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Chapter

Advances in Sustainable Strategies

for Water Pollution Control:
A Systematic Review
Clement Kamil Abdallah, Samuel Jerry Cobbina,
Khaldoon A. Mourad, Abu Iddrisu and Justice Agyei Ampofo

Abstract

Various technologies, strategies, and policies have been implemented to improve

water quality worldwide. This systematic review comprehensively appraises technolo-
gies, strategies, and water pollution control policies enacted worldwide between 2000
and 2021. Five databases, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Library
of Congress, were used for the search. After screening, 89 eligible articles were selected
from 2119 documents for further analysis. Selected articles were included: (1) 31 articles
covered policies and strategies enacted for controlling water pollution, (2) 47 articles
focused on sustainable technologies to control water pollution in different countries,
and (3) 11 articles were Nature-based solutions related. Sustainable technologies identi-
fied were: aquatic vegetation restoration technology, eco-remediation bio-manipulation
technology, wetlands rehabilitation technology, floating aquatic-plant bed systems, and
adsorption technology. Most of these methods are geared toward reducing pollutant
levels in industrial and agricultural wastewater. Also, most policies are geared toward
the manufacturing and farming industries, respectively. Nature-based solutions identi-
fied were horizontal-flow treatment wetlands (HFTWs) and constructed wetlands.
Furthermore, the current one is atomic layer deposition (ALD).

Keywords: pollution, sustainable technologies, water policy, pollution control

strategies

1. Introduction

Pollution of water sources includes the introduction of harmful substances into

aquatic ecosystems. This indicates that a material or substances have accumulated in
the water supply to unhealthy levels, endangering human health, animal, and plant life
[1]. Substances, organic and inorganic, as well as biological, radiological, and thermal,
can deteriorate the quality of water to the point where it is no longer usable. In addi-
tion, pollution can come from different or single sources, known as a point source and
nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution is an identifiable source of pollution,
such as a drain or pipe. An example is the frequent release of industrial wastewater into
rivers and the sea. Nonpoint source pollution refers to stormwater runoff that gathers
1
Pollution - Annual Volume 2022

impurities along its path to surface water bodies or aquifers from diffuse sources such
as buildings, pavement, and agricultural fields [2]. As a result of these pollutants, the
water is unfit for human, animal, or ecological consumption or use.
Furthermore, available freshwater in the world is gradually reducing due to high
pollution levels from human and industrial activities. For example, one of human-
ity’s critical environmental challenges is the contamination of freshwater resources
from increasing industries and natural compounds. In addition, rapid population
growth and advancing industrialization have increased the demand for water in many
countries and parts of the world, a precious commodity due to the adverse effects of
climate change. According to Vörösmarty et al. [3], over 80% of the world’s popula-
tion is exposed to water security threats.
An increasing number of emerging contaminates are entering water systems
from industrialization and human activity, such as personal care products, pharma-
ceuticals, heavy metals, detergents, and pesticides. These chemical compounds are
released into water bodies causing unprecedented health hazards. More so, water
waterborne diseases and microorganisms are found virtually everywhere. These
microorganisms enter waterways through septic tanks, farm runoff, storm drains,
and meat and other food processing industries.
Countries and institutions worldwide have become increasingly conscious of and
concerned about water pollution in recent years. In order to keep water supplies clean in
the long run, advanced sustainable pollution control methods have been developed on a
global scale [4]. Water pollution can be prevented, controlled, and reduced by measures
including source reduction (or “pollution prevention at the source”), the precautionary
principle, and the licensing of wastewater discharges by regulatory institutions [5].
Establishing policies and strategies and developing cutting-edge technology in
water pollution are inherently beneficial since they help regulate and enhance water
quality, avoiding unfavorable health effects. Progress in water pollution control dates
back to the industrial revolution era [6]. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(1948) followed the Chicago Act (1881) as the first significant water pollution regula-
tion in the United States. Since then, several regional, national, and international
systems have been implemented to address these issues [7]. At the continental level,
the European Union (EU) Water Directive, adopted in 2000, provided recommenda-
tions for safeguarding water on continental scale natural formations such as river
basins [8–11]. The most prevalent methods used to control local water pollution have
been the ban on dumping garbage into rivers and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle)
approach to trash management [1, 12].
In light of these challenges, much attention has been focused on finding ways to
control pollution and reclaim wastewater. Moreover, develop effective and cost-effi-
cient methods while protecting the environment and human health. In recent years,
extensive research has been conducted to identify realistic and alternative water and
wastewater treatment systems. Toxic contaminants in water and wastewater can
be removed using various techniques, including coagulation, membrane process,
adsorption, dialysis, foam flotation, osmosis, photocatalytic degradation, and bio-
logical approaches. However, their widespread implementation has been hampered
by issues such as processing efficiency, energy demand, engineering knowledge,
economic value, and infrastructure.
As stated by Moher et al. [13] and Tawfik et al. [14], posing the review’s objective
is imperative in any systematic review study. Therefore, the main objective of this
systematic review is to identify various advanced strategies, policies, technologies,
and Nature-based solutions enacted in different countries to control water pollution.
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Advances in Sustainable Strategies for Water Pollution Control: A Systematic Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108121

