SOC.

STU Q1 2ND HALF EXAM

I. NATURAL DISASTERS

Natural Disasters in the Philippines:

1. El Niño
- phenomenon caused by ocean surface water temperature that develops in the central and east
central equatorial pacific

2. La Niña
- ocean water surface temperature cools and causes intense rainfall and floods

3. Typhoon
- typically forms over large bodies of relatively warm water
- the Philippines is surrounded by water, therefore making it prone to typhoons

4. Storm Surge
- caused by strong winds brought by the low pressure at the eye of the storm
- the winds push sea water which leads to its accumulation

5. Flooding
- frequent in low lying areas
- may be caused through another natural disaster or through human activity

6. Landslides
- occurs in different parts of the country
- may occur due to heavy rainfall in high places, volcanic eruption, etc.
- also brought about by quarrying

7. Earthquake
- happens every year

- Richter Scale
- used to measure an earthquake
- ranges from 1 to 10

8. Volcanic Eruption
- the Philippines has over 200 volcanoes and 24 are active
- the location of the Philippines contribute to the activity of volcanoes

Activities that cause/worsen natural disasters:

1. Disposal of waste in waterways
- the disposal of garbage along waterways causes clogging and leads to flooding

2. Deforestation
- cutting of trees in forest causes soil erosion and flooding in low-lying areas because there are no
more roots to absorb water.

3. Living around volcanoes

- Residents at the foot volcanoes are exposed to danger.
4. Living and dumping garbage in estero,river,sea.
- Houses block waterways and cause severe pollution.

5. Depletion of ozone layer

- The ozone layer gets damaged because of the use of chemicals.
- Destruction of the ozone layer causes global warming.

6. Mining and Quarrying

- These result in soil erosion or landslides that cause severe damage to many people

7. People’s refusal to evacuate dangerous areas.

- When people refuse to evacuate a safer place during a natural disaster they are hurt or killed.

Preparing for Natural Hazards:

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA)
- Issues guidelines that can help alleviating harmful effects, especially when there is a strong typhoon
with heavy rain.

1. PAG-ASA DOST
- issue Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS).
- The intensity of the storms depends on its maximum sustained winds.
- The "eye" of the storms has very little winds but its eyewall has the strongest.

Risk Prevention of Natural Disasters:

1. Structural measures for disaster reduction
- traditional approach to avert damaged caused by natural disasters
- focuses on quality construction and use of efficient engineering

2. Non-structural measures for disaster risk reduction

- does not focus on the design and physical construction of structures
- focuses on activities to reduce disaster risk

3. Government Agencies
1. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
- Rolando Joselito Bautista
- responsible for government programs that serve the poor and needy
- provides service and assistance to affected communities

2. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

- oversees the local government by providing budget and promoting peace and order in
municipalities

3. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

- gives real time road travel conditions and aids in flood control

4. Department of Education (DepEd)

- manages education of public and private schools
- schools act as evacuation centers

5. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

- construction of vital infrastructure such as dams and bridges
6. Department of National Defense (DND)
- soldiers help in the rescue of people and in the safeguard of their properties during disaster

II. GEOHAZARD MAPPING

Geohazard
- naturally occurring geological phenomena that pose danger to people’s lives, properties and
infrastructure
- include landslides, flooding, and land subsidence

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

- distributes books and materials on how to use geohazard maps
- teach the local government on the proper use of the geohazard maps
- has generated geohazard maps to indicate which areas are prone to natural disasters

Geohazard Maps
- provides information about the high risk areas so that the residents can be prepared
- The NDRRMC have software applications which are used to observe and identify the movement of
water when it rains.
- It also helps identify the areas of heavy flooding in various parts of the country.
- can also be used to predict the climate such as El niño.

Areas highly at risk to tropical depressions, storms and super typhoons:

1. North Luzon
2. South Eastern Luzon
3. East Visayas

III. NATURAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Climate Change
- refers to long term shifts in temperature and weather patterns
- often driven by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and
industrialization

Disaster
- any natural or human-generated calamitous event that produces great loss of human life or destruction
of the natural environment, private property, or public infrastructure

Kinds of Disaster:
1. Natural Disaster
- events caused by natural processes of the Earth
- Ex. Earthquake, Typhoon, Volcanic Eruption, Flood, Landslides

2. Man-made Disaster
- events caused by human activities or negligence
- Ex. Industrial accidents, Collapse of buildings, High-rise fires, Oil Spills, Terrorism
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
- systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing risks associated with disasters
- encompasses a range of strategies and practices aimed at minimizing the impact of disasters on people,
property and the environment and enhancing the resilience of communities

