Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42417-023-00996-4

ORIGINAL PAPER

Free Vibration Analysis of a Porous 2D Functionally Graded Beam

Using a High‑Order Shear Deformation Theory
Gökhan Adiyaman1

Received: 2 February 2023 / Revised: 25 April 2023 / Accepted: 1 May 2023

© Krishtel eMaging Solutions Private Limited 2023

Abstract
Purpose This study considers the free vibration analysis of a porous bi-directional (2D) functionally graded (FG) beam
using a higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT).
Methods The material properties are described by an exponential function, and the effect of porosity on these properties
is expressed as a product, which is a pioneering application in the analysis of porous 2D FG beams. The approach used in
this study allows for the calculation of natural frequencies even for high porosity parameters. The problem considers three
porosity distribution functions, one for an even case and two for uneven cases, and Lagrange’s principle is used to derive the
governing equations. A two-node finite element with eight degrees of freedom is used to solve the problem accurately and
rapidly, even for short beams, without requiring any shear correction factors.
Results The normalized natural frequencies obtained in this study are validated by comparing them with those reported in
two studies from the literature after convergence analysis. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of mate-
rial properties, porosity, and boundary conditions on the normalized natural frequencies and mode shapes.
Conclusion The results suggest that reducing porosity or increasing the rigidity at the center of the beam could increase
natural frequencies and reduce vibrations.

Keywords Functionally graded · Higher order shear deformation theory · Finite element · Porous material

Introduction Sankar [1] studied elasticity solution of a FG beam sub-

jected to transverse loading. Static and dynamic analysis of
The layered structure of classical composite beams causes a FG Timoshenko and Euler–Bernoulli beams was investi-
discontinuities in stresses and temperatures. To overcome gated by Li [2] using a unified approach. Free and forced
this problem, a new material namely functionally graded vibration analysis of a FG beam under a concentrated mov-
(FG) was proposed. Instead of an instant change in the ing harmonic load was considered by Simsek and Kocaturk
material properties, the material properties vary gradu- [3]. Vo et al. [4] studied static behavior of FG sandwich
ally according to a function from one point to another in beams by the help of a quasi-3D theory which includes
the material. FG materials have increasingly been used in both thickness stretching and shear deformation effects.
engineering applications such as aerospace, biomedical, and A new higher order shear deformation theory in the solu-
automotive. tion of static, buckling, and free vibration problems of FG
After the introduction of FG materials, many researchers sandwich beams was proposed by Nguyen and Nguyen [5].
started investigating the mechanical properties of FG beams Lee and Lee [6] developed an exact transfer matrix method
using analytical and numerical methods. Some of the studies to solve the free vibration problem of a FG beam. Kapuria
on the analytical methods for the analysis of FG beams can et al. [7] presented a unified formulation for the analysis
be summarized as follows. of coupled 1D hybrid piezoelectric layered FG beams. A
study to compare various material property variation laws
* Gökhan Adiyaman power, exponential and sigmoidal laws used in sandwich
[email protected] FG beams is considered by Garg et al. [8]. Malikan and
Eremeyev [9] investigated mechanics of thick FG beams
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, with imperfection in the material composition using a
Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey

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 Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

new hyperbolic-polynomial higher order elasticity theory. Karamanlı and Vo [27] presented the flexural behavior of
Keleshteri and Jelovica [10] presented the reformulation of 2D FG microbeams subjected to uniformly distributed load
the beam theory to apply various boundary conditions for with various boundary conditions using a four-unknown shear
generalized differential quadrature method. and normal deformation theory or quasi-3D theory. A third‐
Finite element method (FEM) is one of the most used order shear deformation beam element for free vibration and
numerical solution method for FG beams. Chakraborty et al. buckling analysis of 2D FG sandwich beams was proposed by
[11] developed a new beam element based on the first-order Le et al. [28]. Turan investigated [29] the bending analysis of
shear deformation theory to investigate the thermoelastic 2D FG beams subjected to various boundary conditions using
behavior of FG beams. Free vibration analysis of an FG Navier’s method based on the first-order shear deformation
beam using FEM was investigated by Alshorbagy et al. [12]. theory. Dynamic analysis of an inclined sandwich beam under
Vo et al. [12] considered finite element model based on a a moving mass based a third-order shear deformation theory
refined shear deformation theory for vibration and buckling by Nguyen et al. [30] using a finite element formulation. Free
analysis of FG sandwich beams. A similar study using a vibration analysis 2D functionally graded beams using a third-
quasi-3D was studied by Vo et al. [13]. Kahya and Turan order shear deformation theory was considered by Karamanli
[14] presented a finite element model based on the first- [31].
order shear deformation theory for free vibration and buck- Voids and cavities are formed in the FG materials in the
ling analysis of FG beams. Same authors [15] suggested fabrication process. In recent years, determining the effect
multi-layer finite element for a similar problem in case of of this porosity on the mechanical behavior of the FG beam
FG sandwich beams. A higher order shear deformable mixed has been the focus of researchers.
beam element model for accurate analysis of functionally A review on mechanical analysis of porous FG structures
graded sandwich beams was proposed by Li et al. [16]. Katili was presented by Wu et al. [32]. Anirudh et al. [33] investi-
and Katili [17] developed a new two-node, six DOFs beam gated the bending, vibration, and buckling analysis of porous
element based on the unified and integrated (UI) approach FG graphene-reinforced nanocomposite curved beams using
of first-order shear deformation theory for the static and a trigonometric shear deformation theory. The free and forced
free vibration analysis of FG beams. A higher order element vibration analysis of porous FG beams with non-uniform
based on the unified and integrated approach of Timoshenko porosity distribution was considered by Chen et al. [34] by the
beam theory was proposed by Katili et al. [18]. Reddy and help of Timoshenko beam theory. Atmane et al. [35] studied
Nampally [19] presented a dual mesh finite domain method the free vibration analysis of porous FG beams using a sim-
for the analysis of functionally graded beams for the numeri- ple displacement field based on higher order shear deforma-
cal analysis of FG beams. A beam finite element model for tion theory. The free vibration and elastic stability analysis of
the static and free vibration analyses of FG sandwich beams porous 3D FG sandwich beams resting on Winkler–Pasternak
with viscoelastic nonlinear material behavior was proposed elastic foundations was investigated by [36] using various hier-
by Kouami et al. [20]. Belarbi et al. [21] proposed a novel archical refined exponential, polynomial, and trigonometric
refined shear deformation beam theory to investigate the higher order beam theories. Noori et al. [37] introduced an
bending analysis of FG sandwich curved beam. efficient numerical procedure to the solution of the dynamic
Parallel to the advances in technology, two-dimensional response of porous FG beams. The vibration analysis of porous
(2D) FG beams also have been started to produce. In these 2D FG nanobeams and microbeams was considered by Shafiei
beams, material properties vary not only in longitudinal or et al. [38] based on Timoshenko beam theory. Li et al. [39]
transverse direction but in both directions. Some of the stud- proposed a new higher order shear deformation beam theory
ies on 2D FG beams can be summarized below. for accurate analysis of porous FG sandwich beams. A new
A review study on the numerical modeling and analysis two-variable shear deformation theory for bending, free vibra-
of multi-directional FG composite structures is carried out tion, and buckling analysis of porous FG beams was presented
by Ghatage et al. [22]. Lu et al. [23] investigated elasticity by Nguyen et al. [40].
solutions for bending and thermal deformations of 2D FG Karamanli and Vo [41] presented a finite element model
beams with various boundary conditions, using the state for the analysis of porous 2D FG microbeams using a quasi-
space-based differential quadrature method. The free vibra- 3D theory and the modified strain gradient theory. Same
tion behavior of 2D FG beams subjected to various bound- authors [42] also investigated free vibrations of curved zig-
ary conditions using a third-order shear deformation theory zag nanobeams using sinusoidal beam theory and doublet
was considered by [24]. Simsek [25] studied the buckling mechanics formulation. The vibration and buckling analysis
of Timoshenko beams composed of 2D FG beams having of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) and gra-
different boundary conditions. The analytical solution for phene nanoplatelet-reinforced composite (GPLRC) beams
bending analysis of 2D FG Timoshenko beams was consid- was examined by Karamanli and Vo [43]. Karamanli and
ered by Huang and Ouyang [26]. Vo [44] studied the size-dependent responses of porous FG

