STRUCTURES - Deformation (Strain) Due to Temperature STRUCTURES - Modulus of Elasticity - (E) STRUCTURES - Point Load on Two Pinned Connections

STRUCTURES - Point Load on Two Pinned Connections STRUCTURES - Calculating Loads on Joists, Sizing a Footing
dL = Change in object length (inches) F = Load (in lbs) A = Upward force at connection (A) P(A) P = Total Load (in lbs)

DO NOT DISTRIBUTE
F =
L0 = Initial length (inches) F(L) L = Length (in inches) P(L2) P = Downward force of load (lbs) 1000 A = Area supporting the load (in sq ft)
dL = L0 ꬰ ΔT E = A =
ꬰ = Coefficient of thermal expansion e(A) e = Total Deformation (in inches) L L = Total length of bean (in ft.) Use the framing plan shown with the loads given ignoring slab on grade
ΔT = Change in temperature A = Total cross-sectional area (in inches2) L2 = Distance from opposite end (in ft.) of the first floor. Soil bearing capacity is 3,000 psf.
An architect is planning on a 30' aluminum shelf inside a commercial A 9'-6" solid column, 8" diameter stretches 1/4" due to a 25 kip tensile What is the upward force of 'A' ? LLF 2nd Floor 70 psf 30' 30' 30'
freezer for a local grocery store. The temp at install was 90°F, however, load, what is the column's modulus of elasticity? 65# DLF 2nd Floor 20 psf A

25'
the freezer will be kept at -10°F. What will the total deformation of the F = 25 kips (convert to lbs) x 1000 = 25,000 lbs LLF Roof 40 psf
shelf be? Assume coefficient of thermal expansion for aluminum is L = 9'-6" (convert to inches) = 9.5 x 12 = 114 inches 3'-6" 9'-6" DLF Roof 15 psf

25'
13x10-6. Round to nearest 1/8". e = From the question = 0.25 inches A B What is the total load on
A = Calculate area = πr2 = π(4)2 = 50.27 inches2 column 'A'? (Answer in kips)
dL = (30' x 12in/ft)(13x10-6)(90 - (-10))
Plug the highlighted numbers into the equation to solve for 'E' P = 65# 145lbs/sf(25'x30'=750 sf) 108,750 lbs
F = = = 108.8 kips
dL = 0.468 in Answer: 1/2" (25,000 lbs)(114 inches) P(L2) L2 = 9.5 ft 1000 1000
E = A =
INTEGRATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS & SYSTEMS

The key is to pay attention to the unit of measure. The answer was (0.25 inches)(50.27 inches2) L L = 3.5ft + 9.5ft = 13 ft Using soil bearing capacity, what should the size of the footing be?
asked to be rounded to the nearest 1/8" so first step is to convert the 2,850,000 lbs 226,775.41 lbs A = 47.5# P 108,750 lbs Footing size is roughly
E = = f = = = 36.25 SF
length from feet to inches. 12.5675 inches2 inches2 For this problem the answer should A 3000 lbs/sf 6' x 6'
Another variation might ask for the total length of the shelf, in this E = 226,775.41 PSI 65#(9.5feet) be in lbs., you also could be asked Units for total load in kips=lbs/1000. Footing size given in total SF, could
A = = 47.5#
instance it would be 30'-0 1/2". It is also safe to assume that the For this equation the units are PSI so all weight convert to lbs and all 13 feet to find the upward force of 'B'. also be multiple choice. Units are crossed out in the equation, you have
coefficient of thermal expansion will be provided in the question. measurements to inches. Deformation is usually given in question. to verify the units that the question is asking for.
ACOUSTICS - Sound Absorption LIGHTING - Illumination on a Surface LIGHTING - Target Illuminance HVAC - Cooling Load
A = Absorption (in sabins(ft2)) E = Illuminance (in ft-candles) Fc Footcandles Two offices in the same building need new cooling systems. One office
Amaterial = Sꬰ
S = Surface Area (in ft2) I I = Candelpower (candela) (Lumens)(CU)(LLF) CU Coefficient of Utilization is 75' x 50' one is 50' x 100'. Assume 500 S.F. per-ton cooling.
E = cosθ Fc =
Aroom = Sꬰ1 + Sꬰ2 + Sꬰ3… ꬰ = Noise Reduction Coefficient D D = Distance from source (in ft) A LLF Light Loss Factor Area1 = (Length1)(Width1) A1 = (75')(50') = 3,750 S.F.
Determine total absorption of an office 13' x 16' with a 10' ceiling, five θ = Angle from vert. position of light A Area (in sq ft) Area2 = (Length2)(Width2) A1 = (50')(100') = 5,000 S.F.
(5) 3' x 5' windows, and a 3'-0" x 7'-0" solid core wood door. Assume the An architect has clustered (4) can lights An architect needs to determine the lumen output for the appropriate A1 3,750 S.F.
U1 = = = 7.5 tons (one 7.5-ton chiller)
door is sealed and has same noise reduction coeficient as adjacent wall. in a square roughly 12' apart shining 14' light fixture in an 11' x 14'-4" office. The target illuminance is 30 Fc, C 500 S.F./ton
Use the table below: down to the floor in an office. Using the what should the lumen output be? Assume that the coefficient of A2 5,000 S.F.
chart, what is the illuminance under one utilization and light loss factor is 0.7 each. U2 = = = 10 tons (one 10-ton chiller)
Surface Description NRC C 500 S.F./ton
walls 5/8" gyp. On mtl. Studs @ 16" o.c. 0.05 of the can lights? Fc = 30 Fc Just as with any equation you will come across, you might have to solve
ceiling acoustical ceiling tile 0.60 (Lumens)(CU)(LLF) CU = 0.7 for Area (A) or determine how many S.F./ton of cooling is used.
Fc =
floor carpet tile on pad 0.55 I = 1,100 cd (from chart at 0°) A LLF = 0.7 PLUMBING - Static Head
windows standard glass 0.15 D = 14' A = (11 x 14.33) = 157.63 sf Surface of a water tank is 85' above the lowest fixture. Ignore friction,
Swalls = (2)(13ft)(10ft) + (2)(16ft)(10ft) = 580 ft2 θ = 0° (cos of zero = 1) Lumens = solve for lumens what is the water pressure available at that lowest fixture?
Swindows = (5)(3ft)(5ft) = 75 ft2 1,100 cd Next, figure out if any of the other lights P = (0.433 PSI/ft)(Height) P = (0.433 PSI/ft)(85 ft)
E = (1)
Stotal = Swalls - Swindows = 580 ft2 - 75 ft2 = 445 ft2 14' is increasing the illuminance under the (Lumens)(0.7)(0.7) 0.49(Lumens) P = 36.8 PSI
30 = 30 =
Absorption of all the materials are: E = 78.57 cd can light we calculated. 157.63 sf 157.63 sf Note* 0.433 PSI = 1'-0" of static head OR 1 PSI = 2.3' static head
Amaterial = Sꬰ Awalls = (445)(0.05) 22.25 sabins (ft2) opp. 14' tanθ 1.16 A seemingly simple equation, but it could also be asked like this:
tanθ = tanθ = =
Aceiling = (13')(16')(0.60) 124.8 sabins (ft2) adj. 12' tan tan (157.63)(30) Water line has 35 PSI of pressure, what is the maximum height a faucet
Lumens = Lumens = 9,650.81 = 9,651
Afloor = (13')(16')(0.55) 114.4 sabins (ft2) θ = arctan(1.16) = tan-1(1.16) = 49.23 degrees 0.49 needing 12 PSI can be above grade?
Awindows = (5)(3')(5')(0.15) 11.25 sabins (ft2) At angle 49.23° the cd output is '0'. If it gave a number, plug into original This equation the Fc was given and we had to solve for lumens. You P = (0.433 PSI/ft)(Height) (35 PSI - 12 PSI) = 0.433 PSI/ft(H)
TOTAL 272.7 sabins (ft2) equation, add to 78.57 cd. Since it is zero, answer is 78.57 cd could be asked to solve for any of the other variables. H = (35 PSI - 12 PSI)/0.433 PSI/ft H = 53.12 feet
NATIONAL CAD STANDARDS DOCUMENTATION - Lighting Schematic DOCUMENTATION - Detailing MATERIALS - Concrete Joints
Discipline Order (Common) Type Description
G General Cold Used when concrete slab is too large to be completed in a single pour
C Civil Construction When two separate placements of concrete meet and where reinforcement may be
A Architectural continuous
S Structural Control are tooled, sawed, or formed grooves in the conrete to create weak points where cracking
M Mechanical (Contraction) can occur
E Electrical Isolation are used where adjacent areas of concrete may move in three directions and where the
P Plumbing formation of cracks is to be avoided
Other Disciplines An architect has been asked to include a 240V freezer MATERIALS - Plastic Pipe and Type Uses
H Hazardous Materials into the design of a small café. Using the schematic Abbr. Name Uses Rigidty Connections
V Survey / Mapping Acrylonitrile butadiene

For PDD Section 4 - Codes & Regulations consult NCARB Handbook for suggested reading
above, which two wires should the architect look to ABS Drainage Rigid Hub clamps, solvent
B Geotechnical see the freezer connected to on the jobsite? (Pick any styrene
W Civil Works that apply) Chlorinated polyvinyl Solvent weld, heat
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION

CPVC Hot/Cold water supply, sprinklers Rigid

L Landscape A.) Phase A, Phase B D.) Phase B, Neutral chloride fused
I Interiors B.) Phase A, Neutral E.) Phase C, Phase A Heat fused, solvent
HDPE High-density polyethylene Exterior water supply Rigid/Flex.
Q Equipment C.) Phase B, Phase C F.) Phase C, Neutral weld
F Fire Protection When determining how many volts you will get in any Water supply, irrigation sprinklers, Expansion fitting,
PE Polyethylene Flexible
D Process wiring schematic, in this case a 3-phase 4-wire exterior drainage compressing, crimp
T Telecommunications 120/240V, any time you connect to the 'Neutral' wire From the details to Cross-linked polyethylene Water supply, compressed air and Expansion fitting,
you will get the lower (120) voltage. If you connect to PEX-AL-PEX Flexible
R Resource the left, fill in the aluminum gas compressing, crimp
X Other Disciplines two phase wires you will get the higher (240) voltage. missing number on Industrial Supply and waste for Compession, solvent
Answer: A, C, E the elevation above. PP Polypropylene Rigid
Z Contractor / Shops chem. resistance and high heat weld
0 Operations DOCUMENTATION - Detailing Since the ARE 5.0 Solvent weld, thread
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride Cold water supply only, drainage Rigid
Sheet Numbering Standards What is each # in the detail from the list provided? exams did away with for schedule 80
0 Keynotes, legends, - Air barrier & rigid insul. the vignette the only MATERIALS - Mortar Types
general notes - Wood blocking plausible measuring Type Strength Recommended Use
1 Plans - Ventilation screen 1 2 stick for being able M High Below grade; in contact with the earth
show drawing S Medium-High Where lateral strength is more important than compressive strength
2 Elevations - Metal flashing
competency is to give
3 Sections - Batt. Insulation N Medium Exposed masonry above grade where high compressive/lateral strength NR.
you a drawing and
4 Enlarged Views - Metal stud framing O Low Interior non-load bearing partitions
have you fill in the
5 Details - Wood shim K Very Low Only in interior non-loadbearing partitions where permitted by code
respective details. In
6 Schedules - Alum. storefront system this, not all are used. MATERIALS - Copper Piping
7 User-defined - Laminate rain screen Type Recommended Use
8 User-defined 1.) Air barrier & rigid insul. 2.) Laminate rain
K Underground supply water piping
screen 3.) Batt. Insulation 4.) Metal stud
9 3D Views framing 5.) Ventilation screen 6.) Metal Answer: Top left: 4, Top L Commonly used for plumbing systems within a building
flashing 7.) Wood blocking 8.) Wood shim 9.)
10 User-defined (if needed) Alum, storefront system 3 4 Right: 2, Bottom Right: 3 M Drain piping, branch supply lines, chilled water system, exposed lines in heating systems
PROJECT MANUAL CONTRACT DOCUMENTS MASTER FORMAT SPECIFICATION DIVISONS Specification Description
Contains all of the bidding documents and Project Manual become contract documents 00 Procurement & Contracting Requirements Req's. for bidding, contracting, bid solicitation, instruct. to bidders, bid forms, agreement, bonds, certifications, General Conditions
contract documents bound in book format when Owner-Contractor agreement is signed 01 General Requirements Covers requirements that apply to the entire project or all of the individual technical sections including summary of work, pricing & payment
(AIA A101) handling, alternates, VE, contract mod procedures, unit prices, construction progress docs, temp facilities, substitutions
List of Documents List of Documents 02 Existing Conditions Site remediation, decontamination, subsurface investigation, surveying, selective demolition

Copyright Evolve 4D LLC, Bibliography; 1.) 'Architectural Graphic Standards, Ramsey/Sleeper' 2.) 'Architect's Studio Companion, Allen/Iano' 3.) ARE 5 Study Guide, Ballast' 6.) Designerhacks.com
1 Title Sheet 1 Contract Forms 03 Concrete Forms, reinforcement, C.I.P concrete, precast concrete, cementitious decks, underlayments, grouts, concrete restoration and cleaning
2 Signature Sheet a Owner-Contractor Agreement (A101) 04 Masonry Brick, concrete block, stone, terra cotta, simulated masonry, glass block, masonry restoration and cleaning
3 Table of Contents b Performance & Payment Bond (G312) 05 Metals Structural steel, other structural metals, ornmental metals, metal fabrications (stairs, handrails) exp. joint covers, restoration & cleaning
4 Instruction to Bidders (AIA A701) c Certificate of Insurance (G715) 06 Wood, Plastics, and Comosites Structural wood framing, rough/finish carpentry, architectural woodwork, plastics, plastic fabrications, specialty comosite materials
5 Bid Forms 2 Conditions of the Contract 07 Thermal and Moisture Protection Damproofing, waterproofing, insul., vapor retarders, air barriers, shingles, roofing siding, flashing, joint sealers, fire & smoke protection
PROJECT MANUAL & SPECIFICATIONS

6 General Conditions of the Construction a General Conditions (A201) 08 Openings Metal doors and frames, wood doors & frames, specialty doors, storefronts, all window types, skylights, hardware, curtain walls, glazing
Contract (AIA A201) & Supplementary b Supplementary Conditions (A511) 09 Finishes All finish materials, plaster, gyp. board, lt gauge metal framing, floor/wall tile, terrazzo, all flooring, acoustical ceilings, paints & coatings
Conditions c Special Conditions (if applicable) 10 Specialties Visual display boards, toilet compartments, louvers, grilles, wall/corner guards, prebuilt fireplaces, signage, lockers, awnings, flagpoles
7 Proposed Owner-Contractor Agreement d Other Conditions 11 Equipment Vaults & security items, teller & security equipment, church-related equipment, library equipment, theater/stage equipment, vending
(AIA A101) 3 Drawings 12 Furnishings Freestanding furniture and case goods, systems furniture, art, window treatments, accessories, fixed theater seating, interior plants
8 Sample Forms (AIA A312, G702, etc.) 4 Specifications 13 Special Construction Structures created from unconventional materials, special purpose rooms (clean room, planetarium) pre-engineerd structures, saunas
9 List of Drawings 5 Addenda (issued prior to execution of 14 Conveying Equipment Elevators, escalators, dumbwaiters, moving walks, and lifts
10 Index to Specifications A101, during bid process) 21 Fire Suppression Detection equipment, alarms, standpipes, hoses, all systems (wet-pipe, dry pipe, deluge, carbon dioxide, foam, pre-action, dry chemical)
11 Specifications (1-49) 6 Modifications of the contract (if 22 Plumbing Piping, fixtures, equipment, pipe installation, gas and vacuum systems. Also includes commissioning of these systems.
Specification Note: necessary, issued after execution of 23 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Heating/cooling equip., cooling towers, ductwork, duct insulation/accessories, air filtration equip., humidification equip., fume hoods
In total there are 49 Divisions in the Master A101) 25 Integrated Automation Integrated automation systems, energy monitoring and control, environmental control, lighting control
Specification Format, the ones listed are the a Change Order 26 Electrical Electrical controls, wiring, electrical distribution (including substations, transformers, switchgear, meters, circuit protection) low voltage systems,
most commonly used for nearly every b Construction Change Directive signed by generators, lightening protection and lighting. Also includes commissioning of these systems.
project. the contractor 27 Communications Computer networks, cabling, systems, data communication, voice communications, audiovisual, healthcare communicaitons
The bold items in the Spec description are Contract Documents Note: 28 Electronic Safety and Security Systens monitor access to and within building, intrustion detection, access control, video surveillance, fire detection, hazard detection
commonly put in the wrong section. Case Unless specified in the Owner-Contractor 31 Earthwork Modifications to land, site clearing, excavation, fill, grading, embankments, slope protection, soil/rock stabilization, soil treatment, erosion
goods goes is DIV 12, but custom cabinets agreement, the contract documents shall control, sediment control, shoring, underpinning, special foundation systems (piles, caissons, aggregate piers) and tunneling
goes in DIV 06. Openings are DIV 08 which not include any documents relating to the 32 Exterior Improvements Above grade sitework, paving, rec, surfacing, fences, gates retaining walls, site furnishings, screening devices, wetlands, irrigation, plants
includes hardware, but window treatments bidding documents. 33 Utilities Water utilities (distribution, disinfection, storage) wells, sanitary sewer (piping, septic tanks, treatment facilities) storm drain utilities (piping,
falls in DIV 12. culverts, drains, pumps, subdrainage, ponds) communication utilities, distribution systems for fuel, hydronic, steam, electricity

SAMPLE COST ESTIMATE - New Commercial Building COST ESTIMATING - Sample Problem COST ESTIMATING - Sample Problem
# Description QTY Price UM Draw Me TOTAL The architect is reviewing the cost estimate submitted by the contractor for a small
10 SITE PREPARATION commercial project and notices that the total amount has exceeded the $8,000
Shared Conference Room
11 Rough stake 1 125.00 Lump Sum 0.00 125.00 125.00 amount in the client's budget. Which of the following could be done to get the project
(375 S.F.)
12 Clearing, Grading, Hauling 6 115.00 Hour 0.00 690.00 690.00 back on budget? Office Suite
13 Fill Dirt 5 75.00 Load 375.00 375.00 A.) Use soil from the site instead of using 'Fill Dirt' from line 13 (625 S.F.)
Lobby
14 Locate Corners 1 275.00 Lump Sum 275.00 275.00 B.) Forego conducting the Foundation Survey
Office Suite (250 S.F.)
15 TOTAL SITE PREP (Lines 11-14) 650.00 815.00 1,465.00 C.) Use a CMU foundation instead of a concrete foundation
(1,250 S.F.)
16 FOOTINGS D.) Reduce the size of the project by 8%
17 Layout, Dig, and Pour 225 1.10 LF 247.50 247.50 Material Price
CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES

18 Steel reinforcing 45 5.40 EA 243.00 243.00 Broadloom carpet $2.33/S.F.

Breaking down each answer: Answer 'A' there are two problems- first, the fill is
19 Concrete 15 1.15 CY 1,725.00 1,725.00 Carpet Pad $1.50/S.F.
usually specified by the engineer so they likely won't allow the removal, and second
20 TOTAL FOOTINGS (Lines 17-19) 2,215.50 2,215.50 the $375 savings won't get it back on budget. Answer 'B' is incorrect because it could Luxury Carpet Tile $5.00/S.F.
21 FOUNDATIONS open the project up to more problems, and also won't get the project back on budget. Adhesive $1.75/S.F.
22 Concrete 20 115.00 CY 2,300.00 2,300.00 Answer 'C' is optimal because the price of CMU along with the reduction in steel Labor $2.50/S.F.
23 Brick 0.00 0.00 reinforcing could allow for the best chance at a substantial price reduction without Due to budget constraints, the architect was forced change out the luxury carpet tile
24 CMU 0.00 0.00 compromising the foundation. Answer 'D' is another possible option, but not ideal. in both office suites for broadloom. What is the total cost savings?
25 Mortar 0.00 0.00 This should be the last resort if no other option is available. Correct Answer: C Total Area = 1,250 S.F. + 625 S.F. Carpet Tile Broadloom Carpet
26 Sand 5 85.00 CY 425.00 425.00 COST ESTIMATING - Sample Problem = 1,875 S.F. $9,375 $4,368.75
27 Steel reinforcing 75 5.40 EA 405.00 405.00 The architect is using this cost estimate in accordance with the specifications that she Cost of Carpet Tile $3,281.25 $2,812.50
28 Vents 0.00 0.00 wrote for the project. The numbers on the left are the contractor's arbitrary place Carpet Tile = 1,875 S.F (5.00/S.F.) TOTALS $12,656.25 $7,181.25
29 Damp proofing 1 375.00 Lump Sum 375.00 375.00 holder. Of the spec sections listed below, which two don't align with the contractor's = $9,375 Total Savings = $12,656.25 - $7,181.25
30 Backfill 0.00 0.00 cost estimate? Adhesive = 1,875 S.F.(1.75/S.F.) = $5,475
31 Labor 1 1,000.00 Lump Sum 0.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 A.) Section 04 22 00 D.) Section 31 22 13 = $3,281.25 For this problem it is asking for the cost
32 Foundation Survey 1 475.00 Lump Sum 475.00 475.00 B.) Section 04 05 13 E.) Section 02 05 00 Cost of Broadloom Carpet difference so the labor cost is negligible in
33 TOTAL FOUNDATIONS (Lines 22-32) 3,980.00 1,000.00 4,980.00 C.) Section 03 31 00 F.) Section 05 10 00 Broadloom = 1,875 S.F. (2.33/S.F.) the difference. This question also tests your
34 Using the table above, you could infer that answers 'A' thru 'D' are on the estimate. = $4,368.75 material knowledge, you would have to
35 PAGE TOTALS 6,845.50 1,815.00 8,660.50 Answer 'E' is a section for existing condtitions which there are none because it is a Carpet Pad = 1,875 S.F. (1.50/S.F.) know that there is usually a pad under
36 new building, answer 'F' is for structural steel which there is likely none on a project = $2,812.50 broadloom, and carpet tile is adhered to the
37 this small. Answer E & F substrate.