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World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations

1989

Marine engineering curriculum in the Philippines - an analysis

Menelieto Alano Olanda
World Maritime University

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 LWM UL‘5;
WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY
Malmoe Sweden

"THE MARINE ENGINEERING CURRICULUM IN THE

PHILIPPINES - AN ANALYSIS"

by

MENELIETO ALANO OLANDA

Philippines

A paper submitted to the Faculty of the World Maritime

University in partial satisfaction of the requirements for
the award of a
MASTER OF scIENcE DEGREE
in
MARITIME EDUCATION AND TRAINING (ENGINEERING)

The contents of this paper reflect my personal views and

are not necessarily endorsed by the UNIVERSITY.

Signatur-­
Date: 06 Octobeu ‘19a9g

World Maritime University

Co—assessed by:

ENGINEER GORDON HODGE

Inter-Regional Sectoral Support
International Maritime Organization
 E7 C) E? E2 V7 C) E? ID

First of all I want to thank the God Almightv for

giving me guidance in writing this paper. Second. to mv
mother who gave me inspiration in acquiring further
knowledge. So with my sisters. brother. niece and
nephews. and friends for their support. With my special
thanks to Mr. Burton Russell. Prof. Charles Mathieu. and
Engineer Gordon Hodge. without them this paper could not
be completed.

ELIET
 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Abstract
Chapter 1 - THE PROBLEM ——————————————————————
—— 1 to 7

Introduction ————————————————————————
—— 1

Background of the Problem ————————————

-­
Statement of the Problem ------------- —- 5
Hypothesis--------------------------- —- 6
Significance of the Study ------------ —- 6
Scope and Limitation - 7

Chapter 2 — THE NEEDS ————————————————————————

-- e to 23
Introduction------------------------- -— 6
The International Maritime Organization 8
The International Convention for the
Safety of Life at Sea. 1974. Protocol
of 1976 with 1981 and 1983 Amendments -- 9
The International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
1973. Protocol 1978------------------ -- 10
The International Convention on
Standards of Trainino. Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers. 1978 --- 10
The Document for Guidance. 1985 ------ -- 11
The Needs of Internationak
Maritime Community------------------- -- 12

Chapter 3 - THE CURRICULUM 24 to 35

Introduction 24
The Marine Engineering Curriculum at the
Philippine Merchant Marine Academy----- 25
 The Marine Engineering Curriculum
for the Philippine Asoociation of
MaritimeInstitutions ---------------- -- 29
* The Bachelor of Science in Marine
Transportation major in Marine
Engineering------------------------ —- 31
* The Associate in Marine Engineering -- 33

Chapter 4 —THEANALYSIS--------------------- -— 36 to 55
Introduction ------------------------- -— 36
TheFramework------------------------ -- 36
TheTreatment------------------------ -- 37
The Comparative Description of the
International Maritime Needs and
the Curriculum----------------------- -- 38
TheSummary -------------------------- -- 49

Chapter 5 - CONCLUSIONS. RECOMMENDATIONS.

and AMENDMENTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 56 to 75
Introduction------------------------- -- 55
TheConclusion----------------------- -- 55
The Recommendations-----‘ ------------ -- 63
The Amendments ---—- 55
Strategy of Implementation----------- -- 74

X 1 76 to 67

X 2 B8 to 102

1 o q r a p h y 103
 IX E3 S; 'I' E? IX C2 1?

The Philippines, being one of the major suppliers of

manpowerin the maritime field. is trying her best to give
proper training to the existing human resources who have
elected to pursue a career as seafarers. The concept of
training is directly affected by the needs of the
international maritime communitywhich are expressed in
the different international conventions produced by
international organizations. The most significant of
these conventions are from the International Maritime
Organization (IMO).
It is for this reason that this study has pinpointed
the needs of the international maritime community
contained in three conventions of the IMOand the Document
for Guidance which was jointly formulated by the
International Labour Organization and IMO. These
requirements were compared to the existing marine
engineering curricula in the Philippines.
The comparison shows that the Marine Engineering
curricula in the Philippines differs from the needs of the
international maritime communityto various levels of
significance. Based on these differences. the following
conclusions. recommendations. and amendments have been
formulated: a) Minor amendments have been recommended to
the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy's curriculum;
b) Major amendments have been made to the Philippine
Association of Maritime Institution's BSMT-ME
curriculum;
c) The PAMIAssociate degree in Marine Eng'g. has been
recommendedto be designed to be the qualification needed
for a general purpose crew.
 C3r1aLp3t.e>r 1
THE PROBLEM

Education is growth (Dewey), 1n wh1ch it 15

characterized as education in terms of experience.
Children should becometolerant and rational adult. able
to cope with a relatively high degree of social freedom
without abusing that freedom to interfere with the freedom
or well-being of others. The school should order the
child's development through experiences. This will lead
to further experiences that will prepare him for the real
world. These were some of the thoughts of John Dewey. one
of the well knownphilosopher in education.
Education is so important that most people base
their level of education to their job for the future. As
stated in the study conducted by the Centre for
Educational Research and Innovation (1983), "Most young
people want to learn: they value education and believe
that it will better their lives. In manycases of what
schools do are pitched pretty high." This concept is true
not only of developed countries where the study was
conducted. but also in developing countries like the
Philippines.
In the Philippines. education is a high priority
not only of the people but also of the government.
Educational budget has the highest allocation since 1987.
Parents have to strive just to send their children to
school. putting a very high investment on their children's
education. hoping that they will land a good job after
graduation. As mentioned in Philippine PanoramaEditorial
(January 15. 1969). "Parents send their children to school
primarily to escape poverty in their lives. to give their
children a new start. a higher status than theirs which is
the everlasting struggle to survive. ” But with the rapid
change in the application of new technologies in the
different industries. the Philippine educational system
could hardly cope with these changes. This is mostly seen
in the engineering field. Changewould necesitate the
restructuring of the curriculum. the educational
facilities. and acquiring its teaching staff. A systematic
and logical approach should be taken to solve the problem
due to the different factors that affect the
restructuring. Restructuring the curriculum is the most
logical first step in solving the problem. for it serve as
the basis for the right kind of facilities needed and the
right qualification and training of the schools teaching
staff.
It is also mentioned in the Centre for Educational
Research and Innovation (1983) report that. "Schools are
supposed to prepare one's future occupational role. but
they operate in isolation in actual field of work. To a
great extent the curriculum ignores this situation. but
there have been efforts. in the past and currently to
reorient at least part of it to meet the vocational
requirements as distinct from the academic requirements.“
The Marine Engineering course in the Philippines is in the
same boat. wherein it should meet the vocational and
academic requirements of the maritime industry and thereby
meet the societal needs. It is fon this reason that the
author of this paper has chosen this study.

§a§l_<9£2t_1r_1Q2: the §tt_xc_lx

The Republic of the Philippines with its more than
7000 islands is primarily a maritime country. Trade was
conducted by sea even before the islands were conquered by
Spain-in 1521. But it was only in 1820. during the
industrial revolution in Europe, whenthe first maritime
school was established. the "Escuela Nautica de Manila"
now the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA). But it
was only during the American regime when the Marine
Engineering course was first offered in the Philippines at
Philippine School of Arts and Trade. now the Technological
University of the Philippines. After the Second World
War. this was followed by the private maritime schools
where both Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering were
offered as a two year course.
In 1963. the Philippine Nautical School (formerly
Escuela Nautica de Manila) was upgraded and renamed
Philippine Merchant Marine Academy. offering a Bachelors
degree in Maritime Transportation majoring in either
Nautical Studies or Marine Engineering. This was followed
by the private maritime schools in the mid-70's offering
the same degree but only the Nautical Studies as a major.
The Marine Engineering course remains the same.
In the early 70's up to the early 60's the demand
for Filipino seafarers increased tremendously and resulted
in mass production of maritime graduates in the pivate
maritime schools using their two-year curriculum in Marine
Engineering and the bachelors degree in Nautical Studies.
In 1983 the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy's
curriculum was upgraded. with the assistance of
International Maritime Organization and the United Nations
Development Programme. to conform‘with the 1976 STCW
Convention and the present needs of the world maritime
fleet. This was followed by the private maritime schools
implementing most of the changes in Nautical Studies
leaving behind the Marine Engineering course.
In November 10. 1987. a Department of Education
Culture and Sports Order No. 111 was issued that required
the upgrading of Maritime Education curriculum and set a
standard and guidelines for all maritime
institutions/schools. This was complied with by the
Philippine Association of Maritime Institutions. which
claimed about 65 maritime schools. and took effect
beginning school year 1968-69.
The ideal aim of the school is to give graduates a
well-rounded education. The new Marine Engineering
curriculum designed and adopted by the Philippine
Association of Maritime Institutions memberschool should
be able to meet this aim. But it is quite disturbing to
note that today. only half of the thousands of graduates
of the pre-sent educational system find employment
(Philippine Panorama. 1969). As mentioned in the same
article. "Even if we produce the kind of graduates needed
by the country under our present circumstances. many of
them are still unemployablel... they can't pass
examinations given by the private firms or the
govenrment.” It is further cited that one of the cause of
the tragedies in 1967-88 (M/VDona Paz. etc.) was traced
to the hordes of unqualified or incompetent marine
officers licensed by the government through rigged board
examinations.
Today there are about 65000 Filipino seafarers
employed by foreign shipping companies all over the world.
These seafarers are sailing in international waters where
most of the international maritime regulations are
recognized and put into force. Mast of these regulations
were formulated by the International Maritime Organization
whose members are mainly from maritime nations and
landlocked countries. Through their conventions IMOhas
comeup with different standards that concerns the
training of seafarers. ship design and construction. and
protection and preservation of maritime resources and
environment.
With the increasing demandfor well-trained Filipino
seafarers. the Philippines is still short of meeting the
demands even though she has over 100 000 seafarers
available. These were products of maritime schools in the
Philippines which could not gain employment in their
chosen profession. Because of this the author of this
study is concerned by the disparity of the needs of the
foreign principals and the product that the maritime
institution in the Philippines are producing. It is for
this reason that the author of this study is convinced to
look deeper into the design of the Marine Engineering
curriculum in the Philippines and the needs of the
international maritime communitywhich could be identified
from the various IMOconventions.

§£s£2m2e£ 2: the Ezgelem

This study will attempt to answer specifically the
following questions:

- What are the present curricula being used by the

Marine Engineering courses in the Philippines. and
specifically those offered by:
a. The Philippine Merchant Marine Academy7
b. The Philippine Association of Maritime
Institutions memberschools7

- What are the needs of the‘international maritime

community as based on the International Maritime
Organization's conventions on:
a. The International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea, 1974. Protocol of 1978. with 1961
and 1983 Amendments?
b. The International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution from Ships. 1973. Protocol 1978?
c. The International Convention on Standards of
Training. Certification and Watchkeepingfor
 Seafarers. 19787
d. Document for Guidance. 19857

Is there a significant difference between the

Marine Engineering curriculum in the Philippines
and the needs of the international maritime
community as based on the four documents (1978
STCWConvention. MARPOL1973/78 Convention,
1974/78 SOLASConvention, and the 1985 Document
for Guidance)?

Ins Hxegthssis
The hypothesis is to provide a temporary answer to
the problem to see if the study is valid or not. The
hypothesis of this study is stated as follows:

1. There is no significant difference between the

existing Marine Engineering curriculum in the
Philippines and the needs of the international
maritime communityas identified from the four
documents (1978 STCWConvention. MARPOL1973/
78 Convention. 1974/78 SOLASConvention. and
the 1985 Document for Guiflance).

2. There is a significant difference between the

existing Marine Engineering curriculum in the
Philippines and the needs of the international
maritime communityas identified from the four
documents (1978 STCWConvention. MARPOL1973/
78 Convention. 1974/78 SOLASConvention. and
the Document for Guidance).
§i9e;£isaes2 2: the §£gQz
This study is intended not to criticize the framers
of the Marine Engineering curriculum in the Philippines
but rather to help further up-grading of the said
curriculum towards the achievement of a well-rounded
education.

§s922 sag Limitatign

In this study the Bachelor of Science in Marine
Transportaion degree major in Marine Engineering. of the
Philippine Merchant Marine Academyand the Philippine
Association of Maritime Instituion will be used. The
Associate degree in Marine Engineering offered by the PAMI
member schools will also be used. The needs of the
international maritime communitywill be based only on the
four documents (1976 STCWConvention. MARPOL1973/78
Convention. 1974/76 SOLASConvention. and the Document for
Guidance. 1985).
 CZr1eLp>t.ear' 2
THE NEEDS

A curriculum is constructed according to societal

needs. The Marine Engineering curriculum in the
Philippines. just like other curricula. is designed for
the maritime community needs. But to what extent can this
curriculum meet the international maritime needs? To talk
of the needs necessarily implies somespecific objectives.
"Safe shipping and clean oceans". these are the objectives
of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). To meet
these objectives. IMOhas formulated a number of
conventions. many have been adopted and a good number were
put into force. From these conventions the international
maritime needs could be identified and will be used to
analyze the marine engineering in the Philippines.

11.12International Liaritime Qsgenizatign £lL4Ql

The International Maritime Organization. whose
convention came into effect in 1956. is a separate.
autonomous organization related to the United Nations by
special agreement. IMOendevours to promote safety and
pollution prevention through its international
conventions. the means being: ‘
* Proper construction of ships
* Correct operational principles
* Use of proper equipment
1 Promotion of enhanced training through
- Appropriate buildings
- Proper equipment
- Suitably trained staff
- Provision of model courses
All of this will have a beneficial effect particularly for
developing countries and help them to be come more self
sufficient and better able to compete with developed
countries.
The concept of IMOstarted in 1946 at the request of
the United Nations Economics and Social Council (ECOSOC)
to the possible establishment of a new organization solely
concerned with technical matters on shipping. Under the
auspices of ECOSOCa conference was held in Geneva in 1948
which adopted a convention establishing the Inter­
Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO).
now the IMO. This Organization came into being in 1958.
At present. August 1989. IMOis a forum of 132
member Nations and one Associate member. This enables the
member governments to meet regularly and communicate with
each other quickly and easily. To ensure that other
inter-governmental organizations with interest in shipping
are able to make their views known. they are able to apply
for a consultative status in IMO:
A number of conventions were formulated and adopted.
from these conventions three conventions will be referred
to. plus the Document for Guidance. 1985. which was
prepared jointly by the International Labour Organization
and IMO. The three conventions are:

- International Convention for the Safety of Life at

Sea. 1974 (SOLAS74). Prococol 1976. with 1981 and
1983 Amendments

- International Convention for the Prevention of

Pollution from Ships. 1973 (MARPOL
73). Protocol
1978

- International Convention of Standards of Training.

Certification and Watchkeeping. 1978 (STCW78)
§§§L 12251 Ergsgsgl l§Z§L l§§1 229 1§§§ Aaengaents
The SOLASof 1974 was adopted by the International
Conference on Safety of Life at Sea on November 1. 1974
and its Protocol of 1978 by the International Conference
on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention on February 17.
1978. These were entered into force on May 25. 1980 and
May 1. 1981 respectively. The Amendments to SOLAS74/78
was adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of IMOon
November 20. 1981 and entered into force on September 1.
1964. On June 17. 1983 the Maritime Safety Committee
adopted further Amendments to SOLAS74/78 which entered
into force July 1. 1986. On the same date. June 17, 1983.
the Maritime Safety Committee adopted the International
Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
Liquified Gases in Bulk. making this Code mandatory under
the convention.

The International Convention for the Prevention of

221193122 £229 §h12§i 1223; Ezetesgl 1229
By IMOResolution A.176(VI) of October 21. 1969. the
IMOAssembly decided to convene in 1973 an International
Conference on Marine Pollution. This Conference was held
in London from October 8 to November 2. 1973.
In MARPOL1973 Convention. Annex 1 has replaced
OILPOL1954 as the chief weapon against pollution from
ships. It contains measures to prevent accidental
pollution from tanker and other ships. and also deals with
noxious liquid chemicals in bulk and in package form.
sewage. and garbage.
The MARPOL1973 Convention as modified by the
Protocol of 1978 was entered into force in 1983.
Qgstiiisstiee and Eatshbseeiug £9: éeazssszgi ;§Z§
Pursuant to Resolution A.24B<VII) of October 15.
1971 adopted by the IMOAssembly. the Organization convene
an International Conference on the Training and
Certification of Seafarers which was held in London from
June 14 to July 7, 1976. The Conference was convened in
association with the International Labour Organization.
The following documentation formed the basis for the
work of the Conference:

- a draft International Convention on Training and

Certification of Seafarers and related Resolutions
prepared by the Sub-Committee on Standards of
Training and Watchkeeping of IMOand approved
by its Maritime Safety Committee;

- proposals and comments thereon submitted to the

Conference by interested governments and organ­
izations:

- Resolutions 8 and 13 adop?ed by the International

Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevent­
ion. 1976.

The Conference adopted the International Convention

omStandards of Training. Certification and Watchkeeping
for Seafarers, 1976. The Convention introduced for the
first time an internationally-accepted minimumstandards
for the training and certification of Masters. Officers
and Ratings. It also established watchkeeping standards.
The Convention entered into force in 1963.

11
IE2 9222222; £2: 99192222
The Document for Guidance is an international
maritime training guide prepared Jointly by the ILOand
the IMO. It is not intended to be a minimum requirement
or standards which will suit all countries. Neither it is
theoretical but is based on experience. It is submitted
in the belief that it will be of practical assistance when
national schemes and requirements for safety training are
instituted. amended or developed. This was put forward
jointly by the IMO/ILOCommittee on Training in the form
of guidance for the following reasons:

- the actual content of necessary safety training is

constantly changing; and

- the special circumstances of different countries

and different trades may Justify somedifference
in methods and applications.

The provisions of the document are directed towards

the training of those engaged in Che Deck and Engineering
departments. But it should be noted that certain sections
are applicable to all seafarers and deal with such topic
as fire prevention and fire fighting. personal survival
and life-saving. first aid.

In: 32:95 2; lntganatienal Eazitieg Qgmaggitx

From these four documents mentioned. the needs are
identified through the topics or subjects that are
mentioned on Chapters. Resolutions. Regulations.
Amendments. and Annexes. These are:

12
HumanRelationships and Social Responsibilities
References:
1976 STCWConvention Attachment 2. Resolution 22
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 29

Ship Management
References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation II/2. appendix.
paragraph 15
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
appendix.paragraph 6
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 26

Maritime Law
References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation II/2. Appendix.
paragraph 14
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix
paragraph 5
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 27

Use of Tools
References:
1976 STCWConvention - Attachment 2. Resolution
9, Annex. paragraph 2(c)
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 25

Marine Electrotechnology. Electronics. and

Electrical Equipmentsand Installations
References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/1.
Paragraph 5(9) and 6(b)(ii)
1976 STCWConvention —Regulation III/2.

13
Appendix.paragraphs 3(g) and 4(c)
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. pragraphs 3(1) and 4(c)
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 24
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter 11-1 Part D.
Regulations 1 to 24

Automation. Instrumentation and Remote Control

Systems
References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/1.
paragraphs 5(g) and 6(b)(ii)
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 3(h3
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 3(3)
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 23
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter 11-1. Part C.
Regulation 31. paragraphs 1 to 4

Pumping and Piping Systems

References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/4.
paragraph 3(c)
1976 STCWConvention, Attachment 2. Resolution 9.
Annex. paragraph 2(e)
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 22

Boilers and Pressure Vessels

References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/4.
paragraph 3(b)
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/6.
paragraph 4
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 21
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1.
Part C. Regulation 27. paragraph 2 and 4
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter 11-1.
Part C. Regulation 32. paragraphs 1 to 6
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1.
Part C. Regulation 33. paragraphs 1 to 3

Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers

- Marine Diesel Engines
- Marine Steam Propulsion Plant
- Marine Gas Turbine
References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/1.
paragraph 5 ‘
1976 STCWConvention ­ Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraphs 3 to 5
1976 STCW Convention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraphs 3 to 5
1976 STCW Convention - Regulation III/4.
paragraphs 3 to 5
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/6,
paragraphs 3 to 5 ‘
1976 STCWConvention - Attachment 2 I Resolution
9. Annex. paragraphs 2 and 3
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 20
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part
Regulation 26. paragraph 3
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part
Regulation 27, paragraphs 1 and 5
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part
Regulation 26. paragraphs 1 to 4
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part
Regulation 34. paragraphs 1 to 4

15
10.Prevention of Marine Pollution
References:
1973/78 MARPOLConvention - Annexes 1 to 5
1985 Document for Guidance - Section 19
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation II/1. paragraph
11 1978 STCWConvention - Regulation II/2.
Appendix. paragraph 10(h)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation II/3, Appendix.
paragraph 1(a)(xv)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation II/4. Appendix.
panagraph 21
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/1.
paragraph 8
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2. Appendix
paragraphs 4(h), 4(1). 4(3) and S
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraphs 4(h) and 5
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/4.
paragraph 3(f)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/6.
paragraph 3(d)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation V/1. paragraphs
2 and 3
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation V/2

.First Aid and Medical Care

References:
1985 Document for Guidance - Section 17
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation II/2. Appendix.
paragraph 13
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation II/3. Appendix.
paragraph 1<a)(xiii)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation II/4. Appendix.

16
 paragraph 19
1978 STCW Convention - Regulation 11/6. Appendix.
paragraph 2(d)(i)
1978 STCW Convention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 4(k)
1978 STCW Convention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 4(1)
1978 STCW Convention - Regulation III/4.
paragraph 3(g)
1978 STCW Convention - Regulation III/6.
paragraph 2(c)(i)
1978 STCW Convention - Regulation IV/1. Appendix.
paragraph (d)
1978 STCW Convnetion IV/3. Appendix.
- Regulation
paragraph (d)
1978 STCW Convention - Regulation VI/1(e)(vi) and
Appendix. paragraphs 14 and 16

12. Oil and Chemical Tankers. and Liquified Gas

Carriers
References:
1985 Document for Guidance - Section 16
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation V/1
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation V/2
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation V/3
1973/78 MARPOLConvention ­ Annexes I to III
1974/78 SOLASConvention ­ 1983 Amendments

13. Naval Architecture. Ship Construction and

Stabilityincluding DamageControl
References:
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part A.
Regulations 1 to 24
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part B.
 Regulation 23
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 14
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation ll/2. Appendix.
paragraph 6
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation ll/3. Appendix.
paragraph 1(a)(x)
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation II/4. Appendix.
paragraphs 15 and 17
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraphs 3(1) and 4(m)
1976 %TCW Convention- Regulation Ill/3.
Appendix. paragraphs 3(k) and 4(k)

Manoeuvering and Ship Handling

References: '
1965 Document for Guidance —Section 13. Appendix
2

1978 STCWConvention - Regulation Il/2. Appendix,

paragraph 7
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/1

Emergency Procedures
References:
1965 Document for Guidance - Section 12. Appendix
3

1976'STCWConvention - Regulation II/2. Appendix.

paragraph 12

16. Personal Survival and Life Saving

References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation VIII
1976 Document for Guidance - Section 11

17. Fire Fighting Course

18
 References:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2. Appendix
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3. Appendix
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/4.
paragraph 2(f)
1985 Document for Guidance - Section 10. Appendix
1 and 2
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapterll-2. Part A.
Regulations 2 to 11

Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission

References:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 3(a)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 3(b)

19. Mechanicsr Hydromechanics and Pneumatics to

include variable pitch propeller
References:
1978 STCWConvention —Regulation 111/2.
Appendix. paragraph 3(c)
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter ll-1. Part C.
Regulation 26. paragraph 3

20. Operational Principles of Ship's Power

Installation and Refrigeration
References:
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter 11-1. Part C.
Regulation 26. paragraph 3
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2,
Appendix. paragraph 4(a)
 1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 4(a)

21. Physical and Chemical Properties of Fuels and

Lubricants
References:
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter 11-1. Part C.
Regulation 26. paragraph 3
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 3(d)
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3,
Appendix. paragraph 3(f)

22. Technology and Properties of Materials

References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 3(e)
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3,
Appendix. paragraph 3(g)

23. Steering Gear Systems

References:
1974/78 SOLASConvention 1 Chapter II-1. Part C.
Regulation 29. paragraphs 1 to 20
1974/76 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part C.
Regulation 36. paragraphs 1 to 4
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraphs 3(e) and 4(b)

24. Operation, Testing and Maintenance of Electrical

Control Equipment
References:
1976 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 4(c)

20
 1978 STCWConvention - regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 4(c)

25. Detection of Machinery Malfunction, Location of

Faults and action to Prevent Damageincluding
Vibration Analysis
References:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 4(e)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 4(e)

26. Organization of Safe Maintenance and Repair

Procedures
References:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 4(f)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 4(f)

27. Operation and Maintenance of Cargo Handling

Equipment and Deck Machinery
References:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.
Appendix. paragraph 4(d)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 4(d)

28. Safe Working Practices

References:
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part D.
Regulation 45
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/2.

21
 Appendix. paragraph 4(n)
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/3.
Appendix. paragraph 4(1)

29. Generating Plants

Reference:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation IIII4.
paragraph 3(d)

30 .-Watchkeeping Routines
References:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/1
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/4
paragraph 3(a)

31. Adequate Period of Sea-going Service

Reference:
1978 STCWConvention - Regulation III/4

32. Additional Requirements for Periodically Unmanned

Machinery Spaces
Reference:
1974/76 SOLASConvnetion 1 Chapter 11-1. Part E.
Regulations 46 to 51
* Control of propulsion machinerv from navigating
bridge
Reference:
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part
E. Regulation 49
I Communication
Reference:
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter II-1. Part
E. Regulation 50
* Alarm Systems
 Reference:
1974/78 SOLASConvention -Chapter II-1. Part E.
Regulation 51
G Safety Systems for Machinery or Boiler
Operations
Reference:
1974/78 SOLASConvention - Chapter 11-1. Part
E. Regulation 52

With the needs of the international maritime comm­

unity identified. this will he looked into and compared
with the existing Marine Engineering curriculum in the
Philippines which will be discussed in the next Chapter.
 C2r1a1p3t.e>r' 3
THE CURRICULUM

Robin Barrow and Ronald Woods (1982) refer to the

curriculum as the program or content that we intend to put
to students. It is a key to educational terms. in ways
that reflect or reinforce one's point of view. In their
book (An Introduction to Philiosophy of Education. 1962)
they have quoted J. Schwabb (1979) describing the
curriculum. ...this can be used to refer to an alleged
special facility to bridge the presumed gap between theory
and practice." In fact. Derek Rowntree (1961) describes
it as. "...one that shows signs of having been developed
rather than simply having happened or been roughed out of
short notice on the back of an envelope one lunch time in
the bar." This simply means that all curriculum is a
product of a careful study that recognized the view of the
society or community to meet a oarticular need or needs of
industry. the students. and a particular sector of society
or the community.
It is on these concepts that the Marine Engineering
curriculum in the Philippines was constructed. But how
far could it meet the needs of the‘international maritime
community’ In restructuring. the curriculum was altered
to meet the international requirements regarding the
standard of training. certification and watchkeeping (1978
STCWConvention). But it is not only the international
regulations that could pinpoint the needs of the world
maritime industry. A look at the existing curriculum
(Marine Engineering) is needed to see if it meets the
needs of the world maritime industry. In particular a
close look will be taken at the Philippine Merchant Marine
Academy's curriculum and the curriculum adopted by the
Philippine Association of Maritime Institution which is

24
recognized by the Department of Education Culture and
Sports (Philippines).

Ins E25192Eagiesesing 922512919! at the Ebilieeias

Essshset 525132 522929! $25!; §§!I:!§1
The Marine Engineering curriculum at the PMMAis one
of the major courses. It leads to a degree of Bachelor of
Science in Marine Transportation. a four-year course. It
is the result of a three-year development program
supervised by IMOthru the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP). The curriculum design was based on:

- 1978 STCWConvention

- The DECSstandard curriculum and its requirement

for a Bachelor of Science Degree

The revised curriculum adheres to the existing frame

of the PMMA
and there was no revision regarding the:

- Entrance conditions

- School year of two semesters with 20 weeks per

semester, a week of 5 days. a day of 7 lessons.
and a lesson of 50 minutes. This provides an
average of 700 hours per semester and a total of
4 160 hours throughout the three years of Academic
studies.

- Professional subjects formulated in the

first 2 years of studies contain and surpass the
requirements of regulation III/4 of the STCW
Convention (mandatory minimumrequirements for
certification of engine officers-in-charge of a

25
 watch). The studies of the last year are to
upgrade the students to senior officers level of
regulation III/2 of STCWConvention

curriculum of 4-years with the third year at sea

under the auspices of the PHMA.

Admission to the PMMA. is based on the following

requirements:

- He must be a Filipino citizen

Must be at least 5 feet 4 inches tall and weigh

not less than 110 pounds

Must belong to the upper 50% of the graduating

class in high school

Must have a General Point Average of 70% and above

in the National College Entrance Examination
(NCEE). with the following:
* Mathematical Ability - 60% and above
* Reading Comprehension - 60% and above

Must pass the entrance examination given by PMMA

Must pass the medical and physical examination as

required by PHMA

Must pass the Neuro-Psychological examination as

required by PHMA

Must pass the one month Orientation Period.

