CHEMISTRY

PROJECT

 Name: Ansh Tripathi

 Class: 12th Sec: E
 Roll no: 5

 School: City Montessori School

 Campus-Mahanagar-1 ,Lucknow

 Internal Examiner:
 External Examiner:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my teacher Meena ma’am
as well as our principal Kalpana Tripathi
ma’am who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic effect of green house gases,
which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and i came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to
them. Secondly, I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
 INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Greenhouse effect

3. Greenhouse gases

4. Impacts

5. Role of water vapor

6. Causes of greenhouse effect

7. Global warming

8. Causes of global warming

9. Importance of carbon dioxide

10. Role of co2 in greenhouse effect

11. Consequences

12. Analysis

13. Conclusion

14. Bibliography
 EFFECT OF -
GREEN HOUSE GASES

INTRODUCTION
 Green House Effect is heating up of earth's
atmosphere due to the trapping of intra-red ray.
(reflected from the earth's surface) by the carbon
dioxide layer in the atmosphere is called green-
house effect.
 The green-house effect in the atmosphere occurs
due to the presence of a blanket of carbon-dioxide
gas in the atmosphere. This blanket of carbon
dioxide gas in the atmosphere allows the sunlight
to come in freely but does not allow the intra-red
radiation reflected by the earth's surface to go out.
It is just because the sun light can come in freely
 but the intra-red rays cannot go out freely that the
temperature of earth's atmosphere is raised.

Q) What is Greenhouse Effect?

ANS) The name "Green-house effect" comes from
the fact that this effect is use in horticulture for the
up bringing of green plant's in small house made of
glass walls and glass root. The green walls and roofs
of a green-house allows the sun-light to come in
freely but it does not allow the long wavelength
infrared radiations reflected by the soil, plants and
other contents of greenhouse to go out. These
trapped intra-red rays show their heating effect due
to which the temperature is raised inside the green
house.
Thus, even without an external supply of heat, the
temperature inside a green house is found to be
higher than it is outside. Thus, green house acts as a
heat trap. Due to the presence of carbon dioxide, our
atmosphere acts like the glass rat of an ordinary
horticultural green-house.

The rise in temperature produce gas in the by

greenhouse effect on earth's atmosphere depends on
the amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere.
In other words, the proportion of carbon dioxide in
atmosphere effects the temperature of atmosphere.
So, if the proportion of carbon dioxide gas in the
atmosphere increases, than the temperature of
earth's atmosphere will also rise further.
 Greenhouse Gases
A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG)
is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within
the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause
the greenhouse effect [1] on planets. The primary
greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water
vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). Without
greenhouse gases, the average temperature of
Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F)

The major constituents of Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen

(N2)(78%), oxygen (O2)(21%), and argon (Ar)(0.9%), are not
greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms
of the same element such as N2 and O2 have no net change
in the distribution of their electrical charges when they
vibrate, and monatomic gases such as Ar do not have
vibrational modes. Hence they are almost totally unaffected
by infrared radiation. Some molecules containing just two
atoms of different elements, such as carbon monoxide (CO)
and hydrogen chloride (HCl), do absorb infrared radiation,
but these molecules are short-lived in the atmosphere owing
to their reactivity or solubility. Therefore, they do not
contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often
are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases.
 Impacts on the overall
Greenhouse effect
The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the
characteristics of that gas, its abundance, and any indirect effects it may
cause. For example, the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about
84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20-year time
frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct
radiative effect has so far been smaller, in part due to its shorter
atmospheric lifetime in the absence of additional carbon sequestration. On
the other hand, in addition to its direct radiative impact, methane has a
large, indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation.
Shindell et al. (2005) argues that the contribution to climate change from
methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect.
When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect, the most
important are:
 Role of water vapor
Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect,
between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85%
when including clouds. Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally,
but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations
except at local scales, such as near irrigated fields. Indirectly, human
activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor
concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.[86] The
atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely
on temperature, from less than 0.01% in extremely cold regions up to 3%
by mass in saturated air at about 32 °C.