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Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Fig. 1  The geometry and loading of the FG porous beam

microbeams using a quasi-3D theory and the modified strain shear deformations to represent actual shear deformations
gradient theory. The bending, buckling, and free vibration can accurately predict free vibrations, especially in short
analyses of FG sandwich microbeams using the third-order beams. In addition, in most of the studies, it is assumed
beam theory were investigated by Karamanli and Vo [45]. that the porosity in the beam averagely affects the mate-
Karamanli [46] investigated the static behavior of 2D FG rial properties. By applying this assumption, it is possible
sandwich beams subjected to various sets of boundary to obtain negative material properties which is physically
conditions using a quasi-3D shear deformation theory and impossible. The effect of porosity on material properties is
the Symmetric Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SSPH) expressed as a product, which is the first application in the
method. The free vibration behavior of rotating porous analysis of porous exponential 2D FG beams. This is another
2D FG sandwich microbeams based on the modified cou- distinguishing feature of the study and helps to calculate
ple stress theory by employing a transverse shear-normal natural frequencies even for high porosity parameters. Three
deformation beam theory was examined by Karamanli ve different porosity distributions, one even and two uneven,
Aydogdu [47]. Karamanli et al. [48] studied the size-depend- are considered in the study. A two nodes with eight DOFs
ent behaviors of metal foam microbeams with three different finite element is used in the FEM solution. The present study
porosity distribution models. is verified by two studies from the literature. A parametric
According to the studies mentioned above and author’s study is carried out to investigate normalized natural fre-
knowledge, in the FEM solution of porous 2D FG beams, quencies and mode shapes for various material properties,
the higher order shear deformation theory was not consid- porosities, and boundary conditions.
ered. This paper investigates FE analysis of the free vibration
of porous exponential 2D FG beams using a higher order
shear deformation theory. One of the important features
of the study that puts this study forward from the exist-
ing ones in the literature is that the proposed higher order
finite element in which a third-order polynomial describes

Fig. 2  The beam cross-sections

for three distribution functions
(e = 1)

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 Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Fig. 3  The variation of E for various px,E , pz,E , and e

