Computers Basics (FCO)

Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

2024-2025

EXERCISES
2.1-Getting the truth table page 2
2.2-equivalence between logic and circuit function page 2
2.3-Circuit analysis (reverse engineering) page 3
2.4-Obtaining the logic function: canonical forms page 3
2.5-Simplification of functions: Karnaugh maps page 5
2.6-Circuit Implementation page 6

Extension
2.7-Truth Tables page 7
2.8-Canonical Forms page 10
2.9-Simplification by Karnaugh page 12

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EXERCISES

2.1 – Obtaining the truth table

2.1.1. In an agricultural company, a quality control is required to classify the qualities of oranges.
To do this, there are 3 types of sensors: a camera, a calibrator and a scale. These sensors provide
input information regarding the color (C), diameter (D) and weight (P) of the orange. An orange is
of extra quality (X) when the color and at least one of the other two parameters are activated. An
orange is of normal quality (N) if the weight and/or diameter are activated and the color is not
activated. You have to obtain the truth table of the digital circuit that regulates the operation of the
quality controller.

SOLUTION:

C D P X N
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0

2.1.2. We have been given the responsibility of controlling the level of an irrigation water tank.
This tank has two water level sensors, one that indicates that the minimum level (Nm) has been
exceeded and another that the maximum level (NM) has been exceeded. These sensors are
active at a high level. The water reaches the tank through an inlet tap that pours water from the
upper level, and that can be opened by activating the Ge signal (it opens at a high level and closes
at a low level). The water leaves the tank through a tap at the bottom, and that can be opened by
activating the Gs signal (it opens at a high level and closes at a low level). Finally, there is an
emergency input E (active at a high level), in which the input is closed and the output is opened
regardless of the water levels in the tank). If the emergency signal is not activated, the system
must maintain the level between the minimum and the maximum. When the level does not exceed
the minimum, the output tap must be closed and the input tap opened. If the maximum level is
exceeded, the inlet tap must be closed and the outlet tap opened. If the level is between the
minimum and maximum, both taps must be closed. You have to obtain the truth table for the
corresponding circuit.

SOLUTION:

E Nm NM Ge Gs
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 X X
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 X X
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1

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2.1.3 You have to write the truth table of an adder circuit that inputs two binary numbers A
and B, each with two bits (a1 a0) and (b1 b0), and outputs a 3-bit binary number S (s2
s1 s0) that expresses the value of their sum: S = A + B.

SOLUTION:

a1 a0 b1 b0 s2 s1 s0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0

2.1.4 For the design of a fault detection circuit in a production plant, there are three redundant
monitoring modules that operate simultaneously. Each one independently activates its output if it
detects a fault condition. These three signals are called /M1, /M2 and /M3 and are active at a low
level. There is a fourth high level active signal P, whose activation indicates that the production
process is running. Due to the characteristics of the design, if the process is not running, the
monitoring modules always keep their outputs deactivated. Design a circuit that, based on the
value of the signals P, /M1, /M2 and /M3, signals the occurrence of a fault by activating an output
F at a high level. A fault will be considered to have occurred if at least two of the monitoring
modules have signalled the fault. This circuit also activates a second output O that indicates at a
high level whether the production process is working optimally: this is considered to be the case
if the process is running and no monitoring module has activated its output.
SOLUTION:

P /M1 /M2 /M3 F O

0 0 0 0 X X
0 0 0 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 1 X X
0 1 0 0 X X
0 1 0 1 X X
0 1 1 0 X X
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1

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2.1.5 The Empire State Building window-cleaning platform has the capacity to
reach each of the 256 floors of this iconic building. In order for workers to
access each floor, the platform incorporates a motor that allows it to
move up and down.
The motor control mechanism has:
 Two U and P sensors: The U sensor is activated at a high level only if the platform is on
the top floor (floor 256). The P sensor is activated at a high level only if the platform is on
the first floor (floor 1). If the platform is between both floors,
both sensors remain deactivated.
 Two S and B buttons: Workers press the S and B buttons to Raise and Lower,
respectively, the platform. The control signals generated by these buttons are
active at a high level.

Depending on these sensors and buttons, the motor control mechanism activates two signals, M
and S/B. M must be activated at a high level when the motor is to be put into operation. In this
case, the signal S/B indicates whether the pallet is to be raised (S/B = 1) or lowered (S/B = 0).
When M is deactivated, the motor is stopped and the state of S/B is considered to be indifferent.
Complete the attached table, corresponding to the function performed by the motor control
mechanism, taking into account the following specifications.
 If the workers press only the button S, the pallet must be raised except if it is on the
top floor, in which case the pallet must not be moved.
 If the workers press only the button B, the pallet must be lowered except if it is on the
first floor, in which case the pallet must not be moved.
 If workers press the S and B buttons at the same time, the pallet should not move.
 In any other case, the pallet should not move.

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U P S B M S/B
0 0 0 0 0 X
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 X
0 1 0 0 0 X
0 1 0 1 0 X
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 X
1 0 0 0 0 X
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 X
1 0 1 1 0 X
1 1 0 0 X X
1 1 0 1 X X
1 1 1 0 X X
1 1 1 1 X X

2.1.6 The bridge over the Seco River has one lane in each direction for the passage of motor
vehicles. However, due to the recent rains, its structure has deteriorated, and each lane can only
support the weight of three vehicles at most. In addition, adding the number of vehicles in the two
lanes, this should never exceed four.
If for some reason, five or more vehicles were to be placed on the bridge, the bridge would
instantly collapse (i.e., there cannot be more than four vehicles on the bridge). To prevent this
catastrophe from happening, two traffic lights have been installed, one at the entrance of each
lane (Sd right lane, and Si left lane).
There is also a vehicle counter for each lane, which indicates in natural binary the number of cars
at any given time (I1, I0 for the left lane, D1 D0 for the right lane).
State the truth table that would represent the problem, assuming that when the corresponding
traffic light has a value of 1, the traffic light is red, and when it has a value of 0, the
traffic light is green.

SOLUTION:

D1 D0 I1 I0 Sd Si
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 X X
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 X X
1 1 1 1 X X

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2.1.7 A fruit sorting company has the following machine with 6 baskets, C1 to C6:

To establish the path of the fruit towards the baskets, valves V1 to V5 must take the value 0 if the
fruit must go to the left of the figure and the value 1 if it must go to the right.
The information available on each piece of fruit is:
a) The weight. With two bits called P1P0, it is indicated that the fruit is:
00 - extra-large, 01 - large, 10 - medium, 11 – small
b) The existence of defects. With a bit D, the value 0 indicates that the piece has no
defects, and the value 1 indicates that it does have them.
We have been asked to establish the truth table of the valves that govern the path of the fruit
pieces in the aforementioned sorting machine, taking into account the characteristics of the fruit
in each basket:
 Extra-large pieces without defects should go to basket C1
 Large pieces without defects should go to basket C2
 Medium-sized pieces without defects should go to basket C3
 Small pieces without defects should go to basket C4
 Pieces with extra-large or large defects should go to basket C5
 The other pieces should go to basket C6
NOTE: The order of the variables in the truth table must be D, P1 and P0:

D P1 P0

SOLUTION:

D P1 P0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
0 0 0 0 0 0 X X
0 0 1 0 0 1 X X
0 1 0 0 1 X 0 X
0 1 1 0 1 X 1 X
1 0 X 1 X X X 0
1 1 X 1 X X X 1

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2.2 – Equivalence between logic and circuit function

2.2.1. Given the following circuit, you have to obtain the equivalent logical function:

A
B
F

SOLUTION:

𝐹 = 𝐴·𝐵+ 𝐴+𝐵

2.2.2. Given the following logic function, you have to obtain the equivalent circuit:

F   A  B  C  D
SOLUTION:

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2.2.3. Given the following circuit, you have to obtain its truth table:

A
B
F

SOLUTION:

B A F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

2.2.4. Given the following circuit, check if it is equivalent to the previous circuit using
from their truth tables:

SOLUTION:

B A F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

The circuit is equivalent to the previous one.

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2.3 – Boole’s algebra

2.3.1 The logic trainer has the following gates to set up logic circuits:
 4x two inputs OR gates
 4x two inputs AND gates
 8x two inputs NAND gates
 6x three inputs NAND gates
 4x four inputs NAND gates
 6x NOT gates

Draw the logic circuits that, using only gates available in the trainer, implement the
functions proposed below. Algebraically justify the equivalences:
a) 𝑓 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐
b) 𝑔 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐̅ ∙ 𝑑 (assume that you have already used all the four inputs NAND gates)
c) 𝑓 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 (assume that you have only can use the 4 inputs NAND gates)

SOLUTION:

a)

𝑓 =𝑎∙𝑏∙𝑐 = 𝑎·𝑏·𝑐

b)

𝑔 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐̅ ∙ 𝑑 = (𝑎 · 𝑏) · (𝑐 · 𝑑)

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c)

𝑓 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎∙𝑏∙𝑐 = 𝑎·𝑏·𝑐·1

2.3.2 The logic trainer has the following gates to set up logic circuits:
 4x two inputs OR gates
 4x two inputs AND gates
 8x two inputs NAND gates
 6x three inputs NAND gates
 4x four inputs NAND gates
 6x NOT gates

Draw the logic circuits that, using only gates available in the trainer, implement the
functions proposed below. Algebraically justify the equivalences:
a) 𝑓 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑̅
b) 𝑔 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐̅ (assume that you can not use the NOT gates)

SOLUTION:

a)

𝑓 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑̅

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b)

𝑔 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐̅ = 𝑎 · 𝑎 · 𝑏 · 𝑐 · 𝑐

2.3.3 Given the function: 𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑑̅ + 𝑐̅) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏)

You have to obtain the equivalent function using only 2 inputs NAND gates
a) Draw the schematic
b) Specify the steps made to obtain the final result, naming the Boole’s algebra axiom or
property used.

SOLUTION:

a)

b)

𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑑̅ + 𝑐̅) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿

(𝑑̅ + 𝑐̅) ∙ ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿ 𝑑 · 𝑐 ) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (𝑎̅ · 𝑏̅)
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
𝑑 · 𝑐 ) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= (̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (𝑎̅ · 𝑏̅)

Involution – De Morgan’s laws – Involution

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2.3.4 Given the function: 𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑑̅ ∙ 𝑐̅) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏)

You have to obtain the equivalent function using only 2 inputs NOR gates
a) Draw the schematic
b) Specify the steps made to obtain the final result, naming the Boole’s algebra axiom or
property used.