26
 It must also be noted that the Academics is only 75%
of the overall evaluation of the Midshipman(student).
The remaining 25%is based on the leadership and training
which is handled by PMMA’sDepartment of Midshipmen. This
comprises a semi-military training that the midshipmen
have to undergo during their length of stay at PMMA.
During the one year of shipboard training the
midshipmen are given a sea project that they have to
accomplish through the guidance of the Chief Engineer and
other Engine Officers on board the ship. It is then
evaluated by PMMA’sDepartment of Shipboard Training.
Upon graduation the students are awarded a Bachelor
of Science in Marine Transportation. major in Marine
Engineering Degree. a Fourth Marine Engineers License from
the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), and a
Commission in the Corps of Officers in the Armed Forces
of the Philippines (Philippine Navy) Reserve Force.
The 1982 PMMABSMT-MERevised curriculum is as
follows:
First year
First Semester Second Semester
C L U TH ‘ C L U TH
Mathematics 5 - 5 100 Mathematics 5 - 5 100
Mechanics 3 - 3 60 Mechanics 3 - 3 60
Chemistry. 3 1 4 so Thermodynamics 3 - 3 60
Drawing 3 - 3 60 Machine Shop 2 4 4 120
Machine Shop 2 4 4 120 English 3 - 3 60
Spanish 3 - 3 60 Phil. History 3 - 3 60
Phys. Training - 2 1 40 Spanish 3 - 3 60
Naval Science 2 4 2 120 Phys. Training - 2 1 40
Thermodynamics 3 ; 3 §Q Naval Science 2 4 g ;g0
35 26 700 35 28 700
 Second Year
Mathematics 4 - 4 60 I.C.E. 3 - 3 60
Mechanics 3 - 3 60 Steam 2 - 2 40
Thermodynamics 3 - 3 60 Safety 2 - 2 40
I.C.E. 2 - 2 40 English 3 - 3 60
Steam 2 - 2 40 Seamanship 3 - 3 60
Electricity 3 1 4 80 First Aid 1 - 1 20
English 3 - 3 60 Aux. Machinery 4 - 4 60
Spanish 3 - 3 60 Electricity 3 1 3 60
Pilipino 3 - 3 60 Spanish 3 - 3 60
Phys. Training - 2 1 40 Pilipino 3 - 3 60
Naval Science 2 4 2 120 Naval Science 2 4 2 120
Shipbd. Trng. : g g 59 fhys. Training : 2 1 49
37 32 720 35 29 700

Third Year

(One year Actual Shipboard Practice)

Fourth Year
Mar. Power Plt.4 - 4 60 Mar. Power Plt. 6 - 6 120
Tribology 2 - 2 40 Nava.l Archit. 3 - 3 so
Metallurgy 3 1 3 60 Automation 3 1 4 80
Econ. and Mgmt.5 - 5 100 Maritime Law 4 - 4 80
Automation 2 1 2 60 Environ.Science 2 - 2 40
Electronics 2 1 2 60 Elect. Systems 2 - 2 40
Elect. Systems 2 - 2 40 Machine Design 3 - 3 60
Machine Design 3 - 3 60 Psychology 3 - 3 60
Strengt of Mat.3 - 3 60 Land Reform 3 - 3 60
Phil. Const. 3 - 3 60 Pop. Education 3 - 3 60
Rizal 3 ; 3 __ Shipbd. Trng. : _ 2 40
35 32 700 35 35 700

28
Note:
C - Class/Lecture
L - Laboratory
TH - Total Hours (C + L)
(See Annex 1 for Professional Subject description)

This gives a total of 2 700 hours of Lecture and

Laboratory for the technical subjects (Mathematics.
Physical Science. and Professional and allied subjects)
and about 1520 hours of Lecture on Non-Technical subjects
(Languages. Humanities and Social Sciences. and other
subjects).
In the curriculum described above the requirement
for Spanish was decreased by six units due to student
pressure. and because it is irrelevant for today's needs.
This was replaced by a subject in Computers and additional
hours added to English and Mathematics in 1967.

Ins Ehilipeins Assssissiea 2: Earitime Institutien <PAMI>

E25192 Eaginsssieg 9955129129
The PAMI adopted Marine Engineering curriculum is
the result of DECSOrder No. 111. Series 1967 which sets
the standards of Maritime Education in the Philippines.
These courses include:

- The 10 or 6-month Basic Merchant Marine Course

- The 2-year Associate in Marine Engineering

- The 4-year Bachelor of Science in Marine

Transportation major in Nautical Studies or Marine
Engineering

29
 - The 4-year Bachelor of Science in Customs
Administration

- The 4-year Bachelor of Science in Naval

Architecture and Marine Engineering

The Order supersedes all existing policies and standards

relating to Maritime Courses and took effect at the
beginning of the school year 1988-69.
From these courses. only the 2-year Associate in
Marine Engineering and the 4-year Bachelor of Science in
Marine Transportaion manor in Marine Engineering will be
looked into since the 4-year Bachelor of Science in Naval
Architecture and Marine Engineering is geared more to a
landbased Job (shipyard. etc.).
The 4-year BSMT-ME
is designed to produce quality
engineering officers in all levels whoare highly trained
and responsive to the demands and technological advances
in shipboard operations. shipping management. ship
propulsion and engine operations. maintenance and repair.
both in national and international shipping.

For the 2-year Associate in Marine Engineering

(AME), the curriculum 1S focused on having engineering
officers prepared for shipboard operations. not on the
higher management level and in teaching. Having only two
years of academic preparation and two years of
apprenticeship confines the AM graduates to operation.
maintenance and repair of the ship's machinery
installations.
The entrance requirement for BSMT-Mis a passing
mark in the NCEEin addition to other requirements set by
the respective schools. On the other hand. the entrance
requirement for the AMEcould be set only by the

30
respective school and does not need a passing mark in the
NCEE. It should be noted that the commonrequirement of
the two courses is that the applicant must be at least a
high school graduate.
The minimum requirement for graduation in BSMT-MEis
166 units including the units earned during the 1-year of
apprenticeship. The 2-year AMErequires 102 units without
earned units in apprenticeship.
The curriculum is designed as a ladderized
curriculum. Students who complete the first year
curriculum subgects maybe granted a certificate of
completion of the Basic Merchant Marine course (Marine
Engineering). provided that all practical seamanship
subjects have been duly accomplished.
Students who finished the 2-year AMEcourse before
1973 need no NCEEcredentials if they want to pursue a
BSMTdegree for upgrading purposes. After 1973. students
who proceed to the 4-year BSMTdegree must pass the NCEE
requirement and complete only the subjects they have not
taken in the 2-year AMEcourse.
The Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation
major in Marine Engineering adopted by PAMImemeber
schools is as follows: ‘

First Year
First Semester Second Semester
C L U C L 0
English 111 3 - 3 English 121 3 - 3
Mathematics 111 5 - 5 Mathematics 121 3 - 3
Chemistry 111 2 3 3 Physics 121 3 3 4
Eng'g. Draw. 111 - 6 2 Marine Eng'g. 121 - 6 2
Pract.Seaman. + PE - 3 1 Marine Eng‘g. 122 2 - 2
Typing 1'11 - 3 1 Pilipino 121 3 - 3
Aptitude for Serv. Aptitude for Serv.

31
and Value Edu. 111 3 1 and Value Edu. 121 - 3 1
Marine Eng’g. 111 6 2 Eng'g. Drawing 121 - 6 2
Pol. Science 111 - 3 Pract. Seaman. +PE - 3 1
Pilipino 111 - 3 Naval Science 12 - -(1.5)
Naval Science 11 :£l;§)
24 24 14 21 21

Second Year
English 211 - 3 English 222 3 - 3
Mathematics 211 - 3 Mathematics 222 3 - 3
Physics 211 3 4 Spanish 221 3 - 3
Naval Archit. 211 3 3 Marine Eng’g. 221 3 6 5
Spanish 211 - 3 Marine Eng’g. 222 3 - 3
Psychology 211 (A)(A.)l\J(A)(.aJQ.)
- 3 Marine Eng’g. 223 2 3 3
Pract. Seaman. + 3 1 Pract. Seaman. + PE - 3 1
Marine Eng’g. 211 2 3 3 Marine Eng'g. 224 2 - 2
Naval Science 21 :g;;§)Naval Science 22 3 35133)
12 23 19 12 23

Third Year
Marine 0 311 3 3 Marine Eng'g. 321 2 3 3
Marine 0 312 6 5 Marine Eng‘g. 322 2 3 3
Marine 0 lano 313 — 3 Marine 1-_‘ng'g. 323 1 2 3
Marine En o ug‘ 314 - 3 Ship Business 321 3 - 3
Comp. Science 311 (A.)(.IJ(.L)(4Jl\J
- 3 Comp. Science 321 2 3 3
Eng’g. Economics + Marine Laws 324 3 - 3
Land Reform 8 Tax. 3 3 Social Science 321 3 3 3
9 20 16 11 21

Fourth Year
One year (2-semesters of Shipboard Training) 36 Units
Practical Apprenticeship on board sea-going vessel, must
complete a training experience log book which will
validate the training received.
Note:
(See Annex 2 for subaect description)

Completion of the first three years of Academic

studies mayqualify the student for the title of Associate
in Marine Engineering.
After graduation the students will be awarded a
Degree in Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation
major in Marine Engineering. Then he/she is qualified to
take a Fourth Marine Engineer's board examination given bv
the PRC. Only after passing such an examination is he/she
certified to act in the capacity of Watch-engine-Officer‘
on board merchant vessels.
During the 3-year academics the student takes a
total of 3420 hours of lecture and laboratory. Completion
of Practical Seamanship II. III and IV entitles the
student to STCW"Certificate of Completion" of the Fire
Fighting. First Aid. Survival Craft. and Personal Survival
if such completion includes the practicum aspects of these
COUFSES .

The 2-year Associate in Marine Engineering

. 9 .

Curriculum is as follows:

First Year
First Semester Second Semester
C L U C L U

English 111 3 - 3 English 121 3 - 3

Mathematics 111 5 - 5 Mathematics 121 3 - 3
Physics 111 3 — 3 Physics 121 3 6 5
Drawing 111 - 6 2 Drawing 121 - 6 2
Marine Eng'g. 111 - 6 2 Naval Archit. 121 3 - 3
Pilipino 111 3 - 3 Pilipino 121 3 - 3
Aptitude for Serv. Aptitude for Serv.
+ Value Edu. 111 - 3 1 + Value Edu. 121 - 3 1
Prat. Seaman. + PE - 3 1 Pract. Seaman. + PE — 3 1
Naval Science 11 3 :g;;§)Naval Science 12 : ;g;;§;
17 18 23 15 24 23

Second Year
English 211 3 - 3 Marine Eng’g. 221 3 6 5
Marine Eng'g. 211 3 6 5 Marine Eng'g. 223 2 - 2
Elect. Eng'g. 211 2 3 3 Marine Eng’g. 224 1 3 2
Computer 111 2 3 3 Marine Eng'g. 225 2 3 3
Tax.. Land Reform Elect. Eng’g. 221 2 3 3
+ Family Planning 3 - 3 Marine Eng’g. 215 2 3 3
Pract. Seaman. + PE - 3 1 Computer 122 2 3 3
Naval Science 21 — -(1.S)Typ1ng 111 2 3 3
Prat. Seaman. + PE - 3 1
Naval Science 22 : ;g;;§3
19 12 21 16 21 23

Note:
(See Annex 2 for subject description)

The AMEcurriculum will have two years of

apprenticeship (1-year on shipboard or on shipyard; and
1-year of shipboard). This is cummulative and no units
are earned. This satisfies the requirements of the
licensure examination for the Fourth Marine Engineers
given by the PRC.
The students completing the 2 years of studies have
accumulated a total of 2140 hours of lecture and
laboratory.

34
 The relevance of the Marine Eng1neer1ng currzcula 1n
the Ph11ipp1nes to the 1dent1f1ed needs of the
xnternational mar1time commun1ty(see Chapter 2) will be
looked into in the next chapter.
 C2riaL;3t;e9i- -4
TH ANALYSIS

Mr Coluciello. during his lecture at the World

Maritime University (June 28. 1989). described analysis as
the comparison of the existing data to the standards.
This set of standards is based from national regulations
which has taken into consideration international
requirements. The comparison of standards to the existing
data is made to arrive at a conclusion that will help in
solving problems. In fact in this study the similarities
and dissimilarities of the two variables as described in
Chapter 2 and 3 will be examined in order to draw a
conclusion. recommendation or amendments to the existing
curriculum (Marine Engineering) in the Philippines. But
before we go further let us have a look on how this
Chapter is to be treated.

11.12 Esau;-2:251:
As mentioned above this Chapter will deal with the
comparative analysis of the existing curriculum (Marine
Engineering) to the needs of the international maritime
community as identified in the four documents (1978 STCW
Convention. 1974/78 SOLASConvention with its 1981 and
1983 Amendments. 1973/78 MARPOLConvention. and the 1985
Documentfor Guidance). This relationship between
variables can be described by the paradigm below:

36
 :The Marine Engineering: : The Needs of the
:Curricula in the : : International Maritime
:Philippinee : : Communityidentified by:
:- PHA BSMT-HE : : - 1976 STCWConvention
:- The PAMI Curricula :_____: - 1973/76 HARPOLConv.
H BSMT-HE - 1974/78 SOLAS Conv.
I AME : : - 1965 Document for
Guidance

Since this study deals with the analysis of existing

documents. it is difficult to use a statistical treatment
that will give an answer to the problem (see Chapter 1).
The alternative was provided by the hypothesis. as stated
in Chapter 1. This will serve as a basis for formulating
the conclusions. recommendations and amendments to be made
in the next chapter. Therefore. the description of the
needs will be compared to the existing curricula in the
Philippines ( Marine Engineering). The significance of
the study will be measured based on the following:

- The curriculum will be measured on how far it

meets needs as stated in the different subjects or
topics. This will be weighed as follows;
I Needs Fully Covered
1 Needs Partially Covered
5 Needs Not Covered

- After determining how much the curriculum has

37
 fully covered the required needs. the overall
evaluation of the curriculum will be based on a
percentage ratio between the identified needs and
the topics covered.

percentage of number of needs I total number of

needs covered = not covered I needs identified

Even though the comparison will be based on the existing

facts. the author of this paper will try to rationalize
and be fair regarding the similarites and dissimilarities
of the topics described in the curriculum and the
identified needs. This study will be invalid if 10%or
less of the identified needs (see Chapter 2) is not meet
by the Marine Engineering curricula in the Philippines
(see Chapter 3).

I99 Qgmparative Dsscrintign 9: the B929; 999 the

9955199199

1. HumanRelationships and Social Responsibilities

In the PAMI BSMT-MEcurriculum this is met by
the subjects in Psychology and Aptitude for the Service
and Value Education. However. for the PAMI AME
curriculum. Psychology is not offered.
In the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum this is also met
by Psychology. This is compensated by the students’
performance on the semi-military phase of training.
which is conducted by the Academy's Department of
Midshipmen.
This particular need is met by the two BSMT-ME
curricula but only partly met by the AMEcurriculum.
Howeverthis covers only the basic understanding of
humannature in national scope and does not include the

38
understanding of foreign cultures. values and
traditions.

Ship Management
The PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum has tried to meet
this need by offering a suboect in Economics and
Management. This covers largely the economics concepts
but is almost negligible in managmentconcepts. The
economics concepts are based on shipping economics.
The PAM!BSMT-MEcurriculum has tried to answer
this need with sublects in Ship Business.
Engineering Economics and Land Reform and Taxation.
The AMEcurriculum has only the Land Reform and
Taxation subject being offered.
Both the BSMT-MEcurriculum fall short in
answering the needs in management even though both have
offered subjects in Economics. The AMEcurriculum
could hardly fill this particular requirement hence the
subject in Land Reform and Taxation will not deal with
either shipping economics or management.

Maritime law
The subject in Maritime Law was made to meet
this particular requirement both in the PAMIand PMMA
BSMT-MEcurriculum. However the PAMI AMEcurriculum
does not offer any subject to meet this need.

Use of tools
This is met in the PMMABSMT-M curriculum by
the study of Machine Shop offered in two semesters of
the first year. The PAMIBSMT-ME and AM curricula
meet this requirement under the subject title Marine
Engineering 111 and 121.

39
5. Marine Electrotechnologv. Electronics. and Electrical
Equipment and Installations
In order to properly analyze these needs we have
to break this up into three subject areas.
a. Marine Electrotechnology
This particular need is not mentioned in any
subject in the three curricula. But the subject in
electricity is offered both in the PAM!and the
PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum. The AMEcurriculum is
offering a subject in basic electricity for two
semesters. For the BSMT-MEcurricula. the PAM!is
alloting only one semester for the Electricity
subject while the PMMA
is offering a two semester
for the same subject.
The PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum fully covers
this area while the PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum
partially covers it. The AMEcurriculum covers
this area.
b. Electronics
Under the subject title Marine Engineering
322 the PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum replies to this
particular need. However its AMEcurriculum is not
offering electronics subject.
The PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum also replied to this
requirement with a subject in electronics.
c. Electrical Equipmentsand Installations
The PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum offers the
subject Electrical Systems for two semesters to
satisfy this particular requirement. With the
subject title Marine Engineering 323. the PAMI
BSMT-ME curriculum meets_this particular need.
However the AMEcurriculum does not include the
topic of electrical equipmentand installation in
the curriculum.

40
Automation and Remote Control Systems
Both the BSMT-ME curricula meet this requirement
by offering subjects in Automation and Control.
However. the PAM!curriculum is offering it for one
semester under the subject title Marine Engineering 323
which is also designed to meet the topic on Electrical
Equipments and Installations. The PMMAcurriculum is
offering this for two semesters with a 6 unit load.
The AMEcurriculum does not offer any.

Pumping and Piping Systems

With the subject title Auxiliary Machinery. the
PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum was able to meet this need.
However. both the BSMT-MEand AMEcurricula of PAMI
does not mention this particular area.

Boilers and Pressure Vessels

The subject of Marine Boilers is taken under the
subject title Steam Engineering in the First Semester
of the Second Year of the PMMAcurriculum. This is
again being covered in the Marine Power Plant I
subject given during the First‘Semester of the Fourth
Year. The PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum is offering this
under subject title Marine Engineering 212. With AME
curriculum this is being taken under subject title
Marine Engineering 221. Howeverboth curricula are
alloting only one semester for this area.

Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers (Marine Diesel Engines.

Marine Steam Propulsion Plant. Marine Gas Turbine)
These particular requirements are met by the
three curricula in different subject titles.

41
Marine Diesel Engines
This is met in the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum
by offering a subject in Internal CombustionEngine
(ICE) for two semesters with deeper discussion
under the subJect title Marine Power Plant I. The
PAM! BSMT-MEcurriculum meets this under the
subject title Marine Engineering 221. With the AME
curriculum this is met under the subject title
Marine Engineering 211.
However both the PAMIcurricula offer this topic
for only one semester. This partly covers this
requirement under the PAMI curricula. The PMMA
BSMT-ME curriculum fully covers this requirement.
Marine Steam Propulsion Plant
Under the PMMABSMT4MEcurriculum this 15
taken under the following subject areas:
N Steam Engineering I for the Marine Boiler
i Steam Engineering II for the Steam Turbine
5 Marine Power Plant I for deeper discussion on the
Steam Propulsion Plant
Under the PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum this is discussed
under the subject title Marine Engineering 312.
With the AMEcuriculum this‘is met under the
subaect title Marine Engineering 221. The PMMA
BSMT-Mcuriculum fully covers this area. However
both the PAMIcurricula only partially cover this
requirement due to the time allotment and subject
content.
Marine Gas Turbine
All the three curricula do not mention this
particular area.

42
10. Prevention of Marine Poluution
Both the PMMAand PAMI BSMT-MEcurricula satisfy
this requirement. with the PMMA offering a subject in
Evironmental Science and the inclusion of this subject
under the subject title Practical Seamanshipand
Physical Education 221 in the PAMIcurriculum. Under
the AMEcurriculum this requirement is being offered
under the latter.

First Aid and Medical Care

The PMMABSMT-MEsatisfies this requirement
under the subject First Aid and Ship Medicine. For
the PAMI BSMT-MEand AMEcurricula they have
incorporated this requirement under the subject title
Practical Seamanship and Physical Education 121.
Topics in Medical Care are not offered.

Oil and Chemical Tankers. and Liquified Carriers

In the PAMI BSMT-MEand AMEcurricula this
particular topic is partly discussed under subject
title Practical Seamanship and‘Physica1 Education 221.
However this is not mentioned in the PMMABSMT-ME
curriculum.

13. Naval Architecture. Ship Construction and Stability

including DamageControl
The PMMA
BSMT-MEcurriculum satisfies this
requirement by offering two related subjects;
I Seamanship which deals with Ship Construction
* Naval Architecture deals primarily with design
calculations and stability
With the PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum they offer Naval

43
 Architecture 221 which deals with the basics of Naval
Architecture to include ship nomenclature. The AME
curriculum offers this under Naval Architecture 121
but deals only with ship nomenclature. The topic on
DamageControl is not mentioned in the three
curricula.

Hanoeuvering and Ship Handling

This topic is not offered in the three
curricula.

15. Emergency Procedures

Under the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum this
requirement is touched on under the subject title Ship
Safety. EmergencyProcedures is lightly taken under
Marine Power Plant subject. The PAMI curriculum does
not mention this particular topic but it might be
hidden in such topics as Internal Combustion Engines,
Steam Propulsion Plant and other closely related
topics.
16. Personal Survival and Life Saving
This is met by the three‘curricula with the
subject title Ship Safety under the PHHAcurriculum
and Practical Seamanship and Physical Education 121
under the PAH! BSHT-HEand AH curricula.

17. Fire Fighting Course ‘

This need is included under subject title Ship
Safety of the PHA BSMT-HE curriculum and Practical
Seamanship 211 for the PHMABSMT-H and AH curricula.

16. Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission

These topics are given a lot of emphasis under

44
 the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum. A total of 9 Units are
distributed in three semesters in Thermodynamicswith
its application emphasyzedin;
1 Internal Combustion Engine,
I Steam Engineering.
N Auxiliary Machinery. and
I Marine Power Plant I and II.
For the PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum they are offering a 2
unit course in Thermodynamicsin addition to the basic
principles gained in Physics. Practical applications
are also discussed in subject titles Marine
Engineering 221 and 312. This is not covered in the
AMEcuriculum.

Mechanics, Hydromechanics and Pneumatics to include

Variable Pitch Propeller
The subject in Mechanics is offered in the PMMA
BSMT-ME curriculum with a 9 Units total distributed
for three semesters. The last semester focuses on
fluid mechanics. Its application is further discussed
in Automation subject. The PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum
offers a subject title Marine Engineering 313 with a 3
unit load to partially cover this need. This is not
mentioned in the AMEcurriculum. However basic
principles are discussed under subject title Physics
121.

20. Operational Principles of Ship's Power Installation

and Refrigeration
The first requirement is covered by Electrical
Systems subjects under the PMMA
BSMT-M curriculum.
The PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum covers this area with the
Marine Engineering 323 subject. This is not covered
under the AM curriculum.

45
 On the second requirement the Auxiliary
Machinery and Marine Power Plant subjects cover this
under the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum. A topic in
Refrigeration under subject title Marine Enginering
211 covers this area under the PAMI BSMT-ME
curriculum. This is also offered under the AME
curriculum under the subject title Marine Engineering
215.

21. Physical and Chemical Properties of Fuels and

Lubricants
The PMMA
BSMT-MEcurriculum satisfies this
requirement with the subject in Tribology. With the
PAMI BSMT-MEcurriculum. they offer it under subject
title Marine Engineering 222." The AMEcurriculum does
not offer any.

22. Technology and Properties of Materials

Under three subjects the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum
meets this requirement. They are;
1 Strength of Materials
i Metallurgy
I Machine Design
The PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum offered the subjects;
# Marine Engineering 122 - Engineering Materials
I Marine Engineering 313 - Technical Mechanics
Strength of Materials
Its AMEcurriculum partially meets this requirement
under subject title Marine Engineering 225.

23. Operation. Testing and Maintenace of Electrical

Control Equipment
These requirements are partly discussed under
the following subjects;

46
 I Electrical Systems,
I Electricity. and
I Automation under the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum.
On the other hand the PAM!BSMT-MEcurriculum partly
discusses this requirement in the subject titles;
I Marine Engineering 323. and
I Marine Engineering 223.
The AMEcurriculum partly complied with this
requirement under subject titles:
I Marine Engineering 211. and
I Marine Engineering 221.

24. Detection of Machinery Malfunction. Location of Faults

and action to Prevent Damageto include Vibration
Analysis
This is met by the subject Marine Power Plant I
under the PMMA
BSMT-MEcurriculum. This is still
incorporated under subjects;
I Internal Combustion Engine. and
I Steam Engineering.
This is not mentioned under the PAM! BSMT-MEand AME
curricula.

25. Organization of Safe Maintenance and Repair Procedures

This need is meet by the PMA BSMT-MEunder
Marine Power Plant I subject under the topic Planned
Maintenance. Again there is no mention of this
particular need under the PAMI BSMT-MEand AME
curriculum.

26. Operation and Maintenance of Cargo Handling Equipment

and Deck Machinery
This is partially covered by the PMMABSMT-ME
curriculum under subject title Auxiliary Machinery.

47
 The PAHI BSMT-HEhas included the topic Cargo Boom
Rigging under the subject title Practical Seamanship
and Physical Education 221. Other than this no other
related topic is mentioned.
27. Safe Working Practices
This is partly discussed under subject titles;
I Ship's Safety,
I Machine Shop. and
I Internal Combustion Engine under the PMMABSHT-ME.
For the PAMI BSHT-HEnd AMEcurricula a topic in
Safety Procedures 15 included under subject title
Practical Seamanship and Physical Education 221 to
meet this requirement.

28. Generating Plants

The PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum meets this
requirement under the subject Electrical Systems.
Under the subject title Marine Engineering 323 the
topic on Electrical Distribution on Engineering
Machineries meets this requirement under the PAHI
BSMT-MEcurriculum.

29. Watchkeeping Routines

This is met by the PAMI BSHT-ME and AME
curricula under the subject title Aptitude for the
Service 111 and 121. Under the PHMABSMT-HE
curriculum there is no mention of this area but their
training under the Department of Midshipmen more than
compensates for this requirement.

30. Adequate Period of Sea-going Service

Both the PAMI and PHMABSHT-H curricula meet
this requirement. But the PMMA
curricula offers an
additional subject in Shipboard Training which is

48
 usually a visit to the ships in the Port of Manila for
practical discussion. Even though 2 years of
apprenticeship is required under the PAMIAME
curriculum. this is not a requirement for graduation.
Instead this is to qualify graduates to take the board
examination for Fourth Marine Engineers.

31. Additional Requirements for Periodically Unmanned

Machinery Spaces
* Control of Machinery Spaces from Navigating Bridge
fl Communication
I Alarm Systems
This particular requirement is not incorporated
in the three curricula. Howeyerthe basic principles
of Automationare closely related to the first topic.
The second topic is related to English and the third
to Ship's Safety.

32. Safety Systems for Machinery or Boiler Operations

This particular requirement is taken up during
the discussion in Internal Combustion Engines and Steam
Propulsion Plant under the PMHABSfiT-MEcurriculum. Under
the PAH! BSMT-ME curriculum this topic is discussed under
subject titles Marine Engineering 221 and 312.

112 §t_niu2;:!
After looking at the needs and comparing them with
the subjects and topics within the existing Marine
Engineering curricula in the Philippines. a recapitulation
of the similarities and dissimilarities of the two
variables is needed. To do this the following
descriptions are used:
- Needs Fully Covered
- Needs Partially Covered

49
 Needs Not Covered
For the PHMABSHT-HEcurriculum the result of the
comparative analysis is as follows.

Needs Fully Covered

Maritime Laws
Use of Tools
Marine Electrotechnology. Electronics. and
Electrical Equipmentand Installations
Automation. Instrumentation and Remote Control
Systems
Pumping and Piping Systems
Boilers and Presuure Vessels
Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers (Marine Diesel
Engines. and Marine Steam Propulsion Plant)
Prevention of Marine Pollution
First Aid and Medical Care
Naval Architecture. Ship Construction and
Stability including DamageControl
Personal Survival and Life.Saving
Fire Fighting Course
Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission
Mechanics. Hydromechanics and Pneumatics to
include Variable Pitch Propeller
Operational Principles of Ship's Power
Installation and Refrigeration
Physical and Chemical Properties of Fuels and
Lubricants
Technology and Properties of Materials
Steering Gear Systems
Detection of Machinery Malfunction. Location of
Faults and Action to Prevent Damageto include

50
 Vibration Analysis
Operation and Maintence of Cargo Handling
Equipment and Deck Machinery
Organization of Safe Maintenance and Repair
Procedures
Safe Working Practices
Generating Plants
Watchkeeping Routines
Adequate Period of Sea-going Service

Needs Partially Covered

Safety Systems for Machinery or Boiler Operations
Emergency Procedures
HumanRelationships and Social Resposibilities
Ship Management

Needs Not Covered

Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers (Marine Gas
Turbine)
Oil and Chemical Tankers. and Liquified Gas
Carriers
Additional Requirement for.Periodically Unmanned
Machinery Spaces
Manoeuvering and Ship Hndling

For the PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum the result of the

comparative analysis is as follows:

Needs Fully Covered

HumanRelationships and Social Responsibilities
Maritime Law
Use of Tools
Marine Electrotechnology. Electronics. and

51
 Electrical Equipmentand Installations
Automation. Instrumentation and Remote Control
Systems
Boilers and Pressure Vessels
Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers (Marine Diesel
Engine and Marine Steam Propulsion Plant)
Prevention of Marine Pollution
Naval Architecture. Ship Construction and
Stability including DamageControl
Personal Survival and Life Saving
Fire Fighting Course
Operational Principles of Ship's Power
Installations and Refrigeration
Physical and Chemical Properties of Fuels and
Lubricants I
Generating Plants
Watchkeeping Routines
Adequate Period of Sea-going Service

Needs Pa rtially Covered

Ship Management
First Aid _
Oil and Chemical Tankers. and Liquified Gas
Carriers
Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission
Mechanics. Hydromechanics and Pneumatics to
include
Variable Pitch Propeller
Technology and Properties of Materials
Operation. Testing and Maintenance of Electrical
Control Equipment
Operation and Maintenance of Cargo Handling
Equipment and Deck Machinery
Safe Working Practices
 Safety Systems for Machinery or Boiler Operations

Needs Not Covered

Pumping and Piping Systems
Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers (Marine Gas
Turbine)
Medical Care
Emergency Procedures
Manoeuvering and Ship Handling
Steering Gear Systems
Detection of Machinery Malfunction. Location of
Faults and Action to Prevent Damageto include
Vibration Analysis
Organization of Safe Maintenace and Rrepair
Procedures
Additional Requirement for Periodically Unmanned
Machinery Spaces

With the PAMI AMEcurriculum the result of the

comparative analysis is as follows:

Needs Fully Covered

Boilers and Pressure Vessels
Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers (Marine Diesel
Engines and Marine Propulsion System)
Prevention of Marine Pollution
Naval Architecture. Ship Construction
Personal Survival and Life Saving
Fire Fighting Course
Refrigeration
Watchkeeping Routines
Use of Tools
Needs Partially Covered
HumanRelationships and Social Responsibilities
Marine Electrotechnology
First Aid
Oil and Chemical Tankers. and Liquified Gas
Carriers
Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission
Mechanics. Hydromechanics and Pneumatics to
include Variable Pitch Propeller
Technology and Properties of Materials
Operation. Testing and Maintenance of Electrical
Control Equipments
Operation and Maintenance of Cargo Handling
Equipment and Deck Machinery
Safe Working Practices
Generating Plants

Needs Not Covered

Safety Systems for Machinery or Boiler Operation
Additional Requirements for Periodically Unmanned
Machinery Spaces
Adequate Period of Sea-going Service
Organization of Safe Maintence and Repair
Procedures
Detection of Machinery Malfunction. Location of
Faults and Action to Prevent Damageto include
Vibration Analysis.
Steering Gear Systems
Physical and Chemical Properties of Fuels and
Lubricants
Operational Principles of Ship's Power
Installations
Emergency Procedures
Manoeuvering and Ship Handling

54
 - Medical Care
- Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers
- Pumping and Piping Systems
- Automation. Instrumentation and Remote Control
Systems
- Electronics and Electrical Equipments and
Installations
- Maritime Law
- Ship Management

As the result of the comparative analysis we arrive

at the following figures:

Percentage of Needs Covered

CURRICULUM ________________ __
Fully Partially Not
£».}.}R'£.;§¢{-I§.»T:
"" 7;; """""" "I273;"""""" ‘I232’
PAMI BSHT-H 50% 25% 25%

gig;-Rh; ---- -_ 28% 34% 36%

In the next Chapter. the conclusions.

recommendations and amendments will be covered. based on
the previous stated data.
 C2r1aLp>t.ear' ES
CONCLUSIONS. RECOHENDATIONS. AND AHNDHENTS

This Chapter has three main parts; the Conclusions.

Recommendations. and Amendments. Conclusions because
after we have finished our comparative analysis we have to
arrive at a decision that will be used as a basis for
formulating the recommendations. This is to suggest
desirable solutions to the existing problems. solutions
that will help improve the existing standards and quality
of graduates in the Marine Engineering field in the
Philippines. Amendmentsto the existing curriculum will
be formulated as a suggestion to meet the goals to be
identified in the conclusions and recommendations. This
will actually consist of the ideal curriculum that will
meet the needs of the international maritime community.

In: Qguslgsieas
After we read the first four Chapters we find that
the research problems raised in Chapter 1 are already
answered. Upon finding the answer to the research
problems we come up to the following conclusions:

E9: the EEMA§§!I:!E Qgzsisglgm

- With the 12.5 % of the needs not covered in the
curriculum we could conclude that there is still a
significant difference between the two variables.
The topics that were not covered are;

H Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers

Marine gas turbine is not primarily used
in the marine field and threfore not considered
during the reconstruction of the curriculum.
However this was considered in the 1976 STCW

56
Convention and the 1974/78 SOLASConvention.
This suggests that knowledge of basic principles
in this area is important for the possible
application of this equipment in the marine
field in the near future. Not addressing this
will be a handicap to marine engineering
graduates in the Philippines in the future.

Oil and Chemical Tankers. and Liquified Gas

Carriers
This topic is a large handicap to the
curriculum. considering that the four documents
referred to in this study all mentioned this
topic. Knowledgeof the construction. operation
and safety requirement for the different type of
ships is essential for the person whowill be
operating these ships.

Additional Requirements for Periodically

Unmanned Machinery Spaces
With the advance technology applied on
board today's ships. shipping companies and
operators are looking fo; well-qualified
seafarers. This topic is very important since
the newly built ship are fully automated and
have a reduced crew requirement. The ship of
the future envisions of further reducing the
number of crew on board the ship. This will
mean that not considering this topic in
formulating a curriculum will have a drastic
effect on the manpowerdevelopment of a country.
Even though this is closely related to the
subject in Automation and Control. its
application is not limited to the Engine

57
 Officers nor to the Deck Officers. It
applies to both. Therefore non inclusion of
this topic will be a handicap for the future
graduates of the Marine Engineering.

i Hanoeuvering and Ship Handling

Even though this topic is more for a Deck
Officer. a basic knowledge in this area will
help a lot in understanding the relationship
between the job of other personnel on board and
howour particular job is related to it. Non
inclusion of manoeuvering and ship handling
subject in the curriculum will serve as a
handicap for the effective and efficient ship
operation.

- Aside from the 12.5% of the needs not covered .

still there are about 12.5%that are only
partially covered due to the following;
I In a particular subject title (e.g. Auxiliary
Machinery. etc.) several topics are entirely
different from each other.
i The time allotment for such subject is so
limited that it is quite hard for the
instructor/professor handling that particular
subject to fully discuss all the topics.
I The inadequeacy of instructional equipment and
materials added to the problem in speeding up
the instruction. This is true not only about
the areas that are partially covered but also to
the fully covered areas.
Overall, the PHHABSHT-HEcurriculum satisfies the
requirements mentioned in the four documents with a little
degree of deviation from it. Wecould therefore conclude

58
that this curriculum satisfies the todavs requirement but
will fall short of meeting the needs in the future.

E9: the E551 §§!I:!E 9255129199

- With 25%of the identified needs not covered.

this curriculum seems to fall short of today's
requirements. However a look at the topics that
were not covered by this curriculum is
appropriate before giving our conclusion. These
are:

‘I Pumping and Piping Systems

This is part of the ship power plant that
is essential for the operation of the ship.
This is where the supply to feed the engine of
the necessary ingredients for its operation is
coming from. Its design and operation is very
necessary to know for the personnel manning and
operating the ship. non inclusion of pumping
and piping systems topic in the curriculum will
be a very big handicap in the present curriculum
structure. "I

Main and Auxiliary Prime Movers (Gas Turbine)

(See comment on the PMMABSMT-HE)

Medical Care
This subject is closely related to First
Aid since this deals with the temporary medicine
that could be prescribed for different illness
that may affect the ships crew. Inadequate
knowledge in this area is a big handicap to
this curriculum.

59
H Emergency Procedures
This topic is related to several other
topics (e.g. Ship Safety. Internal Combustion
Engine's operation and maintenance. etc.). But
engine emergency procedures and other types
of emergencies are not dealt with thoroughly
in the curriculum. This is very important for
the safety of personnel and preventing of damage
to machineries.

i Manoeuvering and Ship Handling

(See comment on the PMMABSMT-ME)

* Steering Gear System

Part of auxiliary machinery on board the
ship that is very essential for ship's
navigation. Understanding the basic principles
of its operation will help a lot in safe
operation of the ship. Without knowing the
system it will be hard to find the cause in
case of malfunction of the system. This is
another handicap in this'curriculum.

I Detection of Machinery Malfunction. Location of

Faults and Action to Prevent Damageto include
Vibration Analysis
A marine engineer is employed on board
the ship to operate the machinery effectively
and economically. He is not there to produce
the machinery. Therefore a sound knowledge
in the early detection of probable faults is
very essential for the economic operation of
the ship. This topic is one of the great lapses

60
 of this curriculum.

1 Organization of Safe Maintenance and repair

Procedures
It is quite hard to organize the
available resources if you don't have the
basic knowledge to do so. With the reduced
crew on board it is quite hard to always keep
track of everything regarding the maintenance
requirement of the ships plant. This is a
great lapse in the structure of this curriculum
that is very important for today's application.

* Additional Requirement for Periodically

Unmanned Machinery Spaces

(See comment in the BSMT-ME)

- With 25%of the needs not covered under this

curriculum there is still 25%that is partially
covered. This in particular is due to the
following:

* Some subject titles are loaded with so many

topics that it makesit difficult to fully
discuss and study them to the depth that is
HBCESSBFY.

I The time allotment on a particular subject is

not sufficient.

i The inadequacyof instructional facilities. as

evident in the survey of maritime schools
published in Manila Chronicle (February 3.

61 ‘‘~*
 1989). The instructor has no other way than
partially covering the subject required.

In general. we could conclude that the PAHI BSHT-HE

curriculum will not fully satisfy todays international
maritime needs. This will have a detrimental effect on
the future graduates since they will have to face
problems on board for which they are not adequately
trained.

E9: the E551 Assgsiats in Hazing Engineering Qgszisglum

This curriculum has a lot of lapses and handicaps

since about 36%of the identified needs of the
international maritime communityare not covered. Aside
from this. about 34%of these needs are only partially
covered. This is greater than the 26%that is fully
covered under this curriculum. From these figures alone.
we could conclude that this curriculum will only produce a
marine engineer with inadequate knowledge in his field.
Therefore he could not be very competitive in the market.
As quoted in the article "Quantity not Quality
Characterizes Philippine Education - On the Downgrade“
(Far Eastern Economic Review. July 6. 1989) Bernardo
Villegas says. ..every index of students skills showa
dramatic decline due to the decrease of standards of
teaching and the performance of students.“ Weshould bear
in mind that teaching is part of the product of the
curriculum design and teachers usually follow what is
prescribed in the curriculum. If there are loopholes in
the curriculum design it should not be the teacher that
should be blamed. In turn this has a great effect on the
performance of the students. not only in the class. but on

62
performance after graduation.
This curriculum with 38%of the identified needs not
covered. is not appropriate to produce a marine engineer
that will meet todays shipping needs.

Qsuszsl Qgnslgsien
After considering all the curricula that were
looked into in this study. we could conclude that the
Marine Engineering curriculum meets the identified needs
of the international maritime communityin varying degree
or level of significance. This will have an effect on the
demandof seafarer in the near future if the problem is
not rectified immediately.

In: Bsseemsugsiigns
Based on the conclusions the following
recommendations are formulated;

- Amendments to the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum should

be made.

- Amendments to the PAH! BSMT-HEcurriculum should

be made.

- The PAMI AMEcurriculum is recommended to be

offered to produce a general purpose crew (Deck
and Engine) with amendments to be made.

- To fully optimized the time alloted for each

subject the following recommendations are
forwarded;
I A group or a committee from the teaching staff

63
 should be formed to formulate a teaching module.
Reference to the model teaching and training
modules now published by IMOshould be made.
I Improvementof the existing facilities as
demanded by the curriculum content.
I Creation of an Audio-Visual Center to help in
the production of instructional materials.

Since we are looking to put into the market a

product of high standards. some changes in the
Certification system of seafarers should be made
in replv to the changes made in the curriculum.
The following are suggested to be part of the
changes;
N Inclusion of the basic qualification to take the
licensure examination of having a BSMTdegree.
I Streamlining the licensure examination system
bY:
a. Updating the questions to correspond to the
identified needs of maritime community.
b. Increasing the Maritime Educators involvement
in the conduct of examinations. and
c. Clarifying properly the right government
agency that should conduct the examination.
I Further study regarding this area should be
made.

Increase number of seminars and symposia for the

maritime educators to upgrade their knowledge in
the field.

Conduct a study regarding the possibility of

offering a Masters degree in Maritime Education.

64
 —Coduct a study of fully optimizing the resources.
and sources of funds of maritime institutions is
recommendedfor the implementation of this
curriculum design.

These recommendations stick to the stated

significance of this study (Chapter 1) in that it intends
to upgrade the existing Marine Engineering curriculum and
the quality of product that it is turning out.

In: Aesnéesnts
As we have stressed in the introduction of this
Chapter the amendmentswill deal with rectifying the
problems that exist in the three curricula. Wecould not
deal with this in general so we have to break it into
parts.

Taking from the first recommendation. which deals

with the Amendments for the PMMABSMT-HEcurriculum. the
following topics are focussed upon:

- Topics in Oil and Chemical Tankers. and Liquified

Gas Carriers should be included in the curriculum.
This could be part of the Seamanship subject since
this is closely related. The said subject deals
with the introduction of the ships‘ types and
ships‘ nomenclature that makes-it ideal for this
topic to be included.

- Hanoeuvering and Ship Handling subject should also

be included in the curriculum with the addition
of rope work. paint works and other closely
related topics. An addtion of 2 hours (1 hour

65
 lecture and 1 hour laboratory) could be added to
the Seamanship subject.

- The topics on additional requirement for

periodically unmannedmachinery spaces should be
part of the subject title Automation II. This
could be handled without additional time
allotment.

The topic in Marine Gas Turbine should be included

in the Auxiliary Machinery subject. This could be
managedwithout additional time allotment.

Basically the PMMABSMT-MEcurriculum will remain

the same with only an alteration on allotments in
Seamanship subject. These are:

SEAMANSHIP 4 Hrs Lecture 1 Hr Laboratory 4 Units

Taking the second recommendation the following

amendments are made:

In the subject title Marine Engineering 312 which

covers Steam Engine and Auxiliary. this should be
separated into two subjects. The Marine
Engineering 312 will cover only the topic in
Marine Propulsion Plant with time allotment of 6
hours per week ( 4 hours lecture and 2 hours
laboratory) with a 5 unit load.
The topic in Auxiliary shall be put under
one subject title which will cover the following:
* Pumpingand piping installation
* Marine gas turbine

66
 I Deck Machinery
I Steering gear systems
I Separators and Filters
I Compressors and pressure vessels
I other closely related topics
This is with at least 4 hours time allotment per
week and a load of 4 units per semester.