Fig. 4  The two-node higher

order beam element with eight
DOFs

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Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Theory and Formulation for Free Vibration Uneven-I and Uneven-II, is shown in Fig. 2. The porosities
of a Porous 2D FG Beam are evenly distributed through the cross-section (CS) in Even
while the porosities are concentrated in the upper and lower
Material Properties of a Two‑Dimensional Porous 2D surfaces of the CS in Uneven-I and the center of the CS in
FG Beam Uneven-II.
Figure 3 shows the change in the Young’s modulus obtained
The geometry of a bi-directional (2D) functionally graded putting 𝜆i1 (z) to its place in Eq. (1) for various variation and
(FG) beam of thickness h, length L, and width b is shown in porosity parameter in case of non-porous (e = 0), Even, Une-
Fig. 1. The material properties of the beam vary along not ven-I, and Uneven-II CS. As can be seen from the figure, if
only the thickness (z direction) but also the length (x direc- distribution function approaches 𝜆 → 1, E approaches to the
tion) of the beam. Considering the porosity in the beam affects value in the non-porous CS.
the material properties, that are Young’s modulus E(z), shear
modules G(z), Poisson’s ratio 𝜐(z) and the mass density 𝜌(z), Mathematical Formulation
in direct proportion, the variation in the material property can
be expressed depending on an exponential function as follows, The displacement field of the beam based on the Reddy’s
( ) (( ) ) third-order shear deformation theory can be written as [49],
x z 1
P(x, z) = 𝜆(z) P1 e
p
L x,p e
+
h 2
pz,p
(1)
u(x, z) = u0 (x) − z𝜙 + f (z)𝛽, (5)
where P1 shows the value of any material property at the
bottom left corner ( x = 0, z = − h2); px,p and pz,p denotes vari- w(x) = w0 (x), (6)
ation parameters that are unique for each material property
and control the change in the property; 𝜆(z) is the porosity 4z3
distribution function represents the effect of the porosity in f (z) = z − (7)
3h2
the beam. Following three different types of 𝜆(z) are used in
the study [40]. in which, u and w are the displacements in x and z axis,
respectively; u0 and w0 refer to the displacements at the natu-
� √ �2
𝜆11 (z) =
2 2
1 − e0 − + 1 , (2a) ral axis ( z = 0 ); 𝜙 = dw
dx
and 𝛽 denote the terms related to
𝜋 𝜋 rotations; and f(z) is a third-order polynomial reflects the
higher order deformation at the cross-section. Normal and
� √ �
2 2 shear stains of interests can be defined as follows.
𝜆12 (z) = 1 − e0 − + 1 (2b)
𝜋 𝜋
du0 (x) d𝜙 d𝛽
𝜀xx = −z + f (z) , (8)
( (
| 𝜋z | 𝜋
)) dz dx dx
𝜆21 (z) = 1 − e0 cos || || − , (3a)
|h| 2 df (z)
𝛾xz = 𝛽 (9)
� � � � �� dz
√ � 𝜋z � 𝜋
�
𝜆22 (z) = 1 − 1 − 1 − e0 cos � � − � (3b) The constitutive equations can be written as,
�h� 2

( ( ))
𝜎xx = E(z)𝜀xx , (10)
𝜋z
𝜆31 (z) = 1 − e0 cos , (4a)
h 𝜏xz = G(z)𝛾xz (11)
� � � � ��
√ 𝜋z where E and G are Young’s and shear modulus of the mate-
𝜆32 (z) = 1 − 1 − 1 − e0 cos (4b)
h rial, respectively.
Figure 4 shows a two-node higher order beam element of
length Le with eight degrees of freedom (DOFs). If interpo-
In Eqs. (2a–4b), e0 is the porosity parameter which shows
lations are used for the generalized nodal displacements, the
the ratio of the void volume in the beam to the total volume.
displacement field can be obtained as,
The distribution functions of which second indices are 1, i.e.,
𝜆i1 (z) (i = 1, 2, 3), are used for the material properties of E, G, 2
∑
and 𝜐 whereas the distribution functions with indices 2, 𝜆i2 (z), u0 (x) = 𝜓1i (x) ui , (12)
are used for used for density. The distribution of porosity along i=1

the thickness for three different function types, namely, Even,

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Table 1  The first natural Number of Even Uneven-I Uneven-II

frequencies for various number elements
of elements, porosity functions, SS CC CF SS CC CF SS CC CF
and boundary conditions
( L∕h = 5, px,E = pz,E = 1, 2 5.6390 10.4244 1.2723 5.6293 10.4333 1.2653 5.6657 10.4470 1.2839
px,𝜌 = pz,𝜌 = 1, e = 0.5) 5 3.0546 6.1416 0.8079 3.0133 6.1033 0.7949 3.1081 6.1997 0.8245
10 2.6366 5.2743 0.7150 2.5881 5.2217 0.7000 2.6963 5.3441 0.7335
20 2.5275 5.0426 0.6898 2.4768 4.9861 0.6741 2.5891 5.1156 0.7088
50 2.4965 4.9763 0.6826 2.4452 4.9187 0.6666 2.5587 5.0501 0.7018
100 2.4921 4.9667 0.6815 2.4406 4.9090 0.6656 2.5544 5.0407 0.7008
200 2.4910 4.9644 0.6813 2.4395 4.9066 0.6653 2.5533 5.0383 0.7005
500 2.4906 4.9637 0.6812 2.4392 4.9059 0.6652 2.5530 5.0377 0.7004

Table 2  The verification BC px Study pz

of the frequencies obtained
in the present study with 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
the frequencies reported in
Karamanlı [31] ( L∕h = 5, SS 0 Karamanlı [31] 2.6773 2.6746 2.6665 2.6532 2.6347 2.6114
px = px,E = px,𝜌, pz = pz,E = pz,𝜌 Present 2.6777 2.6750 2.6669 2.6536 2.6351 2.6118
) 0.2 Karamanlı [31] 2.6760 2.6733 2.6652 2.6518 2.6333 2.6099
Present 2.6764 2.6737 2.6656 2.6522 2.6337 2.6103
0.4 Karamanlı [31] 2.6722 2.6694 2.6613 2.6479 2.6293 2.6059
Present 2.6725 2.6698 2.6617 2.6483 2.6297 2.6063
0.6 Karamanlı [31] 2.6657 2.6630 2.6548 2.6414 2.6228 2.5994
Present 2.6661 2.6634 2.6552 2.6418 2.6232 2.5997
0.8 Karamanlı [31] 2.6567 2.6540 2.6458 2.6324 2.6138 2.5903
Present 2.6571 2.6544 2.6462 2.6328 2.6142 2.5907
1 Karamanlı [31] 2.6452 2.6424 2.6343 2.6208 2.6022 2.5788
Present 2.6456 2.6428 2.6347 2.6212 2.6026 2.5791
CC 0 Karamanlı [31] 5.2330 5.2290 5.2171 5.1974 5.1701 5.1354
Present 5.2106 5.2067 5.1949 5.1755 5.1485 5.1144
0.2 Karamanlı [31] 5.2341 5.2301 5.2182 5.1984 5.1711 5.1364
Present 5.2116 5.2077 5.1960 5.1765 5.1496 5.1154
0.4 Karamanlı [31] 5.2373 5.2333 5.2213 5.2016 5.1743 5.1396
Present 5.2147 5.2108 5.1990 5.1796 5.1526 5.1184
0.6 Karamanlı [31] 5.2426 5.2386 5.2266 5.2069 5.1795 5.1448
Present 5.2199 5.2160 5.2042 5.1848 5.1578 5.1236
0.8 Karamanlı [31] 5.2500 5.2460 5.2341 5.2143 5.1869 5.1522
Present 5.2272 5.2233 5.2115 5.1920 5.1650 5.1308
1 Karamanlı [31] 5.2597 5.2557 5.2438 5.2239 5.1965 5.1617
Present 5.2367 5.2327 5.2209 5.2014 5.1744 5.1401
CF 0 Karamanlı [31] 0.9848 0.9839 0.9810 0.9764 0.9700 0.9618
Present 0.9846 0.9837 0.9809 0.9762 0.9698 0.9617
0.2 Karamanlı [31] 0.9270 0.9261 0.9235 0.9191 0.9131 0.9054
Present 0.9269 0.9260 0.9233 0.9189 0.9129 0.9052
0.4 Karamanlı [31] 0.8720 0.8712 0.8687 0.8645 0.8588 0.8516
Present 0.8718 0.8710 0.8685 0.8644 0.8587 0.8515
0.6 Karamanlı [31] 0.8196 0.8188 0.8165 0.8126 0.8072 0.8004
Present 0.8194 0.8187 0.8163 0.8124 0.8071 0.8003
0.8 Karamanlı [31] 0.7698 0.7691 0.7668 0.7632 0.7581 0.7517
Present 0.7696 0.7689 0.7667 0.7630 0.7580 0.7516
1 Karamanlı [31] 0.7225 0.7218 0.7197 0.7163 0.7115 0.7055
Present 0.7223 0.7216 0.7196 0.7161 0.7114 0.7054

