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 6,000 𝑙𝑏 ≈ 6 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Getting the clear dimensional analysis of figure 2.

Figure 4.3

Figure 4

Figure 5
 Figure 6
𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝐶
=
𝐿 𝐿
𝛿𝑠𝑡 0.1 𝑖𝑛
=
2𝑓𝑡 5𝑓𝑡
0.1 𝑖𝑛
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 2𝑓𝑡( )
5𝑓𝑡

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 0.04 𝑖𝑛
Getting the dimensional analysis for figure 5.

Then for the dimensional analysis of figure 6, we have this equation:

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

Using this on steel:

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡
𝛿𝑠𝑡 =
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡
12 𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑠𝑡 (4 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 )
1 𝑓𝑡
0.04 𝑖𝑛 =
lb
(0.50 𝑖𝑛2 )(29,000,000 )
𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑠𝑡 (48 𝑖𝑛)
0.04 𝑖𝑛 =
14,500,000 𝑙𝑏
14,500,000 𝑙𝑏 𝑃𝑠𝑡 (48 𝑖𝑛) 14,500,000 𝑙𝑏
[0.04 𝑖𝑛 = ]
48 𝑖𝑛 14,500,000 𝑙𝑏 48 𝑖𝑛
14,500,000 𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = ( )(0.04 𝑖𝑛)
48 𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 12,083.33333 𝑙𝑏 ≈ 12,083.33 𝑙𝑏

Figure 7
 Figure 8
↻
Using this [ +∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ] again, we will have this [ 5𝑃 = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡 ], and then this [ 𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑠𝑡 ]. Using the load
(Pst) that we had based on the movement at C. We will have the following as a dimensional analysis for
figure 4.7.

𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝑃 = 0.4(12,083.33 𝑙𝑏)

𝑃 = 4,833.33 𝑙𝑏 ≈ 4.83 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Since the beginning, we are looking for the largest load (P) than can be applied at C, to get that, we should
use the smaller value of load (P) that we had solve, which is 4.83 kips, explaining figure 8.
Problem 213

The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig. P-213, is horizontal before the load P is
applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.

Solution:

In the free body diagram, the summation of moments at B is first analyzed in order to get the value of the
vertical forces at A. The moment of the vertical force at A 6 meters from B must be equal to the moment
of P 2.5 meters from B. The equation is valuated and the vertical force at A (Pal) is 20.83 kN.

Using the axial deformation formula, the displacement of the aluminum rod is calculated to be 1.78 mm.
 For steel, the summation of moments at point A must be zero to find the force
acting vertically at point B. The equation is evaluated and the force acting vertically at the steel rod is 29.17
kN.

The deformation is calculated again using the formula, and the displacement at the steel rod is 1.94 mm.
In the movement diagram, the vertical displacement of P is shown as y. It can be seen in the diagram that
a right triangle is formed and is used to look for the value of y. Since both triangles are adjacently
connected, they are proportional, and therefore the value of y is calculated to be 0.09 mm.

The vertical movement of P is at point B, and the distance from B to y is 1.78 mm, so the value of the
vertical displacement of P is the sum of both displacements, resulting to the total displacement of 1.87
mm.
Problem 214

The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. P-214 are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine
the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 5 mm. Neglect
the weights of all members.

Solution:

In the free body diagram of AB, the expected displacement of the steel rod starts from pin D, but since
member CD is parallel to member AB, the calculation can be done at member AB. Using the summation
of moments at pin A, the values of the forces of the aluminum and steel rods can be properly evaluated
and their relationship simplified.
 By ratio and proportion, the displacement at B is twice the displacement
at the aluminum rod, and is computed using the axial deformation of the aluminum rod. The movement
of B is calculated in relation to the vertical force of the steel rod.

The movement of D is the sum of the displacements at the steel rod and pin B. Since P st is still unknown,
the value of the movement of D is calculated using its relation to Pst.
The relationship of P and Pst is determined using the summation of moments at pin C.

By ratio and proportion, displacement of P and D is evaluated, and with the previous calculations, namely
the relationship between the displacement of P, D, and Pst, P is computed to be 76.4 kN.
Problem 215

A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached, as shown in Fig. P-215, to two rods whose
lower ends are on the same level. Determine the ratio of the areas of the rods so that the slab will remain
level.

Solution:

Equating the deformations of both rods, the ratio of their cross-sectional areas can be calculated. Since
the aluminum rod is shorter, at receives more stress than the steel rod, so it should be thicker than the
steel rod to compensate the load. The ratio from the cross-sectional area of the aluminum rod to the steel
rod is then calculated to be 3.867.

The total weight is first calculated using the summation of moments at the aluminum rod. P st is calculated
to be 1/3 of W. Using the summation of moments at the steel rod, it is calculated that the vertical force at
the aluminum rod is 2/3 of W. Since the slab is expected to remain level, the vertical displacement at the
steel rod will be equal to the vertical displacement are the aluminum rod.
Problem 216

As shown in Fig. P-216, two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to rigid supports, are pinned together at B
to carry a vertical load P = 6000 lb. If each rod has a cross-sectional area of 0.60 in.2 and E = 10 × 106 psi,
compute the elongation of each rod and the horizontal and vertical displacements of point B. Assume α =
30° and θ = 30°.

Solution:

From the FBD of Joint B, the tensile and compressive of forces of

rods AB and BC can be calculated using the summation of the
horizontal forces at the joint. The horizontal forces of rod AB and
BC should be equal. Since they have the same angle relative to the
x-axis, they should also have equal vertical forces. After calculating
the summation of the vertical and horizontal forces, the result is
that both have the same value of their resultants, with 6000 lb
tension at rod AB and 6000 lb compression at rod BC.
 This also applies to their value of deformation. Since rod
AB receives tensile stress, it lengthens by 0.12 inches while
rod BC shortens by 0.072 inches due to compression.

The movement of B is calculated using imaginary right triangles formed at B and E. Right triangles
represent the vertical and horizontal displacements in their respective axes. Using related rates, BB’
represents the displacement of B, with B’ representing the final position of B after elongation. The angle
𝛽 adjacent to DB and 𝛿 B is calculated by using triangles BDB’ and BEB’. The computation results with 𝛽 =
51.79°.

From 'Movement of B' diagram:

DB = δAB = 0.12 inch

BE = δBE = 0.072 inch

δB = BB' = displacement of B

B' = final position of B after elongation

 𝜙 is the angle opposite to line B’F in the ‘Movement of B’
diagram. Since BF is perpendicular to the horizontal axis of pin B, 𝜙 is within the 90° angle and therefore
can be solved by subtracting 30° and 𝛽 with 90°. 𝛿 B is calculated using DB and the result is 0.194 inches.

The horizontal
displacement of B (0.0023 ft) is calculated using triangle BFB’, where B’F is opposite to angle 𝜙. Using the
right triangle method, the vertical displacement of B is calculated to be 0.016 ft.
Context: As shown in Fig. P-216, two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to rigid supports, are pinned
together at B to carry a vertical load P = 6000 lb. If each rod has a cross-sectional area of 0.60 in.2 and E =
10 × 106 psi, compute the elongation of each rod and the horizontal and vertical displacements of point B.
Assume α = 30° and θ = 30°

Problem 217

Solve Prob. 216 if rod AB is of steel, with E = 29 × 106 psi. Assume α = 45° and θ = 30°; all other data remain
unchanged.

Solution:

In this problem, we have a force of 6000lb going downwards from point B. Let us assume that rod AB is
experiencing a tension force while rod AC is having compression load.

The first step on solving this is to solve for the force that is acting on rod AB. To solve for the it, we are
going to do the force triangle method and use Sine Law as we are given 3 angles and 1 side.

By doing so, we arrive at the force acting on rod AB, which is 5379.45lb. We assumed that rod AB is
experiencing a tensile force, so we will be putting Tension as the force acting on it.

Now we have to find the force acting on rod BC, and using the same process we did on rod AB, we arrive
to this force:
Since we have both the P or load for both BC and AB, we can now solve for axial deformation using the
formula:

Plugging in the values we got from solving the forces, we arrive to this equation:

Now, we proceed to finding the displacement of point B.

Here is the diagram of movement for point B.

From "Movement of B" diagram

DB = δAB = 0.0371 inch
BE = δBE = 0.0527 inch
δB = BB' = displacement of B
B' = final position of B after deformation

We will first solve for δB for both triangles BDB’ and BEB’
δB= δB. So, we will equate both of the answers before to get the value of angle β

We arrive to this answer for β

We can plug in β to this equation and we’ll arrive to this answer δB=0.0744 inch.

Next, we will find angle ϕ by plugging in β to the equation from the movement of B diagram

ϕ=(45∘+β)−90∘

ϕ=(45∘+60.1∘)−90∘

ϕ=15.1∘

We will then find the displacement of B horizontally and vertically:

Problem 218
A uniform slender rod of length L and cross-sectional area A is rotating in a horizontal plane about a vertical
axis through one end. If the unit mass of the rod is ρ, and it is rotating at a constant angular velocity
of ω rad/sec, show that the total elongation of the rod is ρω2 L3/3E.

Solution:
This one doesn’t require numerical solving, however would require proving of equations. Given are the
length L and cross-sectional area A. It is said that the rod is rotating about axis ω, and we will be proving
that the elongation of the rod is ρω2 L3/3E.

Since the axial deformation is changing, and the P is too, we will transform the axial deformation equation
from this:

eq1

To this:

eq2

dP is the centrifugal force of the differential mass

hence, dP=differential mass about ω2x or dM ω2 x which will be equal to (ρA dx)ω2 x

rearranging, we will get dP = ρAω2 x dx.

Plugging the value of dP to the eq2, we will get:

This one will require integration to eliminate the dx.

we take out the constants in this equation and integrate x2 with regards to limits 0 to
L. we will arrive to this:

Simplifying, we get:

which proves the initial assumption regarding the elongation of the rod.
Problem 219
A round bar of length L, which tapers uniformly from a diameter D at one end to a smaller diameter d at
the other, is suspended vertically from the large end. If w is the weight per unit volume, find the elongation
of ω the rod caused by its own weight. Use this result to determine the elongation of a cone suspended
from its base.

δ=PL/AE

For the differential strip shown in the diagram, we are going to change some variables:

δ = dδ

P = weight of segment y carried by the strip

L = dy

A = area of the strip

For weight of segment y, we will make P=wVy

We will equate x/y to the difference of diameters of one end and another

We now will find the volume for the bottom half of the cone.

After which, we will try and solve for P

Notice that we plugged in the value of X we solved earlier to the x in the last equation.

Next step is to solve for the area of the strip.

It is done by using the formula 1/4πr2

Now, since we have all the necessary values for solving the axial strain, we can just simply plug in all the
values of A and P to the formula of axial deformation.

This is simply a matter of simplification. Notice how the fraction went from 4w/12E to w/3E, it is because
it was brought down to simplest terms.

And by letting a to be D-d, and b= Ld, we arrive to these steps. We simply substituted a and b.

We simplify the exponents for some of the terms.

Take note of this:

(ay)3+3(ay)2b+3(ay)b2+b3=(ay+b)3

we substituted the left term with the right term to the equation.

We then arrive to the integration part to get rid of the dy.

Integration is a very tedious process but is very straightforward process. What we did here was we used
integration by substitution to get rid of the messy variables and we will then replace a and b with the
original values of those that we had, as seen on the equations below:
We not get the answer for the axial strain. With the answer we got, we can now substitute D=D and d=0
to find the axial strain for the cone.