Because
water vapor
is a
greenhouse
gas, this
results in
further
warming
and so is a
"positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming. Eventually other
earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global
temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water
through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect.
Causes of Greenhouse Effect
Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring
phenomenon, it is possible that the effect could be intensified by
the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as the
result of human activity. From the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution through the end of the 20th century, the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by roughly 30 percent
and the amount of methane more than doubled. A number of
scientists have predicted that human-related increases in
atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases could
lead by the end of the 21st century to an increase in the global
average temperature of 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F) relative to the 1986–
2005 average. This global warming could alter Earth’s climates
and thereby produce new patterns and extremes of drought and
rainfall and possibly disrupt food production in certain regions.
 Global Warming
Global warming is the increase of average world
temperatures as a result of what is known as the
greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like
glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat
the earth's surface but trapping the heat as it radiates back
into space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the
atmosphere the Earth gets hotter. This process is leading
to a rapid change in climate, also known as climate
change.
 Causes of global warming
Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the
longterm rise of the planet's temperatures. It is caused by increased
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from
human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation and
farming.

1. Burning fossil fuels :

When we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to create electricity or power our cars, we
release CO2 pollution into the atmosphere.

Australians are big producers of CO2 pollution compared to the rest of the world. Our
level of CO2 pollution per person is nearly double the average of other developed nations
and more than four times the world average.

Solutions:

• Reducing the amount of electricity generated from coal and gas

• Increasing the amount of electricity from clean, renewable energy sources like solar and
wind
• Join the movement for stronger action on climate change and urge key Australian
politicians to get us back on track to meeting our Paris Agreement targets.

2. Deforestation & Tree-Clearing :

Plants and trees play an important role in regulating the climate because they absorb carbon
dioxide from the air and release oxygen back into it. Forests and bushland act as carbon sinks and
are a valuable means of keeping global warming to 1.5°C.

But humans' clear vast areas of vegetation around the world for farming, urban and
infrastructure development or to sell tree products such as timber and palm oil. When
vegetation is removed or burnt, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere as CO2,
contributing to global warming.

Up to one-fifth of global greenhouse gas pollution comes from deforestation and forest
degradation.

Solutions:

• Prevent deforestation and tree-clearing

• Plant more trees through reforestation and afforestation
• Shop sustainably
• Call on our leaders to introduce stronger laws to stop excessive tree-clearing

3. Agriculture & Farming :

Animals, particularly livestock like sheep and cattle, produce methane, a greenhouse gas. When
livestock are grazed at a large scale, as in Australia, the amount of methane produced is a big
contributor to global warming.
Some fertilisers that farmers use also release nitrous oxide, which is another greenhouse gas.
Australian farming contributes 16% of our total greenhouse gas emissions.

Solutions :

• Use different stock feeds can help to reduce farming's contribution to climate change
 • WWF is working with leading beef producers through ‘Project Pioneer’ to develop, trial and
validate improved livestock and pasture management that can deliver significant
economic, social and environmental gains.

Importance of Carbon Dioxide-

The Green House Effect
Carbon dioxide present in small proportion (0.03%) is nonetheless a very
important member of the atmosphere. The proportion of (O2) is
maintained by a host of difference processes. The major consumers of CO2
from the atmosphere are the green plants use the CO2 to prepare their tool
and the oceans dissolve the CO2 in the form of carbonates. The major
suppliers of CO2 to the atmosphere are the volcanic earth processes and
living organisms. The atmosphere gains CO2 from the volcanoes which
release this gas from the interior of the earth and from organisms in the
process of their respiration and decay. In this manner both the atmosphere
and the oceans continuously exchange CO2 with the rocks, plants and
higher organisms.
Role of Carbon dioxide in
Green House Effect
 Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas that
helps to trap heat in our atmosphere. Without it, our
planet would be inhospitably cold. However, a gradual
increase in CO2 concentrations in Earth's atmosphere is
helping to drive global warming, threatening to disrupt
our planet's climate as average global temperatures
gradually rise.

 Carbon dioxide is the fourth most abundant component

of dry air. It has a concentration of about 400 ppmv
(parts per million by volume) in Earth's atmosphere.
Scientists estimate that before human industrial
activity, CO2 concentration was around 270 ppmv.
Carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere have thus
risen about 40% since the onset of human
industrialization, and are expected to play a troubling
role in raising global temperature. Atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations have varied substantially in the
pre-human history of our planet, and have had
profound impacts on global temperatures in the past.
 Carbon dioxide plays a key role in Earth's carbon cycle,
the set of processes that cycle carbon in many forms
throughout our environment. Volcanic outgassing and
wildfires are two significant natural sources of CO2 in
Earth's atmosphere. Respiration, the process by which
organisms liberate energy from food, emits carbon
dioxide. When you exhale, it is carbon dioxide
(amongst other gases) that you breathe out.
Combustion, whether in the guise of wildfires, as a
result of slash-and-burn agricultural practices, or in
internal combustion engines, produces carbon dioxide.

 Carbon dioxide is the most abundant gas in the

atmospheres of Mars and Venus. Solid, frozen carbon
dioxide is called "dry ice". The polar ice caps of Mars
are a mixture of normal water ice and dry ice. Liquid
CO2 only forms at pressures higher than about 5 times
the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level, so in
many situations dry ice does not melt into a liquid
form. Instead, it goes directly from a solid state to a
gaseous state in a process called sublimation.
 Consequences
The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric
greenhouse are difficult to predict, but some effects seem
likely:
• On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions
may welcome warmer temperatures, but others may
not.
• Warmer conditions will probably lead to more
evaporation and precipitation overall, but individual
regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others
dryer.
• A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the ocean and
partially melt glaciers and ice sheets, increasing sea
level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms,
contributing further to sea level rise.
 ANALYSIS
 The rising levels of manmade greenhouse
gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere and their
resulting impact on climate is now one of
the single biggest technological and
environmental challenges facing the world.
This makes intensified monitoring of these
gases more critical than ever in order to
better quantify the role of the numerous
natural and manmade sources, sinks and
buffers involved in the cycles of GHGs. It
also enables us to objectively audit GHG
fluxes at the factory, city, country and
continental level. Such objective auditing is
ultimately essential to facilitate effective
enforcement and compliance with any
regulations, laws, treaties and trading
agreements based on GHG metrics such as
carbon footprints.

 LGR analyzers are now widely used for all

these purposes.
 CONCLUSION
Every person alive can take steps to reduce their carbon
footprint on the planet. You can drive an electric or hybrid
car, only use light-emitting diode bulbs that reduce energy
demands, recycle and eat local grown foods instead of
shipped-in foods to lessen the noxious gases that
contribute to global warming. Certain gases, like carbon
dioxide and methane accumulate in the atmosphere and
trap heat from the sun reflected by the Earth’s surface.
These gases act like the walls of a greenhouse by
preventing the release of heat and causing global
temperatures to rise.
Turn off lights when you leave the room. Reduce plane
travel as much as possible, as airplane exhaust adds
pollutants to the atmosphere. Except at night, green plants
and trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air, convert it to
sugar for growth, and release oxygen back into the
atmosphere. Deforestation releases stored carbon back into
the atmosphere, so using wood and paper products
sparingly can help to reduce the greenhouse effect.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://sciencing.com/prevent-greenhouse-effect-7947.html
• https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-
Projects/Chemistry/Environmental-Pollution.php
• https://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au/pages/Information/
VehicleEmissions#:~:text=In%20vehicles%2C%20the%20
principal%20greenhouse,gases%20nitrous%20oxide%20an
d%20methane.&text=The%20vehicle's%20level%20of%20
CO,the%20type%20of%20fuel%20used.
• https://history.aip.org/climate/co2.htm
• https://www.britannica.com/science/greenhouseeffect#:~:text=Green
house%20effect%2C%20a%20warmin
g%20of,vapour%20has%20the%20largest%20effect.