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Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Table 3  The verification BC px Study pz

of the frequencies obtained
in the present study with SS 0 Karamanlı [31] 2.8371 2.8343 2.8258 2.8118 2.7925 2.7681
the frequencies reported in
Present 2.8427 2.8398 2.8314 2.8174 2.7981 2.7737
Karamanlı [31] ( L∕h = 20,
px = px,E = px,𝜌, pz = pz,E = pz,𝜌 0.2 Karamanlı [31] 2.8360 2.8332 2.8247 2.8107 2.7914 2.7669
) Present 2.8415 2.8387 2.8302 2.8163 2.7970 2.7726
0.4 Karamanlı [31] 2.8326 2.8298 2.8213 2.8073 2.7880 2.7636
Present 2.8381 2.8353 2.8268 2.8129 2.7936 2.7692
0.6 Karamanlı [31] 2.8270 2.8241 2.8157 2.8017 2.7824 2.7581
Present 2.8325 2.8296 2.8212 2.8073 2.7880 2.7637
0.8 Karamanlı [31] 2.8191 2.8162 2.8078 2.7939 2.7747 2.7503
Present 2.8245 2.8217 2.8133 2.7994 2.7802 2.7560
1 Karamanlı [31] 2.8089 2.8061 2.7977 2.7838 2.7647 2.7404
Present 2.8144 2.8116 2.8032 2.7894 2.7702 2.7460
CC 0 Karamanlı [31] 6.3518 6.3456 6.3271 6.2965 6.2542 6.2007
Present 6.3623 6.3561 6.3377 6.3071 6.2649 6.2116
0.2 Karamanlı [31] 6.3534 6.3472 6.3286 6.2980 6.2557 6.2022
Present 6.3638 6.3577 6.3392 6.3087 6.2664 6.2131
0.4 Karamanlı [31] 6.3580 6.3518 6.3332 6.3026 6.2602 6.2067
Present 6.3684 6.3623 6.3438 6.3132 6.2710 6.2176
0.6 Karamanlı [31] 6.3656 6.3594 6.3409 6.3102 6.2678 6.2142
Present 6.3761 6.3699 6.3514 6.3208 6.2785 6.2251
0.8 Karamanlı [31] 6.3764 6.3702 6.3516 6.3209 6.2784 6.2247
Present 6.3869 6.3807 6.3622 6.3315 6.2892 6.2356
1 Karamanlı [31] 6.3903 6.3841 6.3655 6.3347 6.2921 6.2383
Present 6.4008 6.3946 6.3760 6.3453 6.3029 6.2492
CF 0 Karamanlı [31] 1.0130 1.0120 1.0090 1.0040 0.9971 0.9884
Present 1.0149 1.0139 1.0109 1.0059 0.9991 0.9904
0.2 Karamanlı [31] 0.9525 0.9515 0.9487 0.9440 0.9376 0.9294
Present 0.9543 0.9534 0.9505 0.9459 0.9394 0.9312
0.4 Karamanlı [31] 0.8950 0.8941 0.8914 0.8870 0.8809 0.8733
Present 0.8967 0.8958 0.8931 0.8887 0.8827 0.8750
0.6 Karamanlı [31] 0.8404 0.8395 0.8370 0.8329 0.8272 0.8200
Present 0.8420 0.8411 0.8386 0.8345 0.8288 0.8216
0.8 Karamanlı [31] 0.7885 0.7877 0.7854 0.7815 0.7761 0.7694
Present 0.7900 0.7892 0.7869 0.7830 0.7777 0.7709
1 Karamanlı [31] 0.7394 0.7386 0.7364 0.7328 0.7278 0.7214
Present 0.7408 0.7400 0.7378 0.7342 0.7292 0.7229

2
∑ 2
∑ x
𝜓12 = , (16)
w0 (x) = 𝜓2i (x) wi + 𝜓3i (x) 𝜃i , (13) Le
i=1 i=1

3x2 2x3
2
∑ 𝜓21 = 1 − + , (17)
Le2 Le3
𝛽(x) = 𝜓1i (x) 𝛽i , (14)
i=1

in which, 𝜓ij (i = 1,2,3; j = 1,2) shows the shape functions and 3x2 2x3
𝜓22 = − 3, (18)
are obtained as follows. Le2 Le

x
𝜓11 = 1 − , (15) 2x2 x3
Le 𝜓31 = x − + ,
Le Le2 (19)

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 Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Table 4  The comparison of L∕h Type BC Study e0

natural frequencies between
the present study and exiting 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
study [40] for various L∕h,
5 Even SS Nguyen et al. [40] 0.514 0.492 0.466 0.428
distribution types, boundary
conditions, and e0 Present 0.5166 0.4951 0.4682 0.4306
CC Nguyen et al. [40] 0.989 0.948 0.896 0.824
Present 1.0023 0.9605 0.9083 0.8355
CF Nguyen et al. [40] 0.19 0.182 0.172 0.158
Present 0.1901 0.1821 0.1723 0.1584
Uneven-I SS Nguyen et al. [40] 0.502 0.467 0.424 0.368
Present 0.5048 0.4693 0.4259 0.3690
CC Nguyen et al. [40] 0.977 0.923 0.854 0.76
Present 0.9895 0.9322 0.8606 0.7637
CF Nguyen et al. [40] 0.185 0.171 0.155 0.134
Present 0.1853 0.1718 0.1554 0.1340
Uneven-II SS Nguyen et al. [40] 0.528 0.524 0.524 0.529
Present 0.5308 0.5281 0.5278 0.5336
CC Nguyen et al. [40] 1.004 0.981 0.955 0.922
Present 1.0183 0.9968 0.9715 0.9387
CF Nguyen et al. [40] 0.195 0.195 0.196 0.2
Present 0.1958 0.1955 0.1965 0.2010
20 Even SS Nguyen et al. [40] 0.137 0.131 0.124 0.114
Present 0.1373 0.1315 0.1244 0.1144
CC Nguyen et al. [40] 0.306 0.293 0.277 0.255
Present 0.3071 0.2943 0.2783 0.2560
CF Nguyen et al. [40] 0.049 0.047 0.044 0.041
Present 0.0490 0.0470 0.0444 0.0408
Uneven-I SS Nguyen et al. [40] 0.133 0.123 0.111 0.096
Present 0.1336 0.1236 0.1115 0.0958
CC Nguyen et al. [40] 0.298 0.276 0.25 0.215
Present 0.2992 0.2772 0.2505 0.2158
CF Nguyen et al. [40] 0.048 0.044 0.04 0.034
Present 0.0477 0.0441 0.0398 0.0342
Uneven-II SS Nguyen et al. [40] 0.141 0.142 0.143 0.148
Present 0.1417 0.1419 0.1434 0.1482
CC Nguyen et al. [40] 0.315 0.315 0.318 0.326
Present 0.3165 0.3164 0.3187 0.3272
CF Nguyen et al. [40] 0.05 0.051 0.051 0.053
Present 0.0506 0.0507 0.0512 0.0530

Table 5  Material properties of metal and ceramics Strain (U ) and kinetic ( T ) energy of a beam can be
Material
( / ) expressed as follows,
E (GPa) 𝜐 𝜌 kg m3 px,𝜐 = pz,𝜐
L
Metal 70 0.3 2702 0
∫ ∫
( )
Ceramic 380 0.3 3960 0 U= 𝜎xx 𝜀xx + 𝜏xz 𝛾xz dAdx, (21)
0 A

L
x2 x3
(20)
∫ ∫
𝜓32 = − + 2 ( )
Le Le T= 𝜌(z) u̇ 2 + ẇ 2 dAdx (22)
0 A

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Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Fig. 5  Gradation types

Table 6  The properties of the Type GT P1 P2 P3 P4 px,E pz,E

Young’s modulus in the beam
for various gradation and Even HOM 56.20 56.20 56.20 56.20 0 0
porosity types (e = 0.3)
FGx 56.20 56.20 305.08 305.08 1.691676 0
FGz 56.20 305.08 56.20 305.08 0 1.691676
FGxz 56.20 130.94 130.94 305.07 0.845838 0.845838
Uneven-I HOM 49.00 49.00 49.00 49.00 0 0
FGx 49.00 49.00 266.00 266.00 1.691676 0
FGz 49.00 266.00 49.00 266.00 0 1.691676
FGxz 49.00 114.16 114.16 266.00 0.845838 0.845838
Uneven-II HOM 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 0 0
FGx 70.00 70.00 380.00 380.00 1.691676 0
FGz 70.00 380.00 70.00 380.00 0 1.691676
FGxz 70.00 163.09 163.09 380.00 0.845838 0.845838

Table 7  The properties of the Type GT P1 P2 P3 P4 px,𝜌 pz,𝜌

density in the beam for various
gradation and porosity types Even HOM 2421.03 2421.03 2421.03 2421.03 0 0
(e = 0.3)
FGx 2421.03 2421.03 3548.21 3548.21 0.382252 0
FGz 2421.03 3548.21 2421.03 3548.21 0 0.382252
FGxz 2421.03 2930.93 2930.93 3548.21 0.191126 0.191126
Uneven-I HOM 2260.65 2260.65 2260.65 2260.65 0 0
FGx 2260.65 2260.65 3313.17 3313.17 0.382252 0
FGz 2260.65 3313.17 2260.65 3313.17 0 0.382252
FGxz 2260.65 2736.77 2736.77 3313.17 0.191126 0.191126
Uneven-II HOM 2702.00 2702.00 2702.00 2702.00 0 0
FGx 2702.00 2702.00 3960.00 3960.00 0.382252 0
FGz 2702.00 3960.00 2702.00 3960.00 0 0.382252
FGxz 2702.00 3271.07 3271.07 3960.00 0.191126 0.191126

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 Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

where dot ( . ) presents the derivative with respect to time. different boundary conditions of the beam: simply supported
Letting L = T − U , the governing equations of the motion (SS), both ends clamped (CC), and console (CF) using a
can be found using Lagrange’s principle expressed as computer code written in Matlab [50] program. Note that,
follows, the natural frequencies given in this section are normalized
( ) using following expression.
d 𝜕L 𝜕L
− =0 (23) √
dt 𝜕 q̇ i 𝜕qi 𝜔L2 𝜌1
𝜔= (27)
h E1
in which, qi (i = 1,2,3) presents generalized nodal displace-
ments corresponding to ui, wi, 𝜙i, and 𝛽i which are unknowns
of the equations. The equation of motion for one element can Convergence Analysis
be written substituting necessary equations into Eq. (23) as
given, A convergence analysis is carried out for various boundary
conditions (BC) and porosity types to determine the number
𝐦 𝐮̈ + 𝐤𝐮 =0 (24) of elements used in the solutions. The geometrical mate-
in which, 𝐦 and 𝐤 present element mass and stiffness matrix, rial properties of the beam are chosen as b = 0.1, h = 0.4 ,
respectively. For a 2D FG beam of length L composed of N E1 = 70 GPa, 𝜌1 = 2702 kg∕m3, 𝜐 = 0.3 and px,𝜐 = pz,𝜐 = 0
elements, following equation of motion can be written, (constant 𝜐 ). Table 1 shows the first normalized natural
frequencies for different number of elements (N) obtained
𝐌 𝐔̈ + 𝐊𝐔 = 0 (25) in this analysis. As can be seen from the table, the results
where 𝐌 and 𝐊 are the global mass and stiffness matrix, converge and the maximum relative difference between the
respectively; 𝐔 shows the vector of global unknown nodal frequencies obtained for N = 200 and N = 500 is less than
displacements. If the solution of Eq. (25) is sought as 0.02%; therefore, the number of elements is chosen as
U = U0 ei𝜔t , an eigenvalue and eigenvector problem can be N = 200.
obtained as follows.
( )
Verification Study
𝐊 − 𝜔2 𝐌 𝐔𝟎 = 0 (26)
The first natural frequencies reported in [31] and [40] are
where 𝜔 denotes the natural frequencies of the beam. compared with results of the present study for validation
purposes. Karamanlı [31] investigated free vibration analysis
of non-porous 2D functionally graded beams using a third-
Numerical Results and Discussion order shear deformation theory. If the porosity parameter
is taken as e0 = 0 in the distribution functions Eqs. (2–4),
In this section, the numerical results for convergence analy- the preset study and the study of Karamanlı [31] have simi-
sis, verification study, and free vibration analysis of porous lar materials and beam theories. Thus, the results obtained
2D FG beam are discussed. The results are obtained for three in the present study can be compared to those reported in

Table 8  The properties of Type GT e0 = 0 𝜌avg e0 = 0.3 𝜌avg e0 = 0.6 𝜌avg e0 = 0.9 𝜌avg
the Young’s modulus and
the density in the beam for Eavg Eavg Eavg Eavg
various porosity coefficient and
Even HOM 70.00 2702.0 56.20 2421.03 41.07 2069.76 22.32 1525.81
gradation types
FGx 183.25 3291.02 147.12 2948.81 107.52 2520.97 58.43 1858.43
FGz 183.25 3291.02 147.12 2948.81 107.52 2520.97 58.43 1858.43
FGxz 173.05 3281.04 138.93 2939.86 101.54 2513.32 55.18 1852.79
Uneven-I HOM 70.00 32,702.0 56.63 2421.03 43.26 2069.76 29.89 1525.81
FGx 183.25 3291.02 148.25 2948.81 113.25 2520.97 78.25 1858.43
FGz 183.25 3291.02 146.75 2948.00 110.24 2519.15 73.73 1855.06
FGxz 173.05 3281.04 139.62 2939.66 106.20 2512.87 72.77 1851.95
Uneven-II HOM 70.00 2702.0 56.63 2421.03 43.26 2069.76 29.89 1525.81
FGx 183.25 3291.02 148.25 2948.81 113.25 2520.97 78.25 1858.43
FGz 183.25 3291.02 149.94 2949.70 116.62 2522.98 83.31 1862.18
FGxz 173.05 3281.04 140.42 2940.09 107.78 2513.82 75.15 1853.73

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Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Table 9  The natural frequencies Type BC e Gradation

of a 2D FG beam for various
porosity type, boundary HOM FGx FGz FGxz
condition, e, and gradation type
( L∕h = 5) Even SS 0 2.6777 3.6091 3.6492 3.6685
0.1 2.6336 3.5497 3.5891 3.6081
0.3 2.5347 3.4163 3.4543 3.4726
0.5 2.4152 3.2553 3.2914 3.3089
CC 0 5.2106 7.2018 7.2333 7.2222
0.1 5.1248 7.0832 7.1142 7.1033
0.3 4.9322 6.8171 6.8469 6.8364
0.5 4.6998 6.4957 6.5242 6.5142
CF 0 0.9846 0.9845 1.3493 1.1603
0.1 0.9684 0.9683 1.3271 1.1412
0.3 0.9320 0.9319 1.2772 1.0983
0.5 0.8881 0.8880 1.2170 1.0466
Uneven-I SS 0 2.6777 3.6091 3.6492 3.6685
0.1 2.6048 3.5118 3.5581 3.5712
0.3 2.4416 3.2937 3.3542 3.3531
0.5 2.2462 3.0324 3.1092 3.0918
CC 0 5.2106 7.2018 7.2333 7.2222
0.1 5.0934 7.0413 7.0785 7.0622
0.3 4.8294 6.6795 6.7307 6.7018
0.5 4.5087 6.2403 6.3097 6.2646
CF 0 0.9846 0.9845 1.3493 1.1603
0.1 0.9568 0.9566 1.3141 1.1281
0.3 0.8947 0.8941 1.2353 1.0561
0.5 0.8207 0.8197 1.1410 0.9702
Uneven-II SS 0 2.6777 3.6091 3.6492 3.6685
0.1 2.6670 3.5937 3.6266 3.6513
0.3 2.6496 3.5677 3.5829 3.6213
0.5 2.6415 3.5528 3.5441 3.6013
CC 0 5.2106 7.2018 7.2333 7.2222
0.1 5.1633 7.1349 7.1609 7.1546
0.3 5.0624 6.9920 7.0052 7.0099
0.5 4.9485 6.8304 6.8290 6.8464
CF 0 0.9846 0.9845 1.3493 1.1603
0.1 0.9817 0.9819 1.3426 1.1565
0.3 0.9781 0.9788 1.3308 1.1510
0.5 0.9795 0.9810 1.3228 1.1509