In the suboect titles Practical Seamanshipand

Physical Education (111. 121. 211. and 221) are
considered under one subject title. These
subjects should be separated leaving Physical
Education as a separate subgect. The Physical
Education subject will have a time allotment of
two laboratory hours per week with a load of 1
unit per semester.
The subJect Practical Seamanship shall be
offered as one subject which will cover the
following:
I Ship types to include oil and chemical
tankers. liquified gas carriers. bulk
carriers. etc.
I Ship Nomenclature
I Manoeuvering and Ship Handling
I Other closely related topics
This shall be alloted 5 hours per week (4 hours
lecture and 1 hour laboratory) with a load of 4
units per semester.
The topic in Fire Fighting. Fire Prevention.
Survival Craft. Personal Survival at Sea. and
other closely related topics shall also be
separated. This will be put under the Ship Safety
subject. This shall include:
I Fire Fighting and Fire Prevention

6?
 H Survival Craft and Lifeboat
I Personal Survival at Sea
I Safety procedures
This shall have a time allotment of 3 hours per
week (1 hour lecture and 2 hours laboratory) with
a 2 unit load.
The topic in First Aid shall also be
separated and will be offered as one subject to
include Medical Care. This will be alloted 1 hour
per week with a 1 unit load per semester.

The subject title Marine Engineering 221 shall be

given a follow-up subject which will deal with the
following topics:
I Detection of machinery malfunction.
location of faults and action to prevent
damage. to include vibration analysis.
G Planned maintenance
* Other closely related topics
This shall be given a time allotment of 5 hours
per week (3 hours lecture and 2 hours laboratory)
with a 4 unit load.
a

The subject title Marine Engineering 314 shall be

given a follow-up subject. The ME314 shall deal
with the following:
I Introduction to Boolean Algebra
i Control theory
I Open and closed loop systems
I Controllers and control valves
i Pneumatics and hydraulic components
* Other related topics
This shall carry an alloted time of 3 hours per
week with a 3 unit load.

68
 The supplementing subiect shall be designed
so it will compliment not only Automation subject
but also other related subjects. This subject. at
the least. shall deal with:
H Shipboard control system
I Instrumentations
H Additional requirement for periodically
unmanned machinery spaces
fl Shipyard automation
I Other related topics
This shall have an alloted time of 5 hours
per week (3 hours lecture and Zhours laboratory)
with a 4 unit load per semester.

The subgect Engineering Economics and Accounting

with Land Reform and Taxation 311 shall be
separated. Engineering Economics will be offered
as a separate subject which will deal with the
following topics:
N Shipping Economic Environment
4 Basic Principles in Accounting
* Engineering EconomyCalculations
I Application to Ship Design
* Other related topics
This will be alloted with 3 hours lecture per week
with a 3 unit load per semester.
Land Reform and Taxation subject will also
be offered separately with 3 lecture hours per
week. a 3 unit load per semester.

Under the subject title Marine Engineering 224

which deals with Thermodynamics. the time
allotment of 2 lecture hours shall be given
an additional 4 lecture hours. With these. the

69
Thermodynamicssubject will be split into 2
subject titles. Marine Engineering 224 will
discuss the basic principles in Thermodynamics.
This will be alloted 3 lecture hours per week. a 3
unit load per semester.
The supplementing Thermodynamics subject
shall be put under a different subject title.
This will discuss Thermodynamicsapplication on;
I Internal Combustion Engine.
I Steam Turbine.
I Gas Turbine. and
I Other closely related topics.
This will be alloted 3 lecture hours per week
with 3 unit load per semester.

Under the subject title Marine Engineering 313

which deals with topics on Technical Mechanics and
Strength of Materials. the two topics shall be
separated.
The Technical Mechanics subject shall be
retained under subject title Marine Engineering
313 with 3 lecture hours per week and a 3 unit
load per semester. ‘
The topic of Strength of Materials shall be
offered under a different subject title. This
will have an allotment of 3 lecture hours per week
and 3 unit load per semester.

The subject title Ship Business shall be replaced

by subject on Inspection and Surveys of Ships.
Even though this is not included in the identified
needs. a basic knowledge of what the surveyors are
looking for during ship inspection is very
important for a senior Marine Engineer on board

70
the ship to have. This shall be alloted 2 lecture
hours and 2 laboratory hours per week and a
3 unit load per semester.

Environmental Science subject shall be introduced

to properly cover the MARPOL
requirements. This
shall be alloted 3 lecture hours per week and
a 3 unit load per semester.

Ship Managementsubject will be introduced and

shall at least deal with:
! Shipboard Management Sytem.
* Basic Principles of Management. and
I other closely related topics.
This will be alloted 3 lecture hours per week
and a 3 unit load per semester.

The subject title Marine Engineering 122 shall be

replace with Metallurgy subject. This will be
alloted 2 lecture hours and 2 laboratory hours per
week with 3 unit load per semester.

The topic content of sujecf title Naval

Archeticture 211 will be amended. This will deal
with Ship Design and Stability. This will be
alloted 3 lecture hours per week with a 3 unit
load per semester.

Under the subject title Marine Engineering 223

which deals with Electrical Engineering (A.C. and
D.C.), this shall be separated and will be offered
under different subject titles.
The topic Direct Current shall be offered
under one subject title. This will be alloted

71
 2 lecture hours and 2 laboratory hours per week
and a 3 unit load per semester.
The topic Alternating Current shall be
offered in another subject title. This will be
alloted 2 lecture hours and 2 laboratory hours per
week with a 3 unit load per semester.

In brief the amended PAMIBSMT-MEcurriculum will

require at least 5 years to complete. This will consist
of 4 years of Academics and 1 year of Shipboard Practice.

The suggested design is as follows:

The Amended PAMI BSMT-MECurriculum

First Year
First Semester Second Semester
C L U C L U
Mathematics 111 - 5 Mathematics 121 3 - 3
PE 111 - 2 1 PE 121 - 2 1
Eng‘g. Draw. 111 - 4 2 Eng’g. Drawing 121 - 4 2
English 111 3 - 3 English 121 3 - 3
Pilipino 111 3 — 3 Pilipi‘no 121 3 — 3
Marine Eng’g. 111 - 6 2 Marine Eng’g. 121 - 6 2
Pract. Seaman. 111 4 1 4 Physics 121 3 4
Aptitude for Service Aptitude for Service
and Value Edu. 111 - 3 1 and Value Edu. 121 - 3
NS (CMT) 11 - -(1.5) Ship Safety 1 2 2
NS (CMT) 12 ; ;g;;§)
15 16 21 13 20 21

72
 Second Year
Mathematics 211 3 - 3 Mathematics 222 3 - 3
PE 211 - 2 1 PE 222 - 2 1
English 211 3 - 3 English 222 3 - 3
Spanish 211 3 - 3 Spanish 222 3 - 3
Physics 211 3 3 4 Thermodynamics 224 3 - 3
Psychology 211 3 - 3 Chemistry 2 3 3
Marine Eng'g. 221 3 2 4 Steam Prop. Plant 4 2 5
NS (CMT) 21 - -(1.5) First Aid 8 Ship Med 1 - 1
NS (CMT) 22 ; ;g1;§)
16 7 21 19 7 22

Third Year
Thermodynamics 3 - 3 Electricity (AC) 2 2 3
Naval Arch. 211 3 2 4 Marine Eng'g. 322 2 3 3
Environmental Sc. 3 - 3 Auto. 8 Control 322 3 - 3
Computer Sc. 311 3 - 3 Marine Eng'g. 313 3 - 3
Social Science 321 3 - 3 Marine ENG’G. 222 3 - 3
Land Reform & Tax. 3 - 3 Marine Eng'g. 211 2 3 3
Electricity (DC) 2 § 3 Aux. Machinery 4 ; 4
20 4 21 d 19 B 22

Fourth Year

One year Shipboard Practice - 18 units

Fifth Year
Marine Eng‘g.(ICE) 3 2 4 Power Plant Design 3 - 3
Strength of Mat’ls.3 — 3 Eng'g. Economics 3 - 3
Computer Sc. 321 2 3 3 Ship Management 3 - 3
Auto. 8 Control 3 - 3 Inspection 8 Survey 3 - 3
Marine Eng’g. 311 2 3 3 Metallurgy 2 2 3
Electrical Systems 3 2 4 Maritime Laws 3 - 3
Political Sc. 111 3 ; 3
16 10 20 20 2 21

The amended PAMI BSMT-MEcurriculum will have a

total of 167 units (Including 18 units for shipboard
practice). 139 lecture hours. and 74 laboratory hours.
The first three years of academics is designed to prepare
the students for the shipboard practice. He must have the
capability of acting as a Watchkeeping engineer after the
one year shipboard practice. The first three years more
than satisfied the requirement for a watchkeeping engineer
but will fall short of the requirement for Senior Marine
Engineers qualification. The last year of Academics is
designed for this. This will give a strong foundation in
shipping economics. management and surveys. The graduate
will have the capability to act as a shipping executive.

Taking the third recommendation. the PAMIAME

curriculum shall be designed to produce a General Purpose
crew. The first two academic year of the amended PAMI
BSMT-MEcurriculum will fit this requirement. However.
the subject in Environmental Science and Auxiliary
Machinery should be part of the requirement. This will
take 2 year to finish without shipboard practice.

A student whohas finished the first two years of

Academics. provided he has taken the additional
requirement of Environmental Science and Auxiliary
Machinery subjects could be granted a certificate of
completion for the Associate in Marine Engineering. This

74
shall not qualify him to take a licensure examination (at
any level) for Marine Engineers.

§L:s£:9x 2; leelgesntstien
Since the conclusions. recommendations. and
amendmentsmade to the existing curricula is wide in
scope. only the changes to the PHMABSHT-MEcurriculum are
relatively easy to implement (Since the authour of this
paper is connected to the PMMA). However to implement the
changes made at the PAHI BSMT-HEand AMEcurricula the
following steps will be taken:
- Before leaving the World Maritime University. the
author of this paper will be able to secure a
letter informing various government agencies in
the Philippines (DECS. MARINA.etc.) that IMO
through WMU has completed the necessary
training to assist in upgrading Maritime Education
in the Philippines.
- Uponarriving in the Philippines. steps will be
taken to convince the PAM!member schools
regarding the implementation of this paper (take
note that the first step is essential).
- Steps will be taken in formulating the teaching
modules. (This step will first be implemented at
the PMMA
but coordination with the faculty of
other maritime schools is necessary once the
suggested amended curriculum in this paper is
implemented)
In short the implementation of this paper in the maritime
education system in the Philippines will take a long
process unless enough pressure is put into the concerned
agencies. A
- E N D ­

75
 }\PJPJEE)( 1
THE PHHA BSMT-HE CURRICULUH
PROFESSIONAL SUBJECT DESCRIPTION

gggggygggggg I lst Year...1st Sem. (Shrs)

Revision of algebraic definitions and processes.

Equations (simple. simultaneous. quadratic).
Logarithms. Graphs. Measurements of angles and
trigonometric relationship. Geometry(lines.
angles. circle. construction of triangles).

P_U_\IB!:ZP_4l_\Il§§
ll 12$ !§§£;;Lgr_1g §§-I3. £§?_1£§2

Trigonometry - Solution of triangles. Measuring

of areas and volumes. Analytic geometry (line.
conic section. circle. ellipse. parabola.
hyperbola). Vector geometry. Introduction to
differential calculus. concept of function. limits).

Derivatives. Differentiation of functions. Maxima

and minima. various applications. Introduction to
integral calculus. Integration as reverse of
differentiation. Simpleapplications (areas, solids
of revolution. 1st moments. centroids. 2nd moments.
etc.).

A speech course which stresses the importance of

clear coincise orders and explanations. The use of
programmedtape materials enables the student to

76
 compare his progress against standard models.

§§g;l§fi 11 ggd Year...1st Sgm. (3hrs)

Reading and interpretation of a wide range of

subjects including written machinery instructions.
communications procedures and other nautical and
engineering information. Extensive use of the
library and other technical information sources.

gygglgg 111 gnd Year...2nd Sgm (3hrs)

Principles of clear and concise writing. Exercise

in writing technical reports. accident or damage
reports. letters and correspondence; also completing
standard forms and documents.

CHEMISTRY 1st Year...1st Sgm.

An introduction to the basic principles of inorganic

chemistry stressing atomic structure. periodic
tables. chemical bonds. chemical equations. gases.
liquids. solids. solutions. abids. bases and salts.
electro-chemistry. chemical bonds, hydrocarbons.
The course is intended as a survey course leading to
a practical understanding of fuel combustion. boiler
water treatment and analysis. and corrosion.

12135171115 ls; !§§£;.'.;l§£ §§!; Q9551

Plane geometry - First and third angle projection.

sectioning. dimensioning. assembly drawings.
conventional representation of basic machines
elements.
EACHLEE§HQEL 1st !§é£;;;l§§ §sm; £21222 zbzs l§§;5b£§l

Class: Technological properties of materials.

production of steel and iron. Use of hand and power
tools (files. chisels, hammers.saws. scrapers. taps
and dies. drills. grinders). Use of marking and
measuring tools (center punch. scribe, calipers.
micrometers). Safety in shop.

Workshop: Benchwork (fabrication of simple Jobs of

mild steel according to drawing, including marking.
measuring. filling. sawing. drilling. tapping;
accuracy 0.1 mm).

EAQBLBE
§HQEll 12; !§§E;;;gQg §§m; islass zhss l§§;5h£§l

Class: Joining of metals: Soldering. brazing.

welding. Machine tools: Turning (lathe details and
various uses. cutting speed: thread cutting.
tapers-necessary calculations).

Workshop: Electrical and autogen welding. Turning

(straight. taper. internal + external threads).

!E§EAEl§§1 ls; !§§£;;;l§£ §ss; Lébssl

Statics: Vector, forces. static equilibrium.

Simple framed structures. Centres of gravity.
Friction.

!§EAHlQ§ L1 is; !§§£;;;gEg §sm; Léhssl

Kinematics and dynamics: Linear and angular

velocity. Newtons laws of motion. Work. power.

78
 energy. Laws and effeciencies of simple machines.

ggggggggg I11 ggd Year...1st Sgg. (3hrs)

Hydrostatics: Archimedesprinciple. Gravity and

bouyancy. Fluid pressure. Centre of floatation.
Hydromechanics: Flow of incompressible fluids.
Eulers equation. Bernoullis equation. impulse.
laminar and turbulent flow. Reynold and Froude
numbers. dimensional analysis.

1'HEBP.4QD!ISAP_4l§§
1 lg; xggslllisg Sam <3hrs>

S.l. Units. Thermometry. Thermal expansion.

Pressure and vacuum. energy. power. Thermodynamic
systems. equilibrium. boundaries. WorkpV diagram.
Heat transfer. simple examples.