Components:
1. Prevention
- measures taken to prevent or avoid the occurrence of disasters
- include land-use planning, building codes, environmental protection

2. Mitigation
- actions to reduce or eliminate the long term risk and impact of disasters
- include structural (Ex. building levee) and nonstructural (Ex. community education and
awareness) measures

3. Preparedness
- planning and training activities that help communities and organizations prepare for and
respond to disasters effectively
- include emergency planning, drills, and the establishment of early warning systems

4. Response
- immediate actions taken during or after a disaster to address urgent needs, provide relief, and
support affected communities
- include search and rescue operations, medical care, and distribution of emergency supplies

5. Recovery
- efforts to restore and rebuild communities and systems affected by a disaster
- include both short-term (Ex. Restoring essential services) and long-term (Ex. Rebuilding
infrastructure and homes) recobery

IV. BEFORE, DURING, AFTER EARTHQUAKES, TYPHOONS AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Earthquake:

Before During After

1. Prepare an emergency kit 1. Drop to your hands and knees 1. Check for injuries
2. Create a family emergency to protect yourself from falling 2. Inspect your home
plan debris 3. Follow official information
3. Secure your home 2. Take cover under a sturdy 4. Be cautious for aftershocks
4. Educate yourself and others piece of furniture (Ex. Table) and 5. Communicate
hold on 6. Report hazards
3. Stay away from windows,
glass, and heavy objects that
could fall
Typhoon:

Before During After

1. Prepare an emergency kit 1. Stay indoors 1. Check for injuries
2. Create a family emergency 2. Seek shelter 2. Inspect your home
plan 3. Avoid using electrical 3. Be cautious of floodwaters
3. Secure your home appliances 4. Follow official information
4. Prepare for evacuation 4. Monitor updates 5. Report hazards
5. Stay informed 5. Avoid flooded areas 6. Help your community

Volcanic Eruption:

Before During After

1. Prepare an emergency kit 1. Seek shelter 1. Check for injuries
2. Create a family emergency 2. Avoid ashfall 2. Inspect your home
plan 3. Monitor updates 3. Avoid contaminated areas
3. Prepare your home 4. Protect water supply 4. Follow official information
4. Prepare for evacuation 5. Avoid using electrical 5. Report hazards
5. Stay informed appliances 6. Clean up safely

V. GLOBALIZATION

Globalization
- process of undermining sovereignity of states
- intensification of worldwide social relationships
- process of increasing cross-border interactions in the economic and sociocultural spheres
- free and comprehensive interactions of countries in the world
- phenomenon perceived from economic, political, social, cultural, and technological outcomes in
domestic and international affairs
- results from the interaction of people from all over the world

Notion:
1. Quantified
- deals with tangible measures
- economics, science, technology

2. Qualified
- refers to the intangible factors of globalization
- beliefs

History of Globalization:
 One example is the silk road trade route from China to Europe. As it paved the way the not only the
trade of goods but also of culture and ideas.

 15th and 16th century

- European countries were developing trade internationally and colonized many nations
- With colonization came also the spread of ideas and culture

 19th century
- globalization increased due to the development of trade and industry
- supplemented also by the ease of travel
 20th - 21st century
- dawn of the internet era would eventually pave the way to world wide communication with ease that
would facilitate globalization in our time
- supplemented by the access to air travel

Reasons for Globalization:

1. Existence of global market
2. Growth of international financial institutions
3. Development of modern transportation
4. Trade
5. Modern technology
6. Interaction with other nations

Dimensions of Globalization:
1. Communication
- information and technology has paved the way for globalization due to use of internet and
cyberspace technology
- 60% of the world’s population uses mobile phones
- international news network deliver world news which is an instrument of globalization because it
increases awareness on what is happening around the world

2. Travel
- tourist who would come to other countries or people seeking employment in other countries would
likely share their culture and beliefs
- has also affected the world in a negative way such as the spread of disease (SARS, COVID, etc.)

3. Popular Culture/Pop Culture

- other countries in the world also influence the culture and beliefs of others
- culture and traditions of other nations also slowly start to disappear as the dominant culture would
take its place

4. Economy
- one of the primary ways where countries interact with each other
- the world market enables many countries to showcase their products that would influence other
countries in terms of their economy

5. Politics
- international organizations paved the way for globalization
- has its drawbacks because some foreign countries meddle in the politics and governance of other
countries in the disguise of assistance and support

Effects of Globalization: