‘i s00pss021148 S 8 ys 5 aes Bea aes Languag ears Sachike Ide eee Reel co Kurosio PublishersSex Difference and Sentence-Final Particles* Naomi Hanaoka MeGloi 4. Introduction 1 i wll knewn thatthe Japanese language posses lars st of convertion and signal the speaker's various sentiments. Obsene, fr example the folowing emencs, ‘Q) Ti otent dew ood weather copula-Pre, "Wis good weather” (2) oxen ees yo. is apod weather, I tl you Yo is the sntence-nal particle ia this example. Both 1) and (2) can be tered asa repon about the weather. They ae, however, teed indifferent conte: While) would be an appropriste trance of «radio announcer reporting onthe weather, (2) would not. Sentence (2), om the other han, it ‘wedi the address isin the same room (supposing that he ade as not teen the wether Je) or ithe adresse ion the other end of the lephone* ‘While forms vith sentencefinal parcle are indinensble for dally peson-o-person zonverstions, thes forms re nappropise where forms. ion is one-sided given from the speaker othe addese(), ain adio/TV announcement, gublic etre, te, These sentence particles, the, can be said to create and/or naintain am interperocal immediacy. By sing these part ‘les, the speaker rcknowledgs the addreuse ar «cooperative partpant in the giveand-take of the spech situation. ‘Some ofthese particles, moreover ar sesitiv to the sx ofthe speaker, | | | | | | |Neon Hatoka Mein ‘conversational interchange, pares 2,2 and ne ae charcterisialy wed by men (cL (2a), (2b) and (Sa), while was charctersially wed by women (ef. (4a)). Zo and na ean be wsed by women also, but only ia Tmonologus ie, when the trance i directed tothe speaker henel. Parti Ces ne and yo ae neta a othe sex of the speaker (Cf (8). @ a lw Pres ‘Tam pong, can ell your? eno (19)) & Yaraba dices doit can-Pre. “Iryou uy, you ean do it? 4. Kondo no sikendekinskatta na {is exam do well Neg Past "You did't do wll in the lst ts, di you (a Wasi ga yar we 1 doPre, “twit ao ie” 1b. Wana ga toksrimasitn no 1 makePast sade i” a dew yo. ‘ood copula {its OK” Meu ne? ‘oKr “The status of a and note not so clea-ut Both men and women we these partes, Sa often fllows conjunction uch a kara, Kedo ete, and this tage is heard jn both mess and women’s speech. Sz, whic follows plain Forms of verb/adjxives(.(3e), however, sil seems tobe more common in male spech, Noi becoming more common in me's speech, ut no used sth polite forms sin (4), is sill exclusively feminine* ‘Whether men aod worten scully we thse particles, however, is governed by factors such a age the ex ofthe addres, the formality of the situation, Sex feces Sc nel Parics 2c Ide (1979), for example, observes that mae collage dents sold sing the suongly masculine zo and 2e and forthe les masculine ne. Women college student tend otto use the strongly feminine wa and favor the less Feminine no thas also been reported (ef: Peng (198) that both men and ‘women have 2 tendency to use sentence panicles swongly eharcteie of their sex when talking to an addtesie ofthe same se; inthe preenc of the ‘opposite sex, they use more neural forms. "While elariying these social variables ceraaly rogues carl research, clarifying the qurtion of what maker these parciesmascaline and feminine is also an important one. The preseat pape wll address this question by tivingssemantie/prapmatc account ofthese prices. In pate, iwi large thatthe femininity felt with wa and no ies na sense of conversations ‘apport they crete betwee the seater andthe hea. 2 Sentence-Final Particles and the Territory of Information ‘Kami (1979) arges tatu concepunl eatsgory, “the speaker’ tecitory of Information.” is necessary to account for the use of ein sentencenal forms in Sepanese. The speaker's dire knowledge and experience perception, peychological state, hopes and convictions telong to the speaker tesitry of Information. Hence, when one knows tht Tatoo is sck having observed “Tatoo lying in bed for example, it appropiate vo utr (6) but ot (7). (6) Tao me ok (6) sick is “Tatoo ie sick? 1 Tao ways (ue) sick ie Thear “Thea Tazo i ick? However, when one doer not have dret knowiedge of Taroo illness, setenc-nal forms such ue or so da would have to be wed Extending the notion of the speakers tertory of information, three “ ‘Shivam, JS. 198, Japonee Women's Langage. Orlando FL: Acne Pree, ‘anala, A. 1973. "Synod to kantooeyon, (Sete claw fal pares and Seal part” Zyat Tokyo? Melasein. 21047. Ueno, TY. I9TL "A auay of Japanese madaiy—A performative analy of ‘erence parties” Unpublished Ph D. dieaton,Unieriy of Mihaes