Karamanlı [31]. Tables 2 and 3 present a comparison of the the present problem can be taken as px,p = 0 and pz,p = 0 .
natural frequencies obtained in the present study and those Table 4 compares the natural frequencies of the present
reported by [31] for non-porous beams under various varia- study and the previous study [40] for various slenderness,
tion parameters and boundary conditions, with L∕h = 5 and distribution type, boundary conditions, and porosity coeffi-
L∕h = 20 , respectively. It is clear that the result obtained cients. In addition, an inconsistency exists between the nor-
in the present study is compatible with the existing study malization expressions of the previous study and the present
[31]. The maximum relative difference between obtained study; therefore, the results of the present study were divided
and reported values of the frequencies is less than 0.2%. by L∕h to obtain same normalization. The table shows that
A simple two-variable shear deformation theory for buck- most of the results are quite close to each other and the maxi-
ing, bending, and vibration behaviors of porous beams was mum relative difference between the frequencies of the stud-
examined by Nyugen et al. [40]. To obtain similar prob- ies is less than 2.5%.
lems for comparison purposes, the variation parameters of

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 Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

Table 10  The natural Type BC e Gradation

frequencies of a 2D FG beam
for various porosity type, HOM FGx FGz FGxz
boundary condition, e, and
gradation type ( L∕h = 20) Even SS 0 2.8427 3.8545 3.8897 3.9069
0.1 2.7958 3.7920 3.8268 3.8426
0.3 2.6908 3.6496 3.6830 3.6982
0.5 2.5640 3.4776 3.5094 3.5239
CC 0 6.3623 8.8643 8.7191 8.8076
0.1 6.2575 8.7205 8.5780 8.6626
0.3 6.0224 8.3929 8.2558 8.3371
0.5 5.7386 7.9973 7.8666 7.9442
CF 0 1.0149 1.0090 1.3893 1.1923
0.1 0.9982 0.9929 1.3668 1.1727
0.3 0.9607 0.9556 1.3154 1.1286
0.5 0.9154 0.9105 1.2534 1.0754
Uneven-I SS 0 2.8427 3.8545 3.8897 3.9069
0.1 2.7601 3.7437 3.7867 3.7958
0.3 2.5761 3.4942 3.5539 3.5480
0.5 2.3575 3.1979 3.2760 3.2532
CC 0 6.3623 8.8643 8.7191 8.8076
0.1 6.1808 8.6140 8.4915 8.5614
0.3 5.7756 8.0499 7.9769 8.0114
0.5 5.2933 7.3785 7.3615 7.3559
CF 0 1.0149 1.0090 1.3893 1.1923
0.1 0.9854 0.9801 1.3523 1.1583
0.3 0.9195 0.9145 1.2689 1.0824
0.5 0.8413 0.8367 1.1694 0.9922
Uneven-II SS 0 2.8427 3.8545 3.8897 3.9069
0.1 2.8369 3.8476 3.8747 3.8967
0.3 2.8333 3.8483 3.8483 3.8860
0.5 2.8479 3.8620 3.8370 3.8976
CC 0 6.3623 8.8643 8.7191 8.8076
0.1 6.3459 8.8433 8.6816 8.7801
0.3 6.3283 8.8179 8.6127 8.7436
0.5 6.3459 8.8409 8.5722 8.7503
CF 0 1.0149 1.0090 1.3893 1.1923
0.1 1.0129 1.0075 1.3840 1.1894
0.3 1.0119 1.0065 1.3749 1.1864
0.5 1.0175 1.0121 1.3714 1.1904

Free Vibration Analysis of Porous 2D FG Beam types have a gradation from metal to ceramics. In FGx, the
gradation is in the x direction, correspondingly the left sur-
In this section, geometrical properties of the beam are cho- face of the beam is metal rich whereas the right surface of
sen as b = 0.1 and h = 0.4. Metal ( Al ) and ceramic ( Al2 O3) the beam consists of ceramic rich material. Similarly, the
are most used materials in the FG beams, and the properties material properties vary from bottom to top (z direction)
of these materials are given in Table 5. Also note that only in case of FGz. Different from FGx and FGz, the change
first natural frequencies are given in the tables and figures. in material properties is in both x and z direction in FGxz.
Numerical results for the free vibration analysis of The bottom left corner is metal rich whereas the top right
porous 2D FG beam are obtained for four gradation types, corner is ceramics, so the gradation is diagonal.
namely HOM, FGx, FGz, and FGxz, as given in Fig. 5. The The Young’s modulus and density in the beam corre-
beam consists of only metal in case of HOM while other sponding to gradation types (GT) are given in Tables 6 and

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Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

4 4

3 3
ω (1/s)

ω (1/s)
e=0 e=0
2 e=0.1 2 e=0.1
e=0.3 e=0.3
e=0.5 e=0.5

1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
L/h L/h

(a) HOM (b) FGxz

Fig. 6  The change in 𝜔 with L∕h for HOM, FGxz (Even, SS)

