INVERSE MATRIX

Introduction to Inverse Matrix

The Inverse Matrix
• An n x n matrix A is called nonsingular (or invertible) if there exists
an n x n matrix B such that
AB=BA =In
The matrix B is called an inverse of A (or A-1), In is Identity matrix.
• If there AB≠BA ≠In, then A is called singular (or noninvertible)
1 2 
• Example: let A  Find A-1.
3 4
AA 1  I Solution:
1 2   a b  1 0 
3 4  c d   0 1 a= -2, b=1, c=3/2, d= -1/2
    
 a  2c b  2d  1 0 
3a  4c 3b  4 d   0 1  2 1 
    A1   3  1
a  2c  1  
2 2 
3a  4c  0
and
b  2d  0
3b  4 d  1
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The Inverse Matrix
 A square matrix A is invertible or nonsingular if there
exist a square matrix B, called an inverse of A, such that
AB = I and BA = I
 B is called an inverse of A  B  A 1  and
 A is called an inverse B  A  B1 

 An invertible matrix A has only one inverse (The inverse is

1
unique) & is denoted by A . So,
AA-1 = I and A-1A = I

 When A  0, A1 does not exist and A is called

noninvertible or singular matrix

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Properties of Inverse Matrix

 If A and B are nonsingular matrices (invertible),

 AB 
1
 B1A 1

 The inverse of an invertible matrix is also is

invertible. So,
A 
-1 1
A

 Any nonzero scalar product of an invertible matrix

is invertible. 1
 kA   A1
1

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Properties of Inverse Matrix
1. If A is a nonsingular matrix, then A-1 is nonsingular and
(A-1)-1 = A
2. If A and B are nonsingular matrices, then AB is nonsingular and
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
3. If A is a nonsingular matrix, then
(AT)-1 = (A-1)T
4. If A1, A2, …….Ar are n x n nonsingular matrices, then A1A2….Ar is
nonsingular and
(A1A2….Ar)-1 = Ar-1Ar-1-1…..A1-1
• We can use the above properties to check the validity of the
inverse matrix.

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Inverse of a 2  2 Matrices

a b 
1. If A =   the inverse of A is,
c d 
1 1  d b  1  d b 
A  
A  c a  ad  bc  c a 
 

2. A is invertible if only if A  ad  bc  0

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Exercise 1 (Inverse)

 Given the matrices

1 4   1 3  1 1
A , B    , and C   ,
1 5   2 6 2 3 
find its inverse if exist.

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Exercise 2 (Inverse)

 Given the matrices

 2 2   4 5   2 1
A , B    , and C   ,
 3 4  2 h   k 1
 If AC = I, find the value of k
 If |B| = 2 |A|, find the value of h
 Find the inverse of A 2

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Method of Finding A-1 By Using
Elementary Operation
• The Practical procedure for computing the inverse of matrix A is as
follow:
• Step 1: Form the n x 2 matrix [ A | In ] obtained by adjoining the
identity matrix In to the given matrix A
• Step 2: Reduce row echelon form of matrix to canonical matrix
in step 1by using elementary operation. Remember that
whatever we do to a row of A, we have do to the corresponding
row of In.
• Step 3: Suppose that Step 2 has produced the matrix [C | D ] in
reduced row echelon form to canonical matrix.
a. If C = In, then D = A-1.
b. If C ≠ In, then C has a row of zeros. In this case A is singular
and A-1 does not exist.

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Finding Inverse Matrix by
Elementary Row Operation
 To find A 1 , if it exist, do the following

 Find the reduced row echelon form (by elementary

row operation) of the matrix [A:I], say [B:C]

 If B has a zero row, STOP. So, A is noninvertible.

Otherwise, go to Step 3.

 The reduced matrix is now in the form [I: A 1]. Read

the inverse A 1

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Row Echelon Form
 Consider the following conditions on a matrix:
1. All zero rows are at the bottom of the matrix (at least one row is
nonzero)
2. The leading entry of each nonzero row after the first occurs to the
right of the leading entry of the previous row.
3. The leading entry is any nonzero row is 1.
4. All entries in the column above and below a leading 1 are zero

 If a matrix satisfies the 1st two conditions, it is in row echelon

form
 If a matrix satisfies the all four conditions, it is in reduced row
echelon form

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Elementary Row Operation
 The elementary row operation of a
matrix consist of the following:

 Elimination : Adding a constant

cR j  Ri  Ri
multiple of one row to another

 Scaling : Multiplying a row by a cRi  Ri

nonzero constant

 Interchange : Interchanging two row Ri  R j

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 1 1 1 
• Example: Find the inverse A  0 2 3 
 
5 5 1
Step 1
A I3
1 1 1  1 0 0 
[ A | I3 ] = 0 2 3  0 1 0 
 
5 5 1  0 0 1
Step2
-5R1+R3--R3
1 1 1  1 0 0
0 2 3  0 1 0

0 0  4   5 0 1 
½ R2, -1/4R3
 
1 1 1  1 0 0 
 
0 1 3  0
1
0
 2 2 
 5  1
0 0 1  0 
 4 4
-3/2 R3 + R2 , -R3+ R1

-R2+ R1
Step 3: Since C = I3, we conclude that D = A-1. Hence

Exercise: Try to find out the inverse matrix If it exists.

Exercise 3 (Inverse)

 Given the matrices

 1 2 2   2 3 4
   
A   3 1 1  , and B   2 1 1  ,
 2 1 0   1 1 2 
   

Use Elementary Row Operation to find its

inverse.

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Finding Inverse Matrix by
Determinants
• To find inverse matrix , we have to know the concept of cofactor and
adjoint of matrix A
• Let A = [aij] a n x n matrix. The cofactor Aijof aij is defined as :

- Mij is (n-1) x (n-1) submatrix of A obtained by deleting the ith

row and jth column of A.
- det(Mij) is called minor.

• Adjoint of A is the whose I and j element is the cofactor Aijof aij.

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Finding Inverse Matrix by Adjoint
Matrix

1. If A  0, then A has an inverse A 1 given by,

1 1 1 T
A  adjA  C
A A

where C is Cofactor Matrix

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Finding Inverse Matrix by Adjoint
Matrix
• Inverse matrix A can be define as:

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• Example

• Let Find out what is the inverse matrix A.

• Step 1: Find all the cofactors

• Step 2: Find Adj A

• Step 3: Find the A-1

det (A) = 3 - (-2) + 1

= -94

A-1 =
 1 1 1  8 

Example: A  0 2 3 
 b = 24 Then what is x?
5 5 1 8 
Exercise 4 (Inverse)

 Given the matrices

 1 2 2   2 3 4
   
A   3 1 1  , and B   2 1 1  ,
 2 1 0   1 1 2 
   

Use adjoint matrix to find its inverse.

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Linear System and Inverse
• If A is nonsingular matrix and size of the A is n x n as below state:

Then

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Linear System and Inverse
•

• If A is nonsingular, then

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SUMMARY (Inverse Matrices)

 You should be able to

 Define the inverse of a matrix & its
properties
 Apply the elementary row operation to
obtain the inverse of matrices
 Find the inverse matrix using the adjoint
matrix

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