SOLUTION:

a)

b)

𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑑̅ + 𝑐̅) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑑 + 𝑐) · (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑑 + 𝑐) + (𝑎 + 𝑏)

Involution – De Morgan’s laws

2.3.5 Given the function: 𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑑̅ ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑐̅ ∙ 𝑏)

You have to obtain the equivalent function using only 2 inputs NOR gates
a) Draw the schematic
b) Specify the steps made to obtain the final result, naming the Boole’s algebra axiom or
property used.

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SOLUTION:

a)

b)

𝑭(𝒅, 𝒄, 𝒃, 𝒂) = 𝒅 ̅ ∙ 𝒂 + 𝒄̅ ∙ 𝒃 = ̿̿̿̿̿̿
𝒅 𝒄̅ ∙ 𝒃 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ∙ 𝒂 + ̿̿̿̿̿̿ ̿+𝒂
𝒅 ̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒄̿ + 𝒃 𝒅+𝒂 ̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝒄+𝒃 ̅=
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅
𝒅+𝒂 𝒄+𝒃

Involution – De Morgan’s laws - Involution

2.3.6 Given the function: 𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑑̅ ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑐̅ ∙ 𝑏)

You have to obtain the equivalent function using only 2 inputs NAND gates
a) Draw the schematic
b) Specify the steps made to obtain the final result, naming the Boole’s algebra axiom or
property used.

SOLUTION:

a)

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b)

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹(𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑑̅ ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑐̅ ∙ 𝑏 = ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑑̅ ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑐̅ ∙ 𝑏 = (𝑑 ̅ ∙ 𝑎) · (𝑐̅̅̅̅̅̅
∙ 𝑏)

Involution – De Morgan’s laws

2.3.7 Given the function: 𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑏̅ ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏

You have to obtain the equivalent function using only 2 inputs NOR gates
a) Draw the schematic
b) Specify the steps made to obtain the final result, naming the Boole’s algebra axiom or
property used.

SOLUTION:

a)

b)

𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑏̅ ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ̿̿̿̿̿̿ 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

̅ ∙ 𝑎 + ̿̿̿̿̿̿ 𝑏̿ + 𝑎̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑏 + 𝑎̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎̿ + 𝑏̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑎 + 𝑏̅
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
= 𝑏 + 𝑎̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑎 + 𝑏̅

Involution – De Morgan’s laws – Involution - Involution

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2.3.8 Given the function: 𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑏̅ ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏

You have to obtain the equivalent function using only 2 inputs NAND gates
a) Draw the schematic
b) Specify the steps made to obtain the final result, naming the Boole’s algebra axiom or
property used.

SOLUTION:

a)

b)

̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑭(𝒅, 𝒄, 𝒃, 𝒂) = ̅ ̅∙𝒃 = ̅
𝒃∙𝒂+ 𝒂 𝒃∙𝒂+ 𝒂 ̅ ∙ 𝒃 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅
𝒃 ∙ 𝒂 · ̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅∙𝒃
𝒂

Involution – De Morgan’s laws

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2.4 Logic function– Canonical Equations

2.4.1. Given the following truth table:

Input Output
D C B A S
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

Write the conjunctive and disjunctive canonical equations of the output S.

SOLUTION:

Conjunctive canonical equation:

∏ (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)

(𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴)

Disjunctive canonical equation:

∑ (5, 6, 9, 10)
𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴

2.4.2 Given the conjunctive canonical equation 𝑓 = ∏𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴(0,2,3,14) ∙ ∏∅(1,10,15) you have to
obtain the disjunctive canonical equation.
SOLUTION:

𝑓 = ∑ (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13) + ∑(1, 10, 15)

𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴 ∅

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2.4.3 Given the disjunctive canonical equation 𝑓 = ∑𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴(1,2,11,12,15) + ∑∅(5,7,8) you have to
obtain the conjunctive canonical equation.
SOLUTION:

𝑓= ∏ (0, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14) · ∏(5, 7, 8)

(𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴) ∅

2.4.4 You have to obtain the conjunctive canonical equation (product of maxterms)
𝑓(𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑐 + 𝑑̅ + 𝑎) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑̅ ) ∙ (𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏̅ + 𝑐̅) ∙ (𝑏̅ + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎)

SOLUTION:
(𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎) = (𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 · 𝑏) = (𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏) · (𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)

𝑓(𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑐 + 𝑑̅ + 𝑎) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑̅) ∙ (𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏̅ + 𝑐̅) ∙ (𝑏̅ + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎) = (𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏) ·

(𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏) · (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑̅ ) ∙ (𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑏̅ + 𝑐̅) ∙ (𝑏̅ + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎) = (𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) · (𝑑 + 𝑐 +
𝑏 + 𝑎) · (𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) · (𝑑 + 𝑏̅ + 𝑐̅ + 𝑎) · (𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) = (𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) · (𝑑 + 𝑏̅ + 𝑐̅ +
𝑎) · (𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) · (𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎)

(𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) = 1010 = 10
(𝑑 + 𝑏̅ + 𝑐̅ + 𝑎) = 0110 = 6
(𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) = 0010 = 2
(𝑑 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑎) = 1000 = 8

𝑓= ∏ (2, 6, 8, 10)
(𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴)

2.4.5 Write the disjunctive canonical equation of the function shown below.
𝑓(𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 1

SOLUTION:

𝐹= ∑ (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)

(𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴)

2.4.6 Given the function 𝑓(𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = ∑𝐶,𝑏,𝑎(2,4,6) + ∑∅(1) you have to write the conjunctive canonical
equation.