7, respectively. The values of the gradation coefficients can in slightly higher natural frequencies compared to gradation
be found using following expressions obtained from Eq. (1). along the x-axis. The natural frequencies produced by FGx,
( ) FGz, and FGxz are very similar to each other. However, for
Pc
px,p + pz,p = ln (28) CF, FGz has a relatively higher frequency than FGx and
Pm FGxz, which may be due to the ceramic part of the beam
being further away from the clamped end in FGx and FGxz.
In Eq. (28), Pm and Pc are the material properties of metal
This suggests that increasing the rigidity of the beam around
and ceramics, respectively, and these correspond to the
its supports may help to reduce vibrations. As expected, CC
material properties at the lower left and upper right corners
has the highest natural frequencies, while CF has the low-
of the beam. Table 8 shows the average values of Young’s
est. The porosity types are ranked in descending order of
modulus and density in the beam for various porosity coef-
natural frequencies as Uneven-II, Even, and Uneven-I. In
ficients. As can be seen from the tables, the average material
Uneven-II, porosity generally concentrates toward the center
properties are the smallest in the HOM where no ceram-
of the beam, while in Uneven-I, it tends to spread toward the
ics are added. Others have similar average material proper-
edges. Therefore, to achieve lower natural frequencies, it is
ties, only the averages are slightly smaller in FGxz. In other
advisable to reduce the porosity or increase the rigidity of
words, the total ratio of ceramics to metal is almost same in
the center of the beam. This is because natural frequency is
these three types.
inversely proportional to the stiffness of the beam and reduc-
Tables 9 and 10 show the first natural frequencies of a
ing the porosity or increasing the stiffness of the center will
porous 2D FG beam for various gradation type, porosity
result in a higher natural frequency and reduced vibration,
coefficient, boundary conditions, and porosity types in case
which is beneficial for certain applications. Overall, these
of L∕h = 5 and L∕h = 20, respectively. The tables indicate
findings suggest that Uneven-II is the most suitable poros-
that for most cases, an increase in the porosity coefficient
ity type for applications that require high natural frequen-
results in a decrease in natural frequencies, with the excep-
cies and minimal vibration. As the slenderness of the beam
tion of some cases for Uneven-II and e > 0.3. Since HOM
increases, so do its natural frequencies. An increase in L∕h
is composed of metals with significantly lower Young's
would normally lead to a decrease in 𝜔 , but the natural fre-
modulus but slightly lower density compared to ceramics,
quencies obtained are normalized ( 𝜔 ) using Eq. (27), which
the natural frequencies of HOM are generally lower than
involves multiplying by L∕h.
those of other materials. Gradation along the z-axis results

13
 Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Fig. 7  The change in 𝜔 with various gradation parameters ( L∕h = 5, Even, SS)

13
Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

0,2 0,2
SS, e=0 SS, e=0
CC, e=0 CC, e=0
CF, e=0 CF, e=0
0,1 0,1

0 0
w

w
-0,1 -0,1
SS, e=0.5 SS, e=0.5
CC, e=0.5 CC, e=0.5
CF, e=0.5 CF, e=0.5
-0,2 -0,2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
x/L x/L

(a) HOM (b) FGx

0,2 0,2
SS, e=0 SS, e=0
CC, e=0 CC, e=0
CF, e=0 CF, e=0
0,1 0,1

0 0
w

-0,1 -0,1
SS, e=0.5 SS, e=0.5
CC, e=0.5 CC, e=0.5
CF, e=0.5 CF, e=0.5
-0,2 -0,2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
x/L x/L

(c) FGz (d) FGxz

Fig. 8  The first mode shapes with various gradation parameters ( L∕h = 5, Even)

Figure 6a, b shows the variation in natural frequencies zero. In (a), an increase in the parameter px,E leads to a
with changes in the slenderness of the beam and different nearly linear increase in 𝜔 . Graph (c) shows that increas-
porosity coefficients for HOM and FGxz, respectively. As ing pz,E results in a parabolic increase in 𝜔 . These are
L∕h increases, the natural frequencies also increase and expected due to the increased stiffness of the beam. Con-
approach a finite value asymptotically. Additionally, the versely, graphs (b) and (d) demonstrate that increasing
finite value increases as e decreases. the parameters px,𝜌 and pz,𝜌 , respectively, lead to a similar
Figure 7 displays the variation in natural frequencies parabolic decrease in 𝜔 . This decrease can be attributed
with different gradation parameters. Unlike other tables to the increased mass of the beam. If both px,E and px,𝜌
and figures in this section, the gradation parameters have are increased by the same amount, as shown in (e), the
been chosen arbitrarily to emphasize their effect on fre- natural frequencies exhibit a decreasing behavior similar
quencies. The graphs illustrate the effect of increasing one to that shown in (b), in which only px,𝜌 is increased. This
or two gradation parameters while keeping the others at suggests that changes in density have a greater impact on

13
 Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies

the natural frequencies than changes in Young’s modulus. • Increasing the Young’s modulus in any direction results
A similar discussion can be made for w if pz,E and pz,𝜌 are in a decrease in natural frequencies, while increasing
similarly increased (f). the density in any direction leads to an increase in natu-
Figure 8 presents the fundamental mode shape of verti- ral frequencies. If both Young’s modulus and density
cal displacement, w, for different porosity coefficients and are increased by the same amount at the same time, the
boundary conditions, including HOM, FGx, FGz, and FGxz. natural frequencies decrease, suggesting that Young’s
The mode shapes show similar variation for different porosi- modulus has a greater impact on natural frequencies
ties under the same boundary condition, with only slight compared to density.
differences in displacements because of constant porosity • While the natural frequencies of the beam are influ-
through the length of the beam. The mode shapes exhibit a enced by its porosity, the mode shapes exhibit similar
symmetrical distribution with respect to the midpoint of the characteristics because of the consistent porosity along
beam, and maximum displacements occur at the midpoint the beam’s length.
for SS and CC in HOM. In the case of FGz, the mode shapes
and maximum displacements are similar to those of HOM This study can be further expanded to 2D FG porous
because the material properties are symmetrical with respect sandwich, 2D FG-CNT beams or 2D FG porous plates.
to the midpoint of the beam. However, due to unsymmetrical
distribution of materials, the symmetrical behavior of the
Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during
mode shapes is disrupted, and the point of maximum dis- the current study are not publicly available but are available from the
placement shifts to the left for FGx and FGxz. corresponding author on reasonable request.

Declarations
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest The author states that there is no conflict of inter-
est.
In this study, we investigate the free vibration analysis
of a 2D FG beam with porosity using higher order shear
deformation theory and finite element analysis. The mate- References
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