In addition, the chapter also summarized policy implementation gaps in African and
Asia countries, Europe, and North American countries. Finally, the review identified
knowledge and research gaps relevant for further investigations.

2. Methods

2.1 Search strategy

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

(PRISMA) guidelines were used to conduct this thorough systematic review [15]. The
search focused on articles published from 2000 to August 2022. Five scientific data-
bases (Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Library of Congress)
were searched using a systematic screening approach to identify water pollution
control strategies and technologies published in peer-reviewed journals. The search
terms were water pollution, aquatic pollution, river basin pollution, pollution control

Figure 1.
The screening process of articles.

3
Pollution - Annual Volume 2022

Inclusion Exclusion

Articles are either published initially in English or translated into Articles that are not published in English
English.

Prior to August, articles focused on advanced water pollution Authored articles that merely offer
management techniques, policies, and technologies. opinions, recommendations, and
Articles published after August 2022 hypothetical situations.
Articles published before 2001

Table 1.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for selection of articles.

policies, management strategies, pollution prevention programs, and cutting-edge

pollution mitigation techniques. Following the establishment of inclusion and exclu-
sion criteria, pertinent articles were chosen. Only English-language sources were
considered, and it was further supplemented by a search of a reference list of the most
relevant articles.

2.2 Eligibility criteria and data extraction

Four procedures were used to find appropriate manuscripts for the review
(Figure 1). To begin, we imported all of the manuscripts we could find from our
downloads into EndNote X8. This purpose was to weed out any papers that had
already been chosen. Also, titles and abstracts were used to determine which remain-
ing publications were relevant. In addition, we read the articles in their entirety to
ensure they fulfilled the criteria for this systematic review. All remaining papers
were then carefully examined to ensure they fulfilled the inclusion criteria in
Table 1. Water pollution control policies, strategies/technologies, initiation date/
period, authors’ names, and publication year are all topics covered by the data
extracted from the chosen publications.

3. Results

3.1 Characteristics of literature

After the duplicates were taken out, 2119 papers were reviewed using only their
titles and abstracts (Figure 1). After the above process, 227 articles were found to
be relevant to the review’s objectives. However, only 89 papers met the criteria for
inclusion. The review included articles published after 2001 focusing on groundwater
and surface pollution control strategies and recent advances in suitable nature-based
solutions. Moreover, articles on water pollution control using cutting-edge technolo-
gies were included (Table 2).

3.2 Characteristics of the retained studies

The following sections describe the features of the included study. The included
articles were made up of cross-sectional and review papers. Within the included
papers, articles that focused on sustainable technologies were (n = 47) 52.8%. In total,
34.8% of the articles concentrated on policies and strategies. In total, 12% (n = 11) of
the papers were Nature-based solution-related topics (Table 2).
4
Advances in Sustainable Strategies for Water Pollution Control: A Systematic Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108121

Characteristics Number Frequency (%)

Policies and strategies 31 34.8

Sustainable technologies 47 52.8

Nature-based solutions 11 12.4

Table 2.
Distribution of included articles.