SOLUTION:

𝑓 = ∏ (0, 3, 5, 7) · ∏(1)
(𝐶,𝐵,𝐴) ∅

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

2.4.7 You have to obtain the disjunctive canonical equation of the function 𝑓(𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑐̅ + 𝑎

SOLUTION:

𝑐̅ = 𝑐̅ · (𝑏 + 𝑏) = (𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 1) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 1) = ((𝑐̅ · 𝑏) · (𝑎 + 𝑎̅)) + ((𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ ) · (𝑎 + 𝑎̅)) = (𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎) +

(𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎̅) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎̅)
𝑎 = 𝑎 · (𝑏 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 · 𝑏 · 1) + (𝑎 · 𝑏 · 1) = ((𝑎 · 𝑏) · (𝑐 + 𝑐̅)) + ((𝑎 · 𝑏̅ ) · (𝑐 + 𝑐̅)) = (𝑐 · 𝑏 · 𝑎) +
(𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎) + (𝑐 · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎̅)
𝑓(𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎) = 𝑐̅ + 𝑎 = ((𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎̅) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎̅) + (𝑐 · 𝑏 · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏 ·
𝑎) + (𝑐 · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎̅) = (𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎̅) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) + (𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎̅) + (𝑐 · 𝑏 · 𝑎) +
(𝑐 · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎)

(𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎) = 011 = 3
(𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎̅) = 010 = 2
(𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) = 001 = 1
(𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎̅) = 000 = 0
(𝑐 · 𝑏 · 𝑎) = 111 = 7
(𝑐 · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) = 101 = 5

𝑓 = ∑ (0,1,2,3,5,7)
𝐶,𝐵,𝐴

2.4.8 In the building in the following figure, three presence sensors have been installed (A, B and
C). These sensors are always in operation and each one of them covers an area (not exclusive) detection.
The system has an SS operation selection input (Sound Safety), which allows determining whether or not
an AS (Alarm Alarm) output should be activated or not. Sonora) in case of detecting presence inside the
building. The system must indicate whether presence exists (activating output P), and if possible, indicate
if it is in hallway A (activating output output PA), or in hallway B (activating output PB), or in both in the
case of several subjects).
NOTE: Due to the arrangement of the sensors, it is impossible to activate the
sensor B without activation of sensor C.

A,B,C = presence detected (1 indicates presence

detection)

SS = Acoustic Security (1 means activate

acoustic alarm in case of detection)

AS = Acoustic Alarm (1 means alarm activated)

P = Presence detected (when it has the value 1)

PA = presence detected in hallway A (when it has

the value 1)

PB = presence detected in hallway B (when it has

the value 1)

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

You have to write the disjunctive canonical equations of each one of the four outputs of the described
system.

SOLUTION:

SS A B C P PA PB PS
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 X X X X
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 X X X X
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 X X X X
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 X X X X
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

𝑷 = ∑ (1,3,4,5,7,9,11,12, ,13,15) + ∑(2,6,10,14)

𝑆𝑆,𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 ∅

𝑷𝑨 = ∑ (4,5,7,12,13,15) + ∑(2,6,10,14)
𝑆𝑆,𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 ∅

𝑷𝑩 = ∑ (3,7,11,15) + ∑(2,6,10,14)
𝑆𝑆,𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 ∅

𝑨𝑺 = ∑ (9,11,12,13,15) + ∑(2,6,10,14)
𝑆𝑆,𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 ∅

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

2.5 Function simplification: Karnaugh maps

2.5.1 Given the truth table shown below:

Inputs Output
D C B A S
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

a) You have to write the conjunctive and disjunctive canonical equations of output S
b) Using two Karnaugh maps you have to obtain the simplified logic functions corresponding to
output S.

SOLUTION:

a)

𝑆 = ∑ (5,6,9,10)
𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴

𝑆 = ∏ (0,1,2,3,4,7,8,11,12,13,14,15)
𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴

b)

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

̅ · 𝑐 · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) + (𝑑̅ · 𝑐 · 𝑏 · 𝑎̅ ) + (𝑑 · 𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ · 𝑎) + (𝑑 · 𝑐̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎̅)
𝑆 = ∑ (5,6,9,10) = (𝑑
𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴

𝑆 = ∏ (0,1,2,3,4,7,8,11,12,13,14,15) = (𝑑̅ + 𝑐̅) · (𝑏̅ + 𝑎̅) · (𝑑 + 𝑐) · (𝑏 + 𝑎)

𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴

2.5.2 You have to obtain the simplified logic function for the output of “segment G”, high level active, of
the “BCD seven-segment display” circuit whose truth table is shown below:

Inputs Output
D C B A Segment G
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 X
1 0 1 1 X
1 1 0 0 X
1 1 0 1 X
1 1 1 0 X
1 1 1 1 X

SOLUTION:

𝐺 = (𝑑̅ · 𝑐̅ · 𝑏) + (𝑑̅ · 𝑏 · 𝑎̅) + (𝑑̅ · 𝑐 · 𝑏̅ ) + (𝑑 · 𝑐̅ · 𝑏̅ )

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

2.5.3 Given the function shown below, you have to obtain the simplified logic function using minterms
and using maxterms
𝑓 = ∑ (0,1,2,3)
𝐶,𝐵,𝐴

SOLUTION:

Maxterms: 𝒇 = 𝒄̅

Minterms: 𝒇 = 𝒄̅

2.5.4 In a ceramic parts manufacturing plant, it is desired to incorporate a process of production quality
control. The pieces are made up of 3 basic products: A, B and C.
The pieces may be classified into two classes: class1 and class2. One piece will be of class 1 if it is true
that it is composed of product A and at least one of the other two products.
A piece will be of class 2 if it is composed of at least 2 of the three products.
What is the minimum expression of the output functions class1 and class2?

SOLUTION:

C B A class1 class2
0 0 0 X X
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

Class1 = (𝑏 · 𝑎) + (𝑐 · 𝑎) Class2 = (𝑏 · 𝑎) + (𝑐 · 𝑎) + (𝑐 · 𝑏)

22
 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

2.5.5 It is desired to implement a circuit with 4 inputs (D C B and A) and two outputs (S1 and S0).
The canonical equations of the output circuits are:
𝑆0 = ∑ (2,3,6,7,14,15) + ∑(8,9,10,11)
𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴 ∅

𝑆1 = ∑ (1,5,13) + ∑(8,9,10,11)
𝐷,𝐶,𝐵,𝐴 ∅

You have to obtain the equations corresponding to the minimal circuit of each one of the outputs S0 and
S1.

SOLUTION:

S0 = 𝑏 S1 = 𝑏̅ · 𝑎

2.5.6 Given A =a1a0 and B = b1b0 two natural numbers written in binary using two bits. You have to write
the simplified logic functions of outputs (𝐴 ≥ 𝐵) and (𝐴 ≤ 𝐵)

SOLUTION:

A1 A0 B1 B0 (𝑨 ≥ 𝑩) (𝑨 ≤ 𝑩)
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

̅̅̅) + (𝑎1 · 𝑏1
(𝑨 ≥ 𝑩) = (𝑎1 · 𝑏0 ̅̅̅) + (𝑎1 · 𝑎0) + (𝑎0 · 𝑏1
̅̅̅) + (𝑏1
̅̅̅ · 𝑏0
̅̅̅)

̅̅̅̅ · 𝑎0
(𝑨 ≤ 𝑩) = (𝑎1 ̅̅̅̅) + (𝑎1
̅̅̅̅ · 𝑏0) + (𝑏1 · 𝑏0) + (𝑎1
̅̅̅̅ · 𝑏1) + (𝑎0
̅̅̅̅ · 𝑏1)

2.5.7 Given A =a1a0 and B = b1b0 two natural numbers written in binary using two bits. And the function
F, shown below:
𝑎0 + 𝑏1 + ̅̅̅
𝐹 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎0 + 𝑏1 + 𝑏0 )(𝑎1 + ̅̅̅ 𝑏0 )(𝑎 𝑎0 + 𝑏̅1 + ̅̅̅
̅̅̅1 + ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅1 + 𝑎0 + 𝑏̅1 + 𝑏0 )
𝑏0)(𝑎

You have to select what comparing function implements F:

 𝐹 = 𝐴 > 𝐵)
 𝐹 = 𝐴 < 𝐵)
 𝐹 = 𝐴 = 𝐵)
 𝐹 = 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵)

SOLUTION:

For instance, in cases where A = B (such as 0000 or 1111) the output expressed in maxterms will
be 0. For that reason, when 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 the output must be 1, so 𝐹 = 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 is the correct option.

24
 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

2.6 Circuit implementation

2.6.1 In the assembly line of a car manufacturing plant, it is desired to incorporate a digital circuit that is
capable of controlling the opening and closing of two gates (S1, S2) where the vehicles have to pass. The
gates are controlled based on three characteristic parameters of vehicles (C, S, P). Being: C: quality control
of the vehicle. S: indicates whether the vehicle has been welded or not. P: indicates whether the vehicle has
been painted or No. The S1 gate must be opened whenever the vehicles are welded or painted and they
have also passed quality control. Gate S2 opens whenever the vehicles are not welded, regardless of meeting
quality control. Implement the digital circuit in a simplified way.

a) Write the truth table of the circuit under design

b) Write the disjunctive and conjunctive canonical equations
c) Obtain the simplified equations for each output
d) Draw the circuits for each one of the outputs of the circuit under design

SOLUTION:

a)

C S P S1 S2
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0

b)

𝑆1 = ∑ (5, 6, 7) = (𝐶 · 𝑆 · 𝑃) + (𝐶 · 𝑆 · 𝑃) + (𝐶 · 𝑆 · 𝑃)
𝐶,𝑆,𝑃

𝑆1 = ∏(0, 1, 2, 3, 4) = (𝐶 + 𝑆 + 𝑃) · (𝐶 + 𝑆 + 𝑃) · (𝐶 + 𝑆 + 𝑃) · ( 𝐶 + 𝑆 + 𝑃) · (𝐶 + 𝑆 + 𝑃 )
𝐶,𝑆,𝑃

𝑆2 = ∑ (0, 1, 4, 5) = (𝐶 · 𝑆 · 𝑃) + ( 𝐶 · 𝑆 · 𝑃) + (𝐶 · 𝑆 · 𝑃) + (𝐶 · 𝑆 · 𝑃)
𝐶,𝑆,𝑃

c)

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

Minterms S1 = (𝑪 · 𝑺) + (𝑪 · 𝑷) = C · (S + P)
Maxterms S1 = (𝑪 · 𝑺) + (𝑪 · 𝑷) = C · (S + P)
Minterms S2 = 𝑆̅
Maxterms S2 = 𝑆̅

d)

2.6.2 It is desired to implement a circuit that controls the turning on of the flashing lights of a car. The
system has a lever that when it is in the raised position generates a "PS" signal that activates the right turn
signal lights ("LD").
When the lever is in the lowered position, it generates a "PB" signal that activates the lights left turn
signals ("LI").
If the lever is in an intermediate position (not raised or lowering) no signal is generated and therefore no
light comes on.
For the system to function as described, it is necessary to enter the engine ignition key and is in the
ignition position, generating this way the signal "C".
The system has an additional fault input that, when active, generates signal "A" activating the four turn
signals regardless of whether the contact is given or not.
Implement the circuit, for that purpose:

a) Write the truth table of the circuit under design

b) Write the disjunctive and conjunctive canonical equations
c) Obtain the simplified equations for each output
d) Draw the circuits for each one of the outputs of the circuit under design

26
 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

SOLUTION:

a)

C A PS PB LD LI
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 X X
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 X X
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 X X
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 X X

b)

𝑳𝑫 = ∑ (10, 12, 13, 14) + ∑(3, 7, 11, 15)

𝐶,𝐴,𝑃𝑆,𝑃𝐵 ∅

𝑳𝑫 = ∏ (𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟗) · ∏(𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟓)

𝑪,𝑨,𝑷𝑺,𝑷𝑩 ∅

𝑳𝑰 = ∑ (𝟗, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒) + ∑(𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟓)

𝑪,𝑨,𝑷𝑺,𝑷𝑩 ∅

𝑳𝑰 = ∏ (𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎) · ∏(𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟓)

𝑪,𝑨,𝑷𝑺,𝑷𝑩 ∅

c)

27
 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

𝑳𝑫 = (𝐶 · 𝐴) + (𝐶 · 𝑃𝑆) = 𝐶 · (𝐴 + 𝑃𝑆)
𝑳𝑰 = (𝐶 · 𝐴) + (𝐶 · 𝑃𝐵) = 𝐶 · (𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵)

d)

2.6.3. It is desired to implement a combinational circuit to try to keep the temperature of a room
between two values. For that purpose there as available an air conditioner, two manually operated
switches, and two temperature sensors.

Each sensor has an associated signal that is activated when temperature is reached in that
sensor. A sensor activates the signal "T_Min" when the ambient temperature is higher than the
minimum required, and active sensor signal B "T_Max" when the ambient temperature is above
the required maximum.

Similarly, each switch also has an associated signal. When the switch is actuated signal is
activated to "heat" and when pressed the switch B signal is activated "cold."

SENSOR A SENSOR B AIR

Conditioning
T_Min T_Max

Cold_Air
Implement a
Combinational
Circuit
Hot_Air

Calor Frío

Key A Key B

28
 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

The circuit to implement indicate the operating mode of the air conditioner through the activation
of the signals "Cold_Air" (indicating that cold air to be ejected) or "Hot_Air" (indicating that hot
air is expelled). They must meet the following criteria:

 When the ambient temperature does not exceed the minimum temperature hot air must be
expelled except when the signal is active "cold" that in that case, do not expel or heat or cold
air
 When the ambient temperature is between the allowed values will not eject or hot or cold air
except when the signal is active "cold" cold air to be ejected or the signal "heat" hot air is
expelled
 When the ambient temperature exceeds the maximum temperature will blow cold air required
except when the signal is active "heat" which in that case, do not expel or hot or cold air
 In the event that signals "cold" and "heat" is activated at the time should be ignored, the
mode of operation will be the same if not enabled

Implement the circuit at minimal cost.

SOLUTION:

T_Min T_Max cold heat Cold_Air Hot_Air

0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 X X
0 1 0 1 X X
0 1 1 0 X X
0 1 1 1 X X
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0

29
 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

Cold_Air = (𝑇_𝑀𝑎𝑥 · 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑) + (𝑇_𝑀𝑎𝑥 · ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ · 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑)

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡) + (𝑇_𝑀𝑖𝑛 · 𝑇_𝑀𝑎𝑥

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ · ̅̅̅̅̅̅
Hot_Air = (𝑇_𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) + (̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ · ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇_𝑀𝑖𝑛 · ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡) + (𝑇_𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 · ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡)

30
 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

2.6.4. It is desired to build the control circuit for the movement of a conveyor belt that
It can move indefinitely in both directions (left and right).
To determine if the belt to move and the direction of movement, the operator has a
rocker switch that generates two mutually exclusive signals (see figure).
A) If the /PD signal is activated, it indicates that the rocker button is in the position
movement to the right.
B) If the /PI signal is activated, it indicates that the rocker button is in the position
of movement to the left.
C) When the rocker is not pressed, neither of the two signals is active. Both signals are
active at low level.

Balance. Not swing down.

PD signals are not active i PI

Swing down, actively PD

signal

Rocker pulsed signal activates PI

To allow the movement of the belt without the operator continually pressing the seesaw,
a pair of sensors have been added to the system that indicate if the treadmill is already on
movement, /CD and /CI, with the following meaning:
A) If the /CD signal (respectively /CI) is active it means that the tape is currently
moving to the right (respectively left)
B) Both signals are active at low level

To govern said tape, the control circuit to be designed has to generate two outputs:
A) M/P signal (Move = 1 / Stop = 0), I
B) D/I signal (Right = 1 / Left = 0). Obviously, if the signal M/P = 0 the value of the
D/I signal is indifferent.

The operation of the system must follow the following rules:

1. If the belt is stopped, pressing the rocker arm should start the belt running in the desired
meaning.
2. If the treadmill is currently running (indicated by the activation of any of the
/CD or /CI sensors), the tape must continue moving in the current direction if the
rocker is pressed in the same direction of travel or not pressed.
3. If the treadmill is currently running, pressing the rocker in the direction
contrary to the current movement the tape has to stop.

You have to describe the operation of the previous system using the truth table shown
below:

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

/CD /CI /PD /PI M/P D/I

0 0 0 0 X X
0 0 0 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 1 X X
0 1 0 0 X X
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 X
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 X X
1 0 0 1 0 X
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 X X
1 1 0 1 X X
1 1 1 0 X X
1 1 1 1 X X

2.6.5 An overhead crane has been installed in an old factory to move trees from an area
to another of the plant. This overhead crane has a hook that can perform four movements:
Up, Down, Right and Left. You can also perform four movements combined: up and
right, up and left, down and right, down and left. The hook It has four signals: S, B, D,
and I to indicate the movement to be made. For To operate the overhead crane, there is a
control panel with four buttons, each one of them to move the hook as desired by the
operator. The buttons are called PS, PB, PI and P.S. It takes a full hand to press a button.
Only one operator can handle the panel, and said operator can only use his two hands.
You want to make a circuit that governs the overhead crane based on the following
specifications:
- If one of the four buttons is pressed, the hook should move in the direction and direction
indicated by the button, activating the corresponding signal.
- If two buttons that indicate one of the four are pressed simultaneously combined
movements, the two corresponding signals must be activated so that the hook makes
the correct movement.
- If two buttons that indicate movement are pressed simultaneously contradictory (for
example, up and down or right and left) the hook does not must move.
- Note: all inputs and outputs are active at high level “1”, and inactive with a “0”.

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

PS
PS PB
PD
PI PD PI Circuito

PB
S B D I

a) You have to write the truth table of the logical function. Please follow the following
order for the inputs: PS, PB, PI, PD, and the following order for the outputs: S, B, I,
D.
b) Indicate the disjunctive and conjunctive canonical forms of the logical function from
the table truth of the previous statement for output B.
c) You have to obtain the minimum expression of the logical function through Karnaugh
simplification, by both ones and zeros, for output B.

a)

PS PB PI PD S B I D
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 X X X X
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 X X X X
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 X X X X
1 1 1 0 X X X X
1 1 1 1 X X X X

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

b)

𝑩= ∑ (4, 5, 6) + ∑(7, 11, 13, 14, 15)

𝑃𝑆,𝑃𝐵,𝑃𝐼,𝑃𝐷 ∅

𝐵= ∏ (0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 12) · ∏(7, 11, 13, 14, 15)

𝑃𝑆,𝑃𝐵,𝑃𝐼,𝑃𝐷 ∅

c)

Ones: 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑆 · 𝑃𝐵

Zeros: 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑆 · 𝑃𝐵

2.6.6 We wish to create the control circuit for a baby bottle warmer. This circuit has four
inputs: C, T, B and L. Input C indicates that the bottle is covered. The input T indicates
that the bottle has the nipple attached. Entry B indicates that there is a bottle in the correct
position for warming, that is, the bottle is inside the bottle warmer or bottle warmer.
Finally, the L entry indicates that there is milk inside the bottle warmer. The circuit has
an output R, which when activated puts it into operation a resistance that heats the milk.
The operation of the circuit is as follows:
- If there is a bottle in the correct position and it has milk, it must be heated whether it
is or not the nipple is on and as long as the bottle is not covered.
- The bottle may have a nipple and/or be covered but not in the correct position, for
example which should not be heated.
- It is not possible to put milk into the bottle warmer if the bottle is not in the correct
position.
- In any other possible case, the bottle should not be heated.
- Note: all inputs and outputs are active at a high level “1”, and inactive with a “0”.

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

C
T
B
L Circuito

A) You have to write the truth table of the logical function R=f(C,T,B,L). Please follow
the following order for the entries: C T B L. Where the variable C is the one with the
greatest weight.
B) You have to write the canonical disjunctive and conjunctive forms of the logical
function R from the truth table of the previous statement.
C) You have to obtain the minimum expression of the logical function R through
Karnaugh simplification, for both ones and zeros.

a)

C T B L R
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 X
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 X
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 X
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 X
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

b)

𝑹 = ∑ (3,7) + ∑(1, 5, 9, 13)

𝐶,𝑇,𝐵,𝐿 ∅

𝑹 = ∏ (0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15) · ∏(1, 5, 9, 13)

𝐶,𝑅,𝐵,𝐿 ∅

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

c)

𝑶𝒏𝒆𝒔: 𝑅 = 𝐶 · 𝐿
𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔: 𝑅 = 𝐶 · 𝐿

2.6.7 It is desired to design a part of the control circuit of a video device. The circuit will
be responsible for the activation of two binary signals MA and MR that initiate the process
of Fast forward or reverse the tape (respectively) in response to pressing the buttons fast
forward or fast back keys by the user.
As the figure indicates, the pulsation Pressing the fast forward key activates a TA signal
and pressing the reverse key activates a TR signal. The device also has two sensors that
detect when it has been reached the initial or final end of the tape, activating the SI or SF
signal, respectively.
The operation of the circuit will be as follows:
 Pressing a forward or back key must result in the activation of the corresponding
motor signal (MA for forward, MR for reverse), except when one of the sensors
indicates that the belt is in the extreme position that prevents it (activation of SF
prevents forward movement, activation of SI prevents backward movement), in
in which case the motor should not be activated to avoid damage to the belt or the
mechanism drag.
 In case the user presses the forward and back keys simultaneously, neither MA
nor MR will be activated, except when the treadmill is in one of the two positions
extremes, in which case the motor signal that initiates the drag must be activated
of the tape in the direction that does not encounter an impediment.

NOTE: All signals are activated at high level (“1”).

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

A) You have to write the truth table of the proposed circuit. Respect the following
order for the input variables: SF, SI, TA, TR. SF is the most important variable.
B) You have to obtain the canonical disjunctive and conjunctive functions for the
function MA (notation summative and productive). Respect the order proposed in the
previous section for the input variables

a)

SF SI TA TR MA MR
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 X X
1 1 0 1 X X
1 1 1 0 X X
1 1 1 1 X X

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

b)
𝑴𝑨 = ∑ (𝟐, 𝟔, 𝟕) + ∑(𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟓)
𝑺𝑭,𝑺𝑰,𝑻𝑨,𝑻𝑹 ∅

𝑴𝑨 = ∏ (𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏) · ∏(𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟓)

𝑺𝑭,𝑺𝑰,𝑻𝑨,𝑻𝑹 ∅

2.6.8 A company dedicated to packaging manufactures cardboard boxes. The boxes are
stored in based on its size and colour, for this reason two codes are assigned, the first
serves to indicate the size and the second to indicate the colour. Four bits are used, two
for the code of the size and two for colour code.
The boxes are manufactured in 4 different sizes (A, B, C and D) and in three colours, the
codes of the sizes and colours are shown below.
Size Code (T1 T0) Colour Code (C1 C0)
A 00 Red 00
B 01 Blue 01
C 10 Black 11
D 11
The boxes are stored in three different warehouses, according to the following criteria:
 The first warehouse stores boxes with size A of any colour.
 In the second warehouse, the red boxes with size C or D are kept.
 The remaining boxes are placed in the third warehouse.
Information about the type of box and its colour is written on a barcode that is attached
to each of the boxes so that, for storage, the boxes are placed on a conveyor belt that
branches into three trajectories, based on the code information bars are diverted to be
taken to their corresponding warehouse.
A specialized reader device is used to read the barcode and it is able to send the
information to the combinational circuit that delivers the boxes to their destination.
Write the truth table of the combinational circuit that is responsible for delivering the
boxes,
Consider that a '1' indicates the path to follow.

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 FCO - Unit 2: DIGITAL DESIGN BEGINNINGS

Decimal Colour Size Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

C1 C0 T1 T0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
8 1 0 0 0 X X X
9 1 0 0 1 X X X
10 1 0 1 0 X X X
11 1 0 1 1 X X X
12 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
14 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
15 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

(It is considered that when the circuit is activated so that the box follows path 1, the box
Is sent to the first warehouse, in the same way, when path 2 is activated, the box is taken
to the second warehouse and when path 3 is activated the box is taken to the third
warehouse).
From the truth table, you have to write the disjunctive canonical form for path 1.

𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝟏 = ∑ (𝟎, 𝟒, 𝟏𝟐) + ∑ (𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏)

𝑪𝟏,𝑪𝟎,𝑻𝟏,𝑻𝟎 𝑪𝟏,𝑪𝟎,𝑻𝟏,𝑻𝟎)

39