COMPUTER SCIENCE – 11

Chapter 10
Fundamentals of the
Internet
Contents
• Internet
• Intranet & Extranet
• ISP
• TCP/IP
• Services Provided by Internet
• Addressing Schemes
• Web Browsing/ Web Surfing
• WWW
• URL
• Search Engine
• Email
• Newsgroup
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet
Internet
Q.1 What is the Internet? Briefly describe the history of the Internet.
 Internet
• "Internet“ → stands for International Network.
• Largest computer network in the world.
• Internet → network of many computer networks
• Consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks.
• Communication protocol → TCP/IP.
• Communication media → telephone lines, fiber optic
cables, microwave, and satellite.
• Available Information
• A large number of books, newspapers, magazines, encyclopedia,
and other types of materials
• Find information about almost anything in the world.
• Access the latest information or news on any topic.
• Ocean of knowledge.
• Global village.
 History of the Internet
• Communication system - started in - 1960s → during the cold war between America and Russia.
• 1957 → Russia launched Sputnik (first artificial earth satellite)
• 1958 → (In response to Sputnik), Americans established Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
• Task of ARPA → To develop a communication system.

• 1969 → ARPA established a small computer network, ARPANet.

• ARPANet → stands for Advanced Research Project Agency Network.
• A network of four computers.

• During 1970s and 1980s → Networks of several universities and research organizations. Networks for military use.
• 1986 → NSFNet, established by National Science Foundation (NSF), another federal agency of America.
• Established for academic purposes.
• Accessible by everyone.
• Later, expanded all over the country.

• A large number of networks of universities and research centers - connected to this network → Internet.
• Grown rapidly since 1990.
• According to Internet society (the monitoring organization)
• Number of computer networks → more than two million.
• Number of computers → more than a hundred million.
 Working of the Internet
• No particular organization controlling the Internet.
• Different networks of private companies, government agencies, research organizations, and universities are
interconnected together.
• Phone-line modem, DSL, or cable modem – connects personal computer.
• Modem – used to communicate with - server of an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
• LAN (of business or university is connected using Network Interface Card) connected to the server of ISP →
high-speed phone line such as T1 Line.
• T1 Line → handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second.
• Normal phone line using a modem → handle 30,000 to 50,000 bits per second.
• User’s computer - connects to - ISP’s server.
• ISP’s server - makes its connection to - larger ISP.
• Largest ISPs maintain fiber-optic "backbones" for an entire region.
• Backbone → central structure or element of the network, connects other elements of the network and
handles the major traffic.
• Backbone → high-speed element.
• Major communication link - ties Internet servers across wide geographical areas.
• Backbones around the world - connected through - fiber-optic lines, undersea cables, or satellite links.
Intranet & Extranet
Q.4 What are the Intranet and Extranet?
 Intranet
• Internal private network of an organization
• Accessed only by → authorized users of the organization
• Uses → Internet and Web technologies
• for sharing information between the users of the same organization or company.
• Looks like a private version of the Internet.
• Information cannot be exchanged outside the organization.
 Extranet
• Network of an organization
• Accessed by → authorized outside users
• Extension of the Intranet.
• May consist of two or more intranets.
• Used for → business and educational purposes.
• Uses → Internet technology and the public telecommunication system
• for sharing business information with authorized outside users.
• Users → customers, suppliers, business partners, etc.
• Outside user accesses the Extranet by using the username and password.
ISP
Q.5 Write a short note on ISP.
 ISP
• ISP → stands for Internet Service Provider.
• Company that provides Internet connections to users.
• Many ISP companies in each big city in the countries of the world.
• Get an Internet connection → from any ISP company
• ISP Company provide
• username for identification
• password for account security
• telephone number to connect to its server computer.
• Popular ISPs in Pakistan
• PTCL
• Comsats
• World Call
• Wateen.
TCP/IP
Q.6 Describe the function of the TCP/IP protocol.
 TCP/IP
• TCP/IP → stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.
• TCP/IP → basic communication protocol of the Internet.
• Communication protocol → private networks such as Intranet and Extranet.
• Developed by → Department of Defense (DoD) of the USA.
• TCP/IP Functions
• controls and manages data transmission over the Internet.
• defines a mechanism - every computer identified separately.
• manages transmission of data
• by breaking data into small pieces → packets.
• Packet → actual data + addresses of destination (receiver) & source (sender).
 TCP/IP
• Layers of TCP/IP
• TCP → higher layer
• IP → lower layer.
• Higher layer (TCP)
• Responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data
• Breaks message or file into smaller packets → Sender side
• Reassembles (combines or rebuild) the packets into the original message → Receiver side
• Lower layer (IP)
• Responsible for moving a packet from node to node.
• Forwards each packet based on a destination address.
• Operates on gateways.
• Gateways → checks address to see where to forward the message.
• TCP/IP software → different for different computers
• but always presents the same interface
• Different types of computers can share information among them.
• Example: a personal computer can exchange data with a mainframe using TCP/IP
Services Provided by Internet
Q.7 Describe services provided by the Internet OR Explain how the Internet
can be useful?
 Services Provided by Internet
• Before 1998, people thought, Internet provided only the "World Wide Web"
service.
• But actually, Internet provides a lot of services.

1. World Wide Web (WWW)

• Commonly known as web.
• Service is used to get different information on the Internet.
• Vast network of HTTP servers or Web servers.
• These servers store webpages (websites) that are accessible on the Internet.
• Abbreviated as www or 3w.
 Services Provided by Internet
2. Email
• E-mail → Electronic Mail. (Most popular service)
• Provides a fast and efficient way to send and receive messages
• Different types of files can be sent through e-mail.
3. Telnet
• Telnet → Terminal Network.
• Software - used to login and to run commands (or programs) on a remote computer
• User can also access information on the Internet.
• User runs telnet client application
• Telnet provides a prompt on the user’s computer screen.
• User can access the remote computer by giving commands through this prompt.
• When command is sent to host computer
• Information is accessed from the host and displayed on the user’s computer screen.
• Terminal → User’s computer
• The user feels that he/she is sitting in front of the host computer and operating it.
 Services Provided by Internet
4. FTP
• FTP → File Transfer Protocol.
• This service is used to send and receive files on the Internet.
• Uploading & downloading services using FTP.
• Downloading → Process of transferring a file from a server (or remote computer) to a
local computer
• Uploading →Process of transferring a file from a local computer to the server
• Different FTP client programs available for uploading and downloading
• FTP client programs → WS_FTP and Cute FTP.
 Services Provided by Internet
5. Gopher
• Menu-based information retrieval system
• Organizes resources into multilevel menus to make finding information easier.
• Before Gopher → Difficult to find information.
6. Chat Groups
• Internet provides facility to chat (talk) with people online all over the world.
• Different programs available for chatting
• MSN Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, AOL online, etc.
• Chat rooms → allow users to participate in a chat
• Chat rooms are locations on the web that provide facilities to the users to chat with each other
online
• Send messages by typing with keyboard
• receive messages from other ends instantly.
• Some chat rooms support voice chats and video chats
Addressing Schemes
Q.8 What do you mean by addressing schemes? How many types of
addressing schemes are used on the Internet?
 Addressing Schemes
• Computers or other computing devices exchange data with the references to
their addresses.
• When a computer or other computing device is connected to the Internet
• A unique address is assigned to it.
• A computer is accessed with the reference to its address.
• The addresses are assigned to the computers according to a set of rules →
Addressing Schemes
• Types of addressing schemes
• IP Addressing
• DNS Addressing
 IP Addressing
• IP → Internet Protocol.
• Unique identifier, assigned when connected to Internet.
• Numerical address.
• Standards of IP addressing → IPv4 & IPv6.
i) IPv4
• Internet Protocol Version 4.
• 32-bit address. Provides approximately 232 addresses.
• Example: 12.161.255.240
• Divided into 4 groups separated by '.' (dot).
• Octet → Each group can contain a decimal value from 0 to 255.
• In a computer system → represented in binary form
• 00001100. 10100001.11111111. 11110000
• Each group consists of 8 bits.
• To store the whole IP address in IPv4 standard →32 bits required
 IP Addressing
ii) IPv6
• Internet Protocol Version 6.
• 128-bit address.
• Provides approximately 2128 addresses.
• Example: 2001:0db8:00bc:1234:00d1:12ab:008c:0123
• Divided into 8 groups separated by ':' (colon).
• Each group can contain 4 hexadecimal digits from 0 to f
• In a computer system → represented in binary form.
• Each hexadecimal digit contains 4 bits.
• Each group requires 16 bits (4×4)
• For 8 groups (i.e. for whole IP address) total of 128 bits (8×16) are required.
 DNS Addressing
• DNS → Domain Name System.
• IP addresses → difficult to remember
• Every server (or host) → has unique name.
• Domain Name → The human-readable name assigned to computer (server)
• Common and unique text name
• An alternative to an IP address.
• Example: "hotmail.com" is a permanent, human-readable name, easier to remember
than an IP Address.
• Parts of Domain name
• Hostname
• Domain → Top-level Domain (TLD)
 DNS Addressing
• Top-Level Domain (TLD) → Indicates type of domain, comes at the end of the
hostname separated with a dot(.)

• Domain Name System (DNS)

• A way of assigning domain names to IP addresses
• DNS server
• store domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.
• translates the domain name into the corresponding IP address.
• When user enters domain name (like Google.com)
• DNS translates domain name to its associated IP address.
 Static IP Address & Dynamic IP Address
• Static IP Address → IP address assigned to computer that remains fixed in a
network
• A server has a static IP address that does not change.
• Dynamic IP Address → IP address assigned to computer that does not remain
fixed in a network
• Temporary IP address
• Not fixed.
• User’s computer connects to Internet
• IP address assigned by ISP.
• Unique for that session.
• Not static.
• When same computer connected for next time
• different IP address will be assigned.
Web Browsing/ Web Surfing
Q.10 What is web browsing or web surfing? Describe the usage of a web
browser.
 Web Browsing/ Web Surfing
• Web browsing or Web surfing
• A process of searching information on the World Wide Web
• Millions of webpages are stored on web servers.
• Contain information about different topics.
• We can easily access the required information from these webpages.
• Links (or hyperlinks) of other webpages or websites.
• By clicking these links → Users jump from one page or website to another
• Surfing the web.
 Web Browser
• Web browser → software used to access websites or webpages
• Internet browser, or simply browser.
• Application software.
• Acts as an interface between user and Internet.
• User sends request to web server through browser.
• Web server processes request
• Sends back the results to browser.
• Browser receives results and displays on screen.
• Popular and available web browsers
• Internet Explorer
• Google Chrome
• Opera
• Mozilla Firefox
• Safari
WWW
Q.11 Write a note on the World Wide Web.
 WWW
• World Wide Web → known as web.
• Launched in 1989 at European Particle Physics Laboratory - in Geneva.
• Latest addition on Internet to exchange information.
• Network of web servers → stores webpages.
• Abbreviated as → www or 3w.
• Easiest way to search and to get information on Internet.
• Webpages → Documents on the web
• Created/designed in HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
• Contain simple text, images, and hyperlinks (or simply links).
• Connected using hyperlinks →User can jump from one page to another by clicking the
hyperlinks.
• Accessed using web browsers.
 WWW
• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) protocol → used for communication
between browsers & web servers.
• Works on top of TCP/IP.
• Webpages → also known as hypertext documents
• Website → A collection of related webpages
• Each website has a unique address.
• Web Servers → Computers that store websites & permanently connected to
the Internet.
• Publishing the page or uploading the page → Process of storing or launching a
webpage on the web server
• Downloading the page → Retrieving a webpage from server to user’s
computer
URL
Q.12 What is URL?
 URL
• URL → stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
• Unique address of every webpage
• Webpage is accessed on Internet with reference to its URL address.
• General format of URL → type://address/path/
• Type → type of the server on which the page is hosted or stored, e.g. "http" or "ftp“;
followed by a colon and double forward slashes(//).
• Address → address of the server e.g. " www.yahoo.com“ (www. is optional)
• path → path of document or webpage on disk of server; forward-slash (/) character is
used
• Example:
• http://www.yahoo.com/testing.html
• http://www.savings.gov.pk
• http://www.hotmail.com
• http://www.google.com.pk
Search Engine
Q.13 What is a search engine? How information is searched using a search
engine?
 Search Engine
• A special website on the Internet.
• Used to search different information on the Internet (or web).
• Availability of a lot of information on Internet on different websites or webpages.
• Billions of websites on Internet.
• URLs of all the websites cannot be remembered.
• Search Engine → search different websites or webpages and information stored in them.
• Maintain a list of billions of webpages containing information on various topics.
• Availability of many search engines
• Popular search engines and their URLs
• YAHOO http://www.yahoo.com
• ALTA VISTA http://www.altavista.com
• ASK http://www.ask.com
• GOOGLE http://www.google.com
• EXCITE http://www.excite.com
 Searching Information using Search Engine
• Keywords (i.e. words) related to the topic or information - given to - search
engine
• Search engine
• Searches the required information
• Sends the addresses of webpages containing required information
Example:
• To search information about "History of the Internet“
• Give these words to any search engine
• Search engine
• search the given information
• provide a list of links of webpages or websites (along with brief description)
Email
Q.14 What is Email? How does Email work? Also, discuss the Email Attachment.
 Email
• E-mail → stands for electronic mail
• Most popular service provided by Internet.
• We can send and receive messages anywhere in the world.
• One message – sent to - many persons with a single email.
• File attachment with email.
• Takes a very short time to reach its destination.
• Every Internet user has an email facility.
• Email facility → provided by ISP (Internet Service Provider).
• Provided free of cost
• Popular email websites
• "hotmail.com“
• "yahoo.com“
• "gmail.com".
 Working of Email
• Email client → email program; create, send, and to receive emails.
• Example: Outlook Express
• When user sends email message
• Computer connects to an email server
• Transmits a copy of the message to that email server
• Email server → host computer on the Internet.
• Email server receives message
• Finds out distinction email server (where email is to be sent)
• Connects to that server
• Transmits a copy of the message.
 Email Attachment
• Powerful feature of e-mail.
• Enables to send files with an email message.
• Any types of files can be attached
• Including documents, pictures or images, and audio & video files, etc.
• Attachment size → varies from one email service provider to the
other.
• Usually 25MB or more.
• Can send multimedia files
• if Internet protocol supports.
• MIME protocol
• MIME → stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension.
 Email Address
• Email messages - sent & received - with reference to email addresses.
• Must have an email account - to send & receive emails
• Consists of a username and address on Internet.
• General format → username @ domain_name
• Username → name of user or organization.
• domain_name → DNS address.
• Example: pakman_series@ hotmail.com
• Username → pakman_series
• DNS address → hotmail.com
• Email stored in mailbox.
 Advantages of Email
+ Very fast, reaches destination in a few seconds.
+ Low cost, almost free, even in Pakistan.
+ One message - sent to - many persons with a single email.
+ Available around the clock and around the globe.
+ Send & receive email messages anywhere in the world.
+ Send any type of files via email.
+ Possible to send & receive email through mobile phone.
+ Receiver not interrupted by arrival of email.
+ Put in mailbox on server
+ Can read at any time.
 Disadvantages of Email
- Privacy Issue
• Confidential messages; can be read by hackers or by the network administrator
- No Emotions
• Receiver cannot view facial expressions or hearing voice of the sender.
- Junk Mails
• Unwanted emails (spam mails)
• Used for advertising of products.
• Sent to many people at once.
• Fill our email inbox. We have to delete
 Disadvantages of Email
- Spreading of Viruses
• Attached to an email message
• On opening infected email messages, virus loaded into the user’s computer.
• Also transferred to other computers on sending messages from infected computer
- Urgent messages can be delayed
• Receive email messages only by connecting Internet.
• If problem with Internet connection - urgent messages cannot be received in time.
- Fraud via email
• Email: we have won a grand prize e.g. a car or a house.
• Asks to pay a small amount as a transfer fee to get that prize.
• Malicious user shows himself as our friend - tries to get confidential information.
Newsgroup
Q.18 Write a note on the Newsgroup.
 Newsgroup
• Discussion group or forum on Internet.
• Provides the services to exchange messages about a particular subject.
• Different newsgroups available
• e.g. a newsgroup provides the services to exchange information about business
• provides the services about health, etc.
• News Servers → Special servers provide newsgroup facility
• Use Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).
• Member of newsgroup
• Read & post (send) messages
• Conduct discussions
• Participant sends message; other users read and reply.
• Microsoft Internet News
• news client program; read & write messages in newsgroups.
• Outlook Express → features for reading & posting messages on the newsgroup.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Internet
Q.19 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet.
 Advantages of Internet
+ Sharing Information
+ To share knowledge; to get guidance
+ Collection of Information
+ News
+ Searching Jobs
+ Advertisement
+ Communication
+ Video Conferencing
+ Entertainment
+ Online Education
+ PM series youTube Tutorials: https://www.youtube.com/PMSeriesSupport
+ Online Results
 Disadvantages of Internet
- Viruses
- Security Problems
- Confidential data may be accessed by unauthorized user
- Immorality
- Damage character of new generation
- Wastage of Time
- Collection of Information
- Chatting
- Playing Games
- Usage of computer without any positive purpose
For more details, refers to

PM Series

Computer Science
ICS Part-1

by
CM Aslam, Aqsa Aslam, Mudassir Ahmad & Atif Mansoor

Publisher: Majeed Sons

22- Urdu Bazar, Lahore