4. Nature-based solution (NBS) strategies for water pollution control

4.1 Constructed wetlands (CWs)

Constructed wetland technology has been around for quite some time (Table 3).
It has widespread use and is well-established in eastern and western Europe and North
America, but it is hardly ever used in Africa and the Middle East [4]. However, most
European countries are beginning to focus on CWs because of their effectiveness in
amicrobial and antibiotic removal from wastewater [54]. Its function is based on natural
materials and processes facilitated by interactions between the plant’s main system com-
ponents, including the plants, substrate media, wastewater, and microorganisms. These
components naturally develop within the system [4]. Because the system is composed
mainly of soil, gravel, and plants rather than nonrenewable elements such as concrete
or steel, CWs are highly valued domestically [55]. Using readily available material is
crucial for cost-effectiveness and stimulating local and national economies, as most of
the components for a CW can be obtained from domestic suppliers [56]. In addition,
hybrid CW is noted to be very efficient in removing phosphorus load from agricultural
wastewater [54, 57].

Technology Pollutant Source of pollution References

Electrodialysis Chromium Municipal sewage [16, 17]

Biosorption by sawdust Safranin-O dye Industrial wastewater [18, 19]

Biosorption using Arachis Safranin-O Dye Textiles industries [20]

hypogaea

Anaerobic digestion Manure-borne pathogens Agricultural waste [21]

Sewage sludge-based activated Phenolic compounds Industrial wastewater [22]

carbon adsorption effluent

Blue-green walls Nutrients such as nitrates Agricultural pollution [23]

Groundwater recharge Arsenic Irrigation fields [24]

Modified magnetic resins (NDMP Ammonia nitrogen Industrial and [25]

resin) municipal effluent

Artificial aquifer research Micropollutants Municipal sewage [26]

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) Refractory organic Industrial wastewater [27]
pollutants

Atomic layer deposition Aquatic contaminants Agricultural fields [28, 29]

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) Industrial and [30]

agriculture

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Pollution - Annual Volume 2022

Technology Pollutant Source of pollution References

Sonication Cyanobacteria (blue- Nutrients [31]

green algae)

Green liver system Cyanotoxins Wastewater from [32]

aquaculture

Floc and sink Cyanobacteria [33]

Lanthanum-modified bentonite Planktothrix rubescen [34]

(LMB—sink/lock)

Visible-LED irradiation Microcystin River pollution [35]

Hydrogen peroxide approach Cyanobacteria Farmlands [36]

Phosphorus elimination plant Phosphorus Pharmaceutical [37]

(PEP) combined with advanced
pharmaceutical treatment

Metal–organic frameworks [38, 39]

(MOFs)

Constructed wetland Total nitrogen (TN) and Industrial and [40]

total phosphorous (TP) domestic sewage

Graphitic carbon nitride-based [41]

membrane

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) [28]

Fabric-based material Oil spill Oil refinery industry [42]

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia Sulfadiazine pollutant [43]

crassipes) for phytoremediation

Eco-remediation technology Heavy metal Industrial waste [44]

Aquatic vegetation restoration [45]

technology

Bio-manipulation technology [46]

Floating aquatic-plant bed [47–49]

systems
Wetlands rehabilitation [50]
technology

Adsorption technology [51–53]

Table 3.
Summary of technology type, pollutant, and sources of pollution.

4.2 Horizontal-flow treatment wetlands (HFTWs)

The world’s attention has been drawn to NBS for solving most of its environmental
challenges. HFTW is one of the recent advances in developing a sustainable solution
to control water pollution worldwide [58]. To facilitate horizontal flow through the
filter media, horizontal-flow treatment wetlands (HFTWs) are constructed from
gravel beds planted with emergent wetland vegetation [59]. An anaerobic environ-
ment can be maintained at a subsurface flow rate if the medium is completely satu-
rated with water. Straining and filtering keep the solids out, while adsorption and
absorption of the solubles considerably [60]. Chemical and biological processes in
6
Advances in Sustainable Strategies for Water Pollution Control: A Systematic Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108121

the filter medium play a significant role in further transforming and degrading the
retained chemicals. The root zone is a dynamic area that facilitates biofilm adhesion,
oxygen exchange, and the maintenance of hydraulic flow [61].

5. Policies for agriculture and industrial pollution control

Voluntary approach (VA) and informal regulations are other approaches to abate
water pollution. Furthermore, serving as an alternative policy to market-based and pre-
scriptive. The approach offers polluters incentives through environmental leadership or
cost-sharing programs [62]. Policies identified in this review concerning this approach
are as follow: U.S. 33/50 program on toxic releases is voluntary regulation implemented
in 1988 to reduce emissions of 17 chemicals to water, soil, and air by 33% by 1992 and
50% by 1995 [63]. The effectiveness of this policy is mixed, as researchers have differ-
ent views. Bi and Khanna [64] revealed that pollution reduction could not be attributed
to the 33/50 program. However, other researchers attributed the significant decline in
the 33/45 releases to participation in the program [65]. Compared with the mandatory
regulations, it is unclear if the VA positively impacts pollution control and improves
water quality [66]. Another VA approach identified in the review is Mexico’s Clean
Industry Program. Industries participate in this voluntary program to improve their
knowledge of current pollution control strategies. It was observed that dirty industries
punished by the regulatory authority are more likely to participate in the program.
Also, the effectiveness of sectors participating in the program to control pollution was
not substantially different from the nonparticipants [67].

5.1 Environmental liability policies

These policies are pretty standard, especially in the developed world. It rules that
the cost of ambient water pollution should be internalized. Liabilities are designed
to support the “Polluter Pay Principle”; however, polluters do not usually pay for the
damages [68]. Similar to developing and developed countries, it became relevant
when the EU adopted the Environmental Liability Directive (ELD) in 2004. The
directive holds polluters strictly responsible for the environmental damage they cause
to water and requires regulatory authorities to ensure that polluters restore damages to
nature in member countries [69]. Water pollution control in South Africa is regulated
by the National Water Act 36 of 1998. This Act’s primary objective is to prevent water
resource degradation. Section 19 of the Act stipulates that any person, organization,
or owner of land whose activities have caused or are likely to cause water resource
pollution should put up measures to stop or prevent it from happening [12].

6. Discussion

6.1 Technologies for water pollution control

This study attempted to systematically analyze some countries’ existing literature

on water pollution control strategies and technologies. Heavy industrialization in
agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and food processing has resulted in the pollution
of water bodies in the world. A rigorous review sourced from different platforms,
including the Web of Science and Scopus, has resulted in 89 articles related to the
research on advanced water pollution control strategies. The technologies captured in
7
Pollution - Annual Volume 2022

this review focused more on preventing inorganic pollution than organic pollution.
Moreover, most of the pollutants are inorganic pollutants.
Electrodialysis (ED) is remarkable in removing chromium and arsenic from
water polluted by sources such as textile dyeing, leather tanning, paints, and pigment
industries [70]. ED technology can reclaim wastewater and recover water through
concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorization. Gurreri et al.
[71] reported that factory plants had started large-scale installation for industrial
wastewater treatment. However, despite the advancement in electrodialysis develop-
ment, its liquid membrane generates bubbles at the electrodes, making it unstable,
and a voltage of 300 V can easily puncture the liquid membrane [16].
From the systematic review, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is frequently used for
aquatic remediation [29]. Cyanide ions, heavy metals, and other toxic substances can
be removed from wastewater effectively by ion exchange [72]. ALD is considered the
most advanced version of traditional chemical vapor deposition. Among the thin film
deposition methods for wastewater treatment, ALD has become the most attractive
because of its ability to work perfectly on complex three-dimensional surfaces and the
uniqueness of its uniform deposition [73, 74].
Antibiotic contamination of drinking water has recently reached epidemic propor-
tions. Shukla et al. [75] reported that sawdust, a relatively inexpensive and abundant
material, was investigated as an absorbent for removing heavy metals and other
pollutants. Sawdust has been a proven advanced and scalable technology for removing
contaminants from water. Sulfonated sawdust (SD-SO3 H) exhibited high capacity
in the removal of antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and tetracycline (TC)
[76]. Also, treated mahogany sawdust as a biosorbent effectively removed Nickel
ions (Ni2+) from industrial wastewater [77]. Textile industries consume many dyes to
colorate fabrics, and the waste from these activities is often discharged into water bod-
ies in countries like China. Research reports by Saroha & Ghosh [18] have shown that
sawdust is very effective in removing safranin-O dye. In the same study, the Arachis
hypogaea (peanut hull) shell has been proven very effective in eliminating Sefranin-O
dye. This technology is inexpensive because it is made from waste materials from wood
products and peanut hulls which can easily be found in our environment. Therefore,
low-income countries can adopt it to prevent industrial pollution of water bodies.
Water hyacinth is identified as an invasive weed that threatens the existence of
aquatic life. The presence of water hyacinth depletes the oxygen and nutrient levels
in the area where they grow. Additionally, it can also obstruct water movement. It
is, however, a noxious plant, but one that is also rich in invaluable chemicals such as
cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, which are found inside. It can be used as a biofuel
with the help of these chemicals [43]. Its biosorption ability to reduce various con-
taminants in wastewater has been well studied [78]. It can minimize physiochemical
properties such as total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemi-
cal oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and reduce heavy
metals and dyestuffs concentrations in industrial wastewater [79].
Water contaminants can be successfully removed through membrane separation,
using little energy and leaving a small carbon footprint. The most critical challenge in
developing membrane technology is finding a low-cost, stable, flexible, and multi-
functional material [41]. Graphic carbon nitrite has emerged as a promising mem-
brane material because of its unique structural properties and remarkable catalytic
activity. According to Gao et al. [80], graphic nitrates showed effective and efficient
photodegradation and adsorption properties for removing organic pollutants from
wastewater.
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Advances in Sustainable Strategies for Water Pollution Control: A Systematic Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108121

Persistent pollution from factories has degraded our freshwater supplies and made
them unsafe to drink for decades. Since industrialization increased waste creation,
this has become extremely problematic to handle. Researchers have suggested that
creating tools to cut down on or eliminate industrial waste entirely is the greatest
approach to find a long-term solution to this issue [23]. China, for instance, has spent
in creating new cutting-edge technologies for treating industrial wastewater after
a number of measures failed to improve river water quality [81, 82]. In Belin, for
instance, a phosphorus elimination plant was built to treat the effluent of the phar-
maceutical industry in order to limit the quantity of phosphorus discharged into the
rivers [37].

7. Policy gaps and implementation challenges in Asia and Africa

The enforcement gap is the major challenge in implementing China’s water pol-
lution control policies and regulations. China is recognized as one of the countries in
the developing world with solid institutions and comprehensive environmental regu-
lations [83]. Nevertheless, the enforcement gap is identified in its political, economic,
and social factors that prevent China’s comprehensive environmental policies from
resulting in clean rivers. Politically, the central government is strong and can create
policies without much stakeholder engagement or discussion. An example of such
political power was when the central government directed Jiangsu Province to clean
Tai lake by 1998. Though the standards were met by the deadline, in-depth examina-
tion revealed that most factories cheated to pass the inspection [81]. This directive
was either issued with little or no engagement from the stakeholders. Also, complex
and fragmented institutional arrangements challenged the “333” integrated strategy
[84]. The fragmented authoritarian structure of China’s government is adversely
affecting their efforts to keep their water and rivers clean.
Furthermore, Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) are often found under
several bureaucracies and answer to many bureaucracies and local governments [85].
This can make their work very cumbersome and ineffective. To make EPBs effective
and efficient, their efforts should be decentralized to all local governments within
China. Moreover, Gao et al. [86] and Han et al. [84] identified a lack of incentives for
government officials or penalties and complex water administration as challenges for
implementing water pollution control measures in China. Another issue undermining
the ineffectiveness of water pollution control measures is the lack of awareness of the
dangers of water pollution [81]. Despite the increase in awareness, a survey conducted
in rural China revealed that lack of environmental consciousness was cited as one of
the significant reasons for deteriorating environmental conditions [87].
India’s water pollution management has undergone significant reforms in
the past four decades. However, implementation challenges persist [88]. Several
ministries deal with the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, which
delays decision-making, inter-sectoral conflicts, and fragmentation of efforts
[89]. The same gap is identified in Pakistan, where multiple authorities oversee
the water sector with various regulations and overlapping responsibilities [90].
To avoid this, a unified framework can be created for decision-making with
representation from each ministry and stakeholder. Also, stakeholder participa-
tion is identified as a gap impeding India’s river basin conservation plan [91]. In
Pakistan, industries are made to self-monitor and report their environmental
management situation under the PEPA Act [92]. Alam [93] said that industries
9
Pollution - Annual Volume 2022

discharge low effluent standards into wetlands and rivers in Pakistan. In

Ethiopia, there are discrepancies between the nicely crafted policies and prac-
tices. For example, there are no centralized water quality database, effluent
standards, and water quality guidelines for industries [94]. Coupled with this,
Addis Ababa, as the capital city, lacks a proper drainage system [95]. As a result,
domestic and industrial wastewater is quickly discharged into river bodies. It has
made it almost impossible to control river pollution.
South African Water Act is viewed as s the Rolls Royce of IWRM legislation [96].
However, its implementation became a difficult task. The critical challenge to the
performance of the Water Act was that it was too overambitious to implement vast
functions simultaneously [97]. Though the Act was written so it could be imple-
mented in phases, the implementing authority was overwhelmed with multiple tasks
simultaneously with limited resources [96].

8. Policy gaps and implementation challenges in Europe and North

America

In the developed world, water pollution control policies have recorded success in
keeping rivers and watersheds clean [98–100]. This success is attributed to the vital
institutions, available funding, and human resources [62]. Despite the success stories
of these policies, there are several accounts of policy gaps and challenges hampering
the attainment of pollution-free rivers [101]. Regarding water quality trading in the
USA, Canada, and Australia, researchers have recounted instances where buyers were
not available to purchase pollution credit from sellers [99]. Many in the USA have no
trading [102]. Claire and Bryan [103] described it as another “polluter-pays scheme”
by more giant industries. More prominent industries buy salinity credit allocation
from smaller enterprises if they exceed their limits in Australia Hunter River. This
can make more giant industries relax on exploring more innovative technologies to
prevent pollution and rely on credits from smaller enterprises. Farmers in Canada had
reservations about phosphorous trading in the South Nation River watershed. They
feared that blame would come if phosphorus standards were not met [104]. Because
water quality trading permits polluters to buy credits instead of reaching their pollu-
tion targets, such programs could result in harmful pollution hotspots if one facility
purchases too many credits. Individual markets can implement hot spot prevention
techniques but are not obligated to do so [101].
The European Union report on the Water Framework Directive (WFD) recom-
mended that Germany and other EU countries improve their water management.
This signals gaps in their policies and implementation process. European Commission
assesses that measures to protect freshwater are not ambitious, demonstrating very
low clean water aspirations. Under this same circumstance, other countries are still
opting for the easy way out and pushing for the Water Framework Directive to be
significantly weakened. This was noticed during the commission’s fitness check of the
WFD [105].

9. Knowledge gap and future research

This systematic review focuses on the last 21 years. The results show that research
on water pollution control strategies and technology in developing and developed
10
Advances in Sustainable Strategies for Water Pollution Control: A Systematic Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108121

countries focused on industrial and agricultural pollution control (point source pol-
lution) instead of urban water pollution control. Therefore, it is suggested that future
review efforts include the following. First, researchers can do a systematic review
of urban water pollution control strategies and technologies with a more extended
review period of 30 years. Strategies and technologies to control urban water pollu-
tion should focus on sanitary sewage, runoff, separated sewage system, storm drain-
age, and combined sewage system. A longer review period will give new insights and
a good picture of urban water pollution control. Second, considering the gaps and
policy implementation challenges, subsequent researchers can do a systematic review
and meta-analysis on the impact of water pollution control policies and strategies in
developing and developed countries.

10. Conclusion

A systematic review was conducted to identify advanced water pollution control

strategies, technologies, and policies for published articles from 2001 to 2022. The
papers used in this analysis fell into one of three groups: (1) that introduce poli-
cies and strategies to control water pollution worldwide, (2) articles that introduce
different sustainable technologies to control water pollution in different countries,
and (3) Nature-based solutions related strategies to control water pollution. Category
two of the review was further classified into technology type, pollutant, and source
of pollution. Furthermore, category one was also further disintegrated into different
policy types. As a result, water pollution control policies identified were voluntary
approaches and environmental liability policies. Therefore, the main conclusions
regarding advanced water pollution control strategies, policies, and technologies in
the countries included in the review can be drawn as follows:
Among the technologies identified, absorption is common in advanced methods
for controlling pollutants such as cyanobacteria, nutrients, arsenic, and heavy