1'BE13P_1QQ!YSAP_1l§§
ll 15; 1’§§£;;;gIJ.d. Sam <3hr5>

First law: Conservation of energy. internal.

kinetic. potential energy. enthalpy. Non-flow
processes. Constant volume ahd pressure.
isothermal. adiabatic and polytropic processes.
Steady flow processes. Gas laws. Partial
pressures. Dalton‘s law. Universal constant;
specific heat of gases. Displacement work of gas
and vapour. Air compressors and internal combustion
engines. Steam definition of wet. dry, superheated
steam. use of tables. calorimeters.

Turbines: Nozzles and blade work.

79
IEEBEQDXBAELCE
111 Eng !§§£;;Ll§& §smi Labzsl

Second law: Reversibility and irreversibility. pV.

hs, ts diagrams. Efficiency calculations.
Combustion of solid. liquid and gaseous fuels.
Chemistry of combustion. air requirement. calorific
value, exhaust gas analysis. Wet air. Psychometric
chart. Air-conditioning. Refrigeration.

ELEQIBLQLIE1 ggd Year...2nd Sgm. (4hrs)

Electrostatics + electrochemics; D.C. current;

magnetism and electromagnetism; A.C. current.
Laboratory 1hr/week.

ELEQIBLQLII11 and I§§£;;;gDg §smi Lébrsl

Measurement. D.C. machines. Transformers. A.C.

machines. Maintenance. Safety. Introduction to
electronics. Laboratory 1hr/week.

ELEQIBLQ§!§IE!§ L flth I§§£;;;l§£ Sem- <2hrS’

d

Marine electrical power and distribution systems.

D.C. and A.C. generator operation. switch gear.

ELEQIBLQ§!§IE!§ 11 5th Year---Znd §§mi £Zh£§l

Marine electric auxiliary machinery. control and

measuring devices (deck machinery. steering.
refrigeration. auxiliary steam generator.
centrifugal separators. pumpingsystems. cathodic
protection. etc.). Marinemain engines - electrical
control systems (bridge control. engine control

80
 room. monitoring. data logger).

E58135 §E§lEEEBl!§:§IEA! QQLLEB Z29 !§§EL;l§£ §2!;£Zb£§l

Elementary steam production: Classifications of

boilers; construction and working principles of
modern main and auxiliary steam generators; water
and fireside equipment including automation and
remote controls; measuring instruments: water and
fuel treatment. prevention of internal and external
corrosion; operation and maintenance; steam on
motorship including motor tankers. Safety. (level­
STCW.reg. III/4).

MARINE EING’G. - STEAM TURBINEZS 2r_ic_lYear...2r_ig Sem.(2hrs1

Principle of simple. compoundedand reaction

turbines. Constructional details of main and
auxiliary turbines. Reduction gearing. Turbine
systems: Main Steam; emergency steam; drain;
remote control. Closed feed circuits. Condenser,
vacuumplant. heat exchangers. Opearation and
maintenance. Trouble shootifig. (level: STCW.reg.
III/4).

LEIEBNAL§9!§Q§IlQE EEQLNE(12 End Year---1st Sam. <2hrs>

Nomenclature and classification. 2 and 4 stroke

cycles. Supercharging main 2 stroke crosshead.
Marine types. Power rating. Construction details:
Stationary parts. moving parts. (level: STCW.reg.
III/4).

81
LEIEBEALgguagszigu EEQIEE:22 and Year...1st sgg. <3hrs>

Engine systems: Fuel +fuel equipment. Lube oil

systems and equipment. fresh water cooling. piston
cooling. governing. starting and reversing. Gearing
and clutch. Remote control. Operation and
maintenance. Safety devices. (level: STCW.reg.
III/4).

ALJ3_<1T_-LAB!
EACBLBEBX 296.1 Xssrllszné §sm; £é?_\£§l

Marine pumps: Positive displacement and inertia

pumps. principle of work. details of construction.
operation. maintenance and trouble shooting. Marine
pumping systems (standards. symbols. main lay-outs.
valves and instruments.

- compressors and compressed air systems

- Refrigeration (principle. lay-out of ship
systems. components. operation).
- Fuel oil and lube oil (properties. test and
standards. safety instructions).
- Separators and filters (sfiatic and dynamic
separator devices).
- Deckmachinery (electric. hydraulic. steam).
- Steering engine (telemotor and steering gear.
various makers).

Nautical nomenclature. classification. general

arrangement and transverse section of general cargo
and bulk vessels. Constructional details of main
components. General safety on board.

82
§AEEI! RED ELBE ELQHILEQ

Lifesaving equipment carried aboard ship and its

use. The chemistry of fire. Fire equipment
required on board various types of vessels and
regulations regarding upkeep. inspection and
maintenance of same. Kinds of fires and types of
equipment to be used on each kind. Types of fire
extinguishers. their use and maintenance. Fire
drills. types of fire detection systems. Steam
smothering. foam and CO2 systems.

§IBEE§IH QE !AIEBlAL§ SEE !§§£ii_Zu§ §§m; £§b£§l

Tension and compression. bending. shear. torsion.

and combined stresses.

FIRST A19 QED§fl1E ggplgggg 2nd Year...2nd Sem. (lhr)

Emergencycare of injuries and illnesses aboard

merchant vessels. splinting of fractures. bandaging.
treatment of burns. Use of commondrugs found in
ships medicine chest. Emergency treatment for
cardiac arrest. food poisoning. choking and
artificial respiration.
EABLHE EQHEB ELAEI 1

Internal Combustion: Revision of basic cycles.

Heat balance and efficiency calculations. Review of
latest development in marine diesel production.
Waste heat recovery. Reduced speed operation.
Planned maintenance. Acute problems (low grade fuel

83
 oil operation. corrosion. surging. vibration. %tc.).
Annual surveys.

External Combustion: Revision of thermodynamic

principles (combustion equations. steam cycles).
Boiler heat balance and efficiency calculations.
Review of latest development including coal burning.
Boiler automation. Turbo-machinery-review of
development. Reduced speed operation. Planned
maintenance. Heat balance and efficiency
calculation of plant. Docking and surveys.
(Subject includes tutored study of selected topics.
group analysis of problems. utilizing previous sea
experience). (Level: STCW.re. III/2).

PJABLISEEQUEB EL-L-T11‘
11 5th Year- - -Znd Sets ‘5hrS’

Refrigeration - Revision of basic principles.

Improvement of basic cycle. Control and
instrumentation. Maintenance and repairs.

A;;;§Qgg;;;Qn;ng - The basic cycle on psychometric

chart. Instrumentation and eontrols. maintenance
and repairs.

Egmgigg-plant - Revision of hydrodynamic principles.

Functioning analysis on diagrams. System flow
calculation. Pumpselection.

Eggigg ggggggiggigg - Gear and clutch. Propulsion:

Propeller nomenclature: interaction engine lship.
slip. efficiency; speed and fuel calculations.
(Level: STCW.reg. III/2).

84
Iglgggggy ggh Year...1st Sgm. (2hrs)

Crudeoil refining. fuel oil characteristics and

tests. Combustion processes. Recent developments
on Fuel oil treatment on boardship. Petroleum
lubricants - distilling and refining. basic grading
+ selection. chemical and physical test. Elements
and principles of lubrication. Reconditioning.

QEIAQQQBQX ggh Year...1st Sgm. (4hrs)

Class: Review - Iron and steel production.

Testing; solidification of ferrous metals;
equilibrium diagrams; heat treatment; alloy steels
and irons; non-ferrous metals and alloys:
polymers. Marine metallurgical aspects (corrosion;
fatigue; creep; etc.).

Laboratory: Tensile. impact. hardness test. Heat

treatment. Micro-examination. Visit of foundry and
steel mill.

§?§Q1SQP_11§§AL"; EAYSAQEHEISI SL1; Year- - -1st 52111 <5hrs>

Shipping companies‘ organization and operation.

Shipboard organization. National and international
organizations of the maritime industry. Cargo and
liner conferences. Labor organization. contracts of
employment. Basic economic concepts. Ships’
finance and financial structure of a shipping
company. Revenue. balance sheet. profit and loss.
Budgetary control.
Planned maintenance - systems and controls. case

85
 studies. solutions and strategies.

AQIQEAILQE
1 ssh !§éE;;;l§£ §2e; Lsless aura; lab; lbE;l

Pneumatic and hydraulic components and control

systems. Control theory. Open and closed loops.
Controllers and control valves.

AUTOMATION
II 4th Year...2nd Sem. (class 3hrs. lab. 1hr.)

Shipboard control systems; Instrumentation:

Introduction to computer science. applied basic
programming.

§LE§IBQEl§§ étb X§§£;;;l§£ §2m; £21222 angst lab; LDELA

Thermionic emission. Diodes. triodes. semi­

conductors. Rectifiers. Thyristors. Simple logic
systems for control.

EAQBLEEDE§l§B 1 5th I§§£;;;l§£ §§m; £§b£§l

Revision of drawing fundamenfials. Limits and fits.

Intersections and development. Standards.
Calculation, design and drawing of fixed and
removable machine fastenings. Thick and thin walled
cylinders. Shaft. key, spring.

EAQHLEEQE§l§E ll QED X§§£;;;§QQ §§9; £§h£§l

Transmission (gearing; belt drive. chain drive.

friction clutch). Slide and antifriction bearing.
Designing and drawing of simple mechanical devices.
Preparation of assembly drawings from sketches of

86
 VEFIOUS IIIEFIDE machinery.

EABLILEELA! sin !§§£;;LgDg §smi 152521

History and development of admiralty and maritime

Jurisdiction. Laws governing carriage of goods at
sea. Rights of sailors. Internatinal maritime
organizations and conventions. Philippine Coast
Guard Rules and Regulations. Classification
societies. Safety codes for construction. operation
and survey of hull and machinery.
Insurance - Basic principles. types of marine
policies. Collision, salvage. general average,
limitation of liability. Vessels certification and
documents.

Pollution of marine environment by oil. sewage.

garbage. industrial waste. etc.. Sources. effects.
methodsof control. Ships’ anti-pollution
arrangements. International and local laws against
pollution. ‘

EAYALARCHITECTURE fikh X§§£;;;ZD§ §§E; (3hrS>

Ship geometry. areas. volumes and displacement:

Transverse static stability at small and large
angles. Trim. Use of hydrostatic information.
Rudders. Strength of ships.

87
 }\PJbJEE)C 23
THE PAHI BSHT-ME AND AH CURRICULUM
SUBJECT DESCRIPTION

DBAEIEQ111 12; !§§£L;Ll§E §emi £§bE§; Labgsatgzyz

Engineering Drawing I
Use of instruments. Lettering. Geometrical
construction. Dimensioning and scaling. Hultiview
proaection and isometric. Sectional view and
oblique view. Topographical drafting.

DBAWLEQ
12; lg: !§§£;L;gDg §§mi £§D£§; Lapgzatgsyl

Engineering Drawing II
Auxiliaries (Auxiliary views. “ight and left
auxiliary. inspection revolutions. front and rear
auxiliary. oblique auxiliary). Intersections and
development (Prisms. cylinders. spheres. etc.).
Threads and fasteners. Working drawings. Charts.
graphs and diagrams. Layouts and structural
drafting.
\
MATHEMATICSlgt Year...1st Sgm. (5hrs. Lecture)

College Algebra and Plane Trigonometry

Review of elementary algebra. Linear equations.
Factoring. Fractions. Exponents and radicals.
Quadratic equations. System of equations involving
quadratics. Inequalities. Mathematicsinduction
and the binomial formula. Progression. Complex
numbers. Theory of equations. Logarithms.
Permutations and combinations. Determinants.
Partial fractions. Infinite series. Trigonometric

68
 functions. Solutions of right triangle. Logarithms
and its application to trigonometry. Graphs or
trigonometric functions. Fundamentalidentities
and equations. Radian or circular measures; inverse
trigonometric functions. Solution of oblique
triangle. Elementary plane vectors.

!AIE§!AIl§§ 121 ls; !§§£;;;gDg §§@L £3952; Lsstgzsz

Analytic Geometry
Cartesian coordinates. Curves and functions.
Equations of a locus. "Thestraight line. The
circle. Conic selections - Parabola. Ellipse. and
Hyperbola. The general equations of a second degree
(rotation of axes). Tangents and normal to the
conics. Polar coordinates. Parametric equations.
Families of curves. Curve fitting. Solid analytic
geometry.

!AIBE!AIl§§ 21; and !§§£;;;l§£ §2m; <3hrs- Lecture)

Differential Calculus
Functions. limits. and continuity. Differentiation
and application. Differentiation of algebraic
functions. Equation of the second degree - Circle.
Parabola. Ellipse. and Hyperbola. Differentiation
of tramscedetal functions. Parametric equations.
curves and roots. Polar coordinate.
Differentiation with respect to time. Indeterminate
forms. Curvetracing. Partial differentiation.

89
gafggggjlgg ggg ggd Year...2nd Sgm. (3hrs Lecture)

Integral Calculus
Integration of powers - Indefinite integrals.
Definite integrals; fundamental theorems; plane
areas in rectangular coordinates; volume of solids
of revolution. Momentsof mass; centroids of plane
areas; fluid pressure work. Integration formulas
and procedures. powers. exponential functions,
trigonometric functions. substitution. etc.. Length
of plane curves. area of surface of revolution,
volume of soilids with knowncross-section.
Hyperbolic functions. Integration and partial
fractions. Multiple integrals (double and triple
integration). Approximateintegration. Infinite
SEFIES.

CHEMISTRY
Ill lgt Year...1st Sgm. (2hrs. Lgg. 3hrs. Lab.)

General Chemistry
Chemical concepts; scientific measurements. Atomic
structure and periodic table. Electronic structure
of atoms: Atomic spectra; ionization energies/energy
sublevels.atomic orbital and quanumnumbers.
Chemical changes and chemical bonds; Chemical
changes. bond energies. electrovalent and covalent
bonds. electronegativity. size of atoms. ions and
molecules. Formulas and equations; Classes of
compounds. oxidation numbers. systematic naming of
compounds. chemical equations. mole. energy. changes
accompanyingchemical reactions. classification of
compounds.acids. bases. slats. neutralization.

90
PBAQILGAL §EA!AE§HlE A89 EHI§l§AL EDQQAILQE 111 1st Zea:
&;Ll§E §§m; <3hrs- Labgzatgsyl

Basic swimmingand floating. Practical instruction

in ropes. wires. knots. hitches. bends. splices. and
riggings (actual knot tying). Canvas works.
Physical fitness and self-testing activities.

EBAQILQAL §EA!AB§HlE LED PHYSICAL EDUCATIOE 13; 1st Year

__.ZnQ §§m; £§b:§. Lségsstgsxl

Fire fighting. First aid at sea. Swimmingstyles

and diving. Varitation of basic aquatic skills.

EBAGILQAL§EA!AE§BlE QED EHX§l§AL.§D9§AIlQE all and 12s:

L;Ll§£ §§m. £§D£§; Labszasgzxl

Elements of damagecontrol: Fire. collision.

grounding. battle action. Emergencydrills.
signals. and station bills: Fire. abandonship.
lowering of lifeboat. man overboard. Abandoning
ship (Hot or cold climate): Personal survival
equipment. personal survival techniques. distress
signal equipment. food and water rationing.
Lifeboat and liferaft handling: Lifeboat and
liferaft handling. lifeboat and liferaft marking.
lifeboat davits, rules of the road. surfing and
beaching. Actual application: Rowingand sailing of
lifeboat and liferaft. righting-up of liferaft
(inflatable). Individualldual sports.

91
PBAQILQAL §EA!AE§HlE AND EBI§l§AL EDQQAILQE 2%; Zné !§§£
;LLgQg §sm; £§b£§ Labszatszxl

Tanker safety procedures. Inert gas system. Crude

oil washing. Pollution prevention. Teamsport.

AEILIQDEE98 §EB!l§E 111 1st !§§E;;Ll§£ §sm; séhnsi L§§;l

Introduction (Aptitude for Service 1). Value

Education(Books 1 and 2). School of Code of
Discipline. Stand watch as; JOD. SOD. Flag
ceremony and retreat.

AEILIQQEEQE SEBYLQE1;; lgt Year...2nd Sgm. (3hrs. Lab.)

Principles of humanrelations and leadership. Value

education (Books 3 and 4). Stand watch as; JOD.
SOD. Flag ceremony and retreat.

ENGLISH1;; lgt Year...1st Sgm. (3hrs. Lecture)

Communication K}ts
Communication for today: The communication process.
communicationfor today. use of dictionary. selected
reading. Structural grammar for today: A thumbnail
history of grammar. essential contrast between
traditional and structural grammar.transformational
generative grammar; Basic statement pattern.
question pattern. statements and tag question.
request and commands.connected statements; Selected
reading for today. Form classes and structures
words: The structure of English; Form classes and
function words; Function of structure words;

92
 Selected reading for todav. Sentence craft:
Immediate constituents of the sentence subject and
predicate; Recognizing function units in sentences;
Selected reading for today.

EE§Ll§B 131 1st X§§£;;LgDg §2m; Lébsseésstgssl

Intermediate Communication
Review of fundamentals: Developing diction through
word choice and arrangement: Achieving communicative
competencethrough syntactic, structure on discourse
level. Study skills for composition writing:
Summarizing; Outlining; Critical reading. The
paragraph as composition: Structural elements and
essential qualities; Writing a paragraph according
to types of discourse. The composition as a theme:
The nature of composition; Rudiments of theme
writing; Methods of development; Aids to
organization. The research paper: Steps in
preparation of a term paper; Format; Documentation.

§B§Ll§E 311 ggd Year...1st Sgm. (3hrs. Lecture)

Business English and Correspondence

Introduction to Business English: The framework of
effective communication; The Psychology of effective
writings; Writing skills and job success; Making
business letters effective. The business letter
form: Quality effective letters; Business letter
form. Everybodybusiness letters: Letters that ask
(inquiry); Transmittal; Acknowledgement(inquiry.
order. remittance). Letters for problem situations:
Claim: Adjustment; Credit; Collection; Sales,
Employmentletters: Application; Letter requesting

93
 permission for reference. Office correspondence and
reports: Public relation letters; Social-business
letters; Memorandum;Telegrams. minutes and news
releases.

§§§;1§§ ggg ggd Year...2nd Sgm. (3hrs Lecture)

Technical Report Writing

What is technical report writing? Basic aspects of
technical report writing. Five basic principles of
good technical report writing. Style in technical
report writing. Outlines and abstracts.
Definitions. Description of mechanism. Description
of a process. Transitions. introductions. and
conclusions. Classification and partition. Types
of report. Report layout. The library research
report.

MARINEENGINEERING
1;; ;§t Year...1st Sgm (6hrs. Lab.)

Mechanical Shop Practice I

Tool classification and their uses. Safety
precaution in the shop. Bench work: Hard and power
hacksaw cutting procedures of operations; Files and
filing procedures of operations; Hammersand
hammering; Pattern work. Welding process: General
condition for welding; Forge welding; Electric-arc
welding; Oxy-acetylene welding; Soldering Process.
Heat treatment of steel. Forge work. Grinder.
Metal casting.

94
MABLEEEEQLEEEBLEQ
1;; lgt Year...2nd Sem. (6hrs. Lab.)

Mechanical Shop Practice II

Machineclassification and their uses and operation.
Safety precaution in the machine shop. Measuring
instrument and gauges. Lathes. lathe work and lathe
tools. Shapers and planer.

El:i!§l§§ 131 1st !§§‘E;.'..'..2.!.l.d.

§sr2i $3.152; I.-29 3hrs- Lab->

LECTURE:
Introduction to course. Mechanics: Vector. forces.
equilibrium. moments;Velocity. acceleration. force
and motion. Newton's law of motion. rectilinear
motion. projectiles; Friction. energy. work and
power. torque and rotation. impulse and momentum;
Simple harmonicmotion. elasticity. vibration
motion; Hydrostatic and hydronamics. Heat:
Temperature measurement and thermal expansion; Heat
effects and measurement. heat transfer; Basic
concepts and laws of thermodynamics. Sound: Wave.
motion. sound waves. accoustics.
LABORATORY:
Measurements.accuracy. precision. data analysis.
Force component and addition. Moments of force.
Rectilinear motion. Newton's second law.
Determination of "g". Centrepetal force.
Conservation of energy. Elastic and inelastic
collision. Moduli of elasticity. Momentof
enertia. Simple pendulum. Simple harmonic motion.
Resonance tube. Thermal expansion of metals.
Specific heat. Latent heat of fusion and
vaporization. Boyle's law.

95
EH!§IQ§ all and !§§£L;Ll§£ §§m- <3hrs- L2s- 3hrS- Lab-’

LECTURE:
Electricity and magnetism: Electric charges and
fields. electric potential. current and resistance.
Coulombslaw; Electric circuits. characteristics of
DCcircuits; Electric power and energy; Magnetic
effects of electric current. electric instruments.
magnetic properties. magnetic circuit; Induced EMF.
Electromagnetic induction. capacitance and
dielectrics; A.C. series circuits; Conductionin
gases. electronics. Light and optics: Nature of
propagation of light. illumination; Reflection and
refraction of light; Dispersion and spectra;
Interference and diffraction: Polarized light.
LABORATORY:
Coulomb's law. 0hm's law. Wheatstone bridge.
Joule’s law - Electric power work. EMFof a cell.
terminal voltage. internal resistance.
Potentiometer. Series and parallel resistors. DC
Meter. construction of voltmeter/ammeter. Measuring
resistance and power by voltmeter/ammeter. Lenz’
law and transformer. DCGenerator and AC motor.
R.L. Circuit. R.C. Circuit. Index of refraction.
Reflection by plane and spherical mirrors. Thin
lenses. Prism spectrometer. Diffraction grafting
spectrometer.

LlA!L\I_-
589311591983 31; 21.12!I§§£;;;l§£ Sem. (2hrs.

Basic Naval Architecture with ship nomenclature

96
EABLEE susiusseius zzi gag vear...2nd 529- <3hrs­
Lester: §b£§; Lepgzasgsxl
Internal Combustion Engine
Classification of the different kinds of ICEwith
regards to the methods of charging. speed. design.
and kind of fuels used. A study of properties of
fuels used by ICE. Calculations of air requirements
for compoundgases. A study of the different
theoretical cycles. A study of the handling of
volatile liquid fuels. A study of the handling of
fuel oils. Calculations of the work of the
different kinds of fuel injection pumps. A study of
the engine performance. The effect of athmospheric
conditions on the performance of the ICE. A study
of the performance of the four stroke cycle
compression ignition engine. A study of the
performance of the two stroke cycle engines. Engine
efficiencies. Engine design. Engine heat balance.
Engine testing.

ENGINEERINGECONOMICS/ACCOUNTING
3;; 3rd Year...1st §gg;

The business side of engineering. Principles of and

problem on compoundedinterests. annuities. and
sinking fund. Engineering economy. development and
promotion. Cost. construction cost. investment.
depreciation cost. depletion. decision making.
Estimating first. valuation or appraisal estimating
cost. Basic model for decision making. the annual
C°5t m0del. the minimumcost model. Financial

97
 analysis. the intangible analysis. size and use
economy. the break-even analysis. Problem of
replacement, some aspects of public work. d15CUSS10n
of continuing problems. Principles of accounting.
simplified bookkeeping. book of accounts and
records. the two basic accounting system. financial
statements. Taxation defined: kinds of
taxes. tax laws. tax exemptions, income taxation;
deduction allowed. payment of taxes. History of
land reform. land reform in the Philippines. Land
Reform Code. Agencies created to implement land
reform and the farmer.

§l:!lE §I_J§1f;";3§§221 356.! !g§£;;Lgr_‘g §§!l1; £3952. I.-2229521

Ships’ papers and documents. Ships’ business with

Port officials. Requirement for Port of Entry and
vessel clearance. Port activities. Crewand
passenger obligations. Business with agents and
charterers.

99529153 §§L§E§§31; ggg Year...1st §gm; (3hrs. Lecture)

Computer Programming Fundamentals I

Introduction to data processing. Computer and
computer systems. Number systems and data
requirements. Computer hardware. Computer
software. Personnel. Procedures. Problem analysis
and solution design.

98
99529153sgisugg 2;; gag Year...2nd sea. gangs. Lecture
ahss Lségzstgsxl

Computer Programming Fundamentals II

Data organization. Data manipulation. Computing
strategies. File handling. Introduction to system
analysis and design.

_ ; (3hrs. Lecture)

Rules and regulations for merchant vessels of the

Philippine registry. Admiralty law. Marine
Insurance. Environmental preservation.

EBBLNE ENGLNEEBLEQ323 3rd Year- 2nd Sem­

£lb£; Lsstuss aha: Lahgzatezyl

Shipboard instrumentation and control devices.

Electrical distribution on engineering machinery.

EABLEE EEELEEEBLEE E23 3rd Year­

gangs; Lester: 3hrs­

Power Plant Design.

99
EABLEEEEQIBEEBLEQ315 3:9 !§§E;;;l§£ §smi £§b:§; L§§;1

Shipyard Automation: Hydraulics; Pneumatics.

EABLEEEEQLHEEBLEQ
313 3rd Year---1st 5§m- £§h£§; L§E;2

Technical Mechanics. Strength of Materials.

E53135 EHQLEEEBLEQ
2;; acd Year---1st Sem­
£§b£§L Lsstgse §h:§; Lapgsasezrz

Steam engine and auxiliaries.

Shipyard Practice. Ship Maintenance and Hull

Preservation.

EABLBEEEQLEEEBLBQ
325 399 !§§£;;;gQg §em; sagas. L§E;l

Thermodynamics.

EABLEEENQLEEEBLEE333 2nd Year---2nd 523

ggggg; Lecture 3hrs. Laboratory)

Electrical Engineering: Direct Current; Alternating

Current.

EABLBEEEGLEEEBLBQ
332 229 !9§£;;;gQg §2e; £§b£§; L§£;l

Fuel. oils. and lubricants.

100
 Refrigeration.

MARINEENGIBEEBLEQ123 12; !§§E;;;gEg §§m1 Lanna; E2211

Engineering Materials.

ELEGIBLQAL EEQLEEEBLEQEll ZQQ X§§£;;;l§£ S9m- ‘AME’

£3912; Lestgzs §b£§ LQQQLQEQLIZ

Elements of Electrical Engineering - D. C.

ELEQIBLQALEEQLEEEBLEQ231 2nd Year---2nd 529- (AME)

(2hrs. Lecture 3hrs. Lgpgggtggyl

Elements of Electrical Engineering - A. C.

(See subject description of ME 221 of BSMT-ME)

QQEEQIEB111 2nd Year...1st Sem. (AME) (2hrs. Lecture

§b£§ Lségsatesyl

Basic Computer system.

EABLEEEHQLEEEBLBQ231 229 xgasiiizag §§E; SAEE’

(See subject description of ME 312 of BSMT-ME)

101
MARINE ENGINEERING 223 and X§§£L;;gDg §em; LAEEA
szbssi Lsssusel
Merchant marine rules and regulations.

E55155 Egglgggglgg ggg 2nd Year...2nd Sem. (AME)

Libs; Lsstgse 29:2; Lahgzatgsrl

Ship Drafting.

Engineering Materials.

5581121; EEQLEEEBLEQ z;§ 2nd Year. . .2nd sgrs. <AME>

(Zhrs. Lecture 3hrs. Laboratory;

Marine Refrigeration and Airconditioning.

§QflEQI§B1§§ ggd Year...2nd Sgm. (AME) (2hrs. Lecture

3hrs- Leégzasesxl

Basic Computer Programming.

102
 E3IIE3I_I[CDC3E?}\F°P{3(

DOWNEYHeriel and KELLY. A.V. Ihgggy gag Egagtise 9:

Education - An Intggggggigg; Harper and RowPublishers.
London. 1979.

ROWNTREE. Derek. Developing Courses for §tudents. McGraw

- Hill Book Company Limited. U. K.. 1981­

BARROW.Robin and WOODS,Ronald. Ag lggggggggggn L9

Ebilgsgeby 9: E22s2Li9u : 3:2 EQILLQD; L0nd°n- 1932­

RAMA,N.G. "Why are We Producing Unemployable Graduates".

Editorial. Philippine Eanggaga; Manila. Philippines.
January 15 1989.

"Survey of Maritime Schools". Ihg fiagila Qhgggiglg;

Manila. Philippines. February 3 1969.

"Centre for Educational Research and Innovation - Report".

LLQ B22953; IL0. 1963­

TIGLAO. “Quantity not Quality Characterizes Philippine

Education - On the Downgrade". Ea; Eastern Egggggig
Bgyigg; July 6 1969.

Qgmeiletien 9: §L2222:2§ 222 §2i221i2§§ 22 52513122

Egggggigg; Philippine Association of Maritime
Institutions.
\
Manila. Philippines. March 1988.

Ehilipnins Essshant Marine Academy: Bsxissg 9255352122

l§§§; Manila. Philippines. 1983.

103
l9£2rnat1ona1 Conventlon 99 §L9999:9§ 9; 15919199;
Q2s£;£;s9£;29 999 E9Ls95229;9g £95 §§9£9£2£§; 1229; INO­
London. 1964.

l9L2:99s1999L 9992295199 £92 £99 §9£g£r 9: 91:2 9: §299

999291199929 L29; 9: £92 1§Z$ §9LA§ 9992292199; £92 1229
§QLA§ 8999999; 999 1§§1 999 1§§§ §QLA§ 99999999359 IMO.
London, 1966.

89259991 2: 12299 IMO. London. 1966.

9929929; £9: §91999s99 1295; IMO. London. 1986.