Lab Work: Experiment 1 - Analysis of Group I Cations

1. Precipitation of Group I Cations

○ Formula Used:
■ HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
○ Result:
■ The white precipitate contains the chlorides of the Group I cations,
which could include PbCl₂ (Lead(II) chloride), Hg₂Cl₂ (Mercury(I)
chloride), and AgCl (Silver chloride).
2. Separation of Pb²⁺ (Lead)
○ Formula Used:
■ PbCl₂ (Lead(II) chloride)
○ Action: Dissolved in hot water.
○ Result:
■ PbCl₂ dissolves in hot water, separating from the other cations.
3. Identification of Pb²⁺ (Lead)
○ Formulas Used:
■ CH₃COOH (Acetic Acid)
■ K₂CrO₄ (Potassium Chromate)
○ Reaction Formula:
■ Pb²⁺ + CrO₄²⁻ → PbCrO₄ (Lead(II) Chromate)
○ Result:
■ Formation of PbCrO₄ (Lead(II) Chromate), a yellow precipitate.
4. Separation and Identification of Hg₂²⁺ (Mercury)
○ Formulas Used:
■ Hg₂Cl₂ (Mercury(I) chloride)
■ NH₃ (Ammonia)
○ Reaction Formula:
■ Hg₂Cl₂ + 2NH₃ → Hg + Hg(NH₂)Cl (Mercury amidochloride)
○ Result:
 ■ A gray/black precipitate forms, indicating the presence of Hg₂²⁺.
5. Identification of Ag⁺ (Silver)
○ Formulas Used:
■ HNO₃ (Nitric Acid)
○ Reaction Formula:
■ Ag⁺ + Cl⁻ → AgCl (Silver chloride)
○ Result:
■ Formation of AgCl, a white precipitate.
6. Testing Unknown Solutions:
○ Procedure:
■ Obtain an unknown solution and analyze it for the possible
presence of silver (Ag⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and mercury (Hg₂²⁺).

Summary of Key Formulas and Results:

1. HCl (Hydrochloric Acid): Used for precipitation of Group I cations.

○ Result: White precipitate of chlorides (e.g., PbCl₂, Hg₂Cl₂, AgCl).
2. PbCrO₄ (Lead(II) Chromate): Formed by adding acetic acid and potassium
chromate.
○ Result: Yellow precipitate.
3. Hg(NH₂)Cl (Mercury amidochloride): Formed by adding ammonia to mercury(I)
chloride.
○ Result: Gray/black precipitate.
4. AgCl (Silver chloride): Formed by acidifying the solution with nitric acid.
○ Result: White precipitate.
Lab Work: Experiment 2 - Analysis of Group II Cations

9. Confirmation of the Presence of Copper

○ Formulas Used:
■ NH₃ (Ammonia)
○ Result:
■ The deep blue color of the solution indicates the presence of the
tetraamminecopper(II) ion, Cu(NH₃)₄²⁺, confirming copper.
10. Confirmation of the Presence of Bismuth
○ Formulas Used:
■ NH₃ (Ammonia)
■ HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
○ Result:
■ A white cloudiness caused by the slow precipitation of bismuth
oxychloride, BiOCl, confirms the presence of bismuth.

Summary of Key Formulas and Results:

1. NH₃ (Ammonia): Used for confirming copper and bismuth.

○ Result: Deep blue color indicates copper; white cloudiness indicates
bismuth.
2. HCl (Hydrochloric Acid): Used for confirming bismuth.
○ Result: White cloudiness indicates bismuth.
Lab Work: Experiment 3 - Analysis of Group III Cations

1. Oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and Separation of Insoluble Hydroxides

○ Formulas Used:
■ NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
■ NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite)
■ NH₃ (Ammonia)
■ H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric Acid)
○ Result:
■ The solid containing iron and nickel hydroxides is separated, while
the solution contains chromium and aluminum ions.
2. Separation of Aluminum from Chromium
○ Formulas Used:
■ CH₃COOH (Acetic Acid)
■ NH₃ (Ammonia)
○ Result:
■ Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)₃, forms as a light, translucent,
gelatinous precipitate if aluminum is present.
3. Confirmation of the Presence of Aluminum
○ Formulas Used:
■ CH₃COOH (Acetic Acid)
■ Catechol Violet Reagent ( NOT AVAILABLE IN THE LAB)
○ Result:
■ The solution turns blue if aluminum ions, Al³⁺, are present.
4. Confirmation of the Presence of Chromium
○ Formulas Used:
■ BaCl₂ (Barium Chloride)
■ H₂O₂ (Hydrogen Peroxide)
○ Result:
 ■ A deep blue solution, which may fade rapidly, confirms the presence
of chromium.
5. Separation of Iron and Nickel
○ Formulas Used:
■ NH₃ (Ammonia)
■ H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric Acid)
○ Result:
■ Iron precipitates as brown iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)₃, while nickel
forms the Ni(NH₃)₆²⁺ ion in solution.
6. Confirmation of the Presence of Nickel
○ Formulas Used:
■ Dimethylglyoxime Reagent
○ Result:
■ Formation of a rose-red precipitate confirms the presence of nickel.
7. Confirmation of the Presence of Iron
○ Formulas Used:
■ HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
■ KSCN (Potassium Thiocyanate)
○ Result:
■ Formation of a deep red solution of iron(III) thiocyanate, Fe(SCN)²⁺,
confirms the presence of iron.
8. Testing Unknown Solutions
○ Procedure:
■ Obtain a Group III unknown and test it for the possible presence of
iron (Fe³⁺), aluminum (Al³⁺), chromium (Cr³⁺), and nickel (Ni²⁺).

Summary of Key Formulas and Results:

1. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide): Used for oxidation and separation.

○ Result: Separates iron and nickel hydroxides.
2. NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite): Used for oxidation.
○ Result: Oxidizes Cr(III) to Cr(VI).
3. NH₃ (Ammonia): Used for pH adjustment and separation.
○ Result: Forms aluminum hydroxide, confirms nickel and iron.
4. H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric Acid): Used for dissolving precipitates.
○ Result: Dissolves iron and nickel hydroxides.
5. CH₃COOH (Acetic Acid): Used for separation and confirmation.
○ Result: Forms aluminum hydroxide, confirms aluminum.
6. Catechol Violet Reagent: Used for confirming aluminum.
○ Result: Blue solution indicates aluminum.
7. BaCl₂ (Barium Chloride): Used for confirming chromium.
○ Result: Deep blue solution indicates chromium.
8. H₂O₂ (Hydrogen Peroxide): Used for confirming chromium.
○ Result: Deep blue solution indicates chromium.
9. Dimethylglyoxime Reagent: Used for confirming nickel.
○ Result: Rose-red precipitate indicates nickel.
10. HCl (Hydrochloric Acid): Used for dissolving precipitates.
○ Result: Dissolves iron hydroxide.
11. KSCN (Potassium Thiocyanate): Used for confirming iron.
○ Result: Deep red solution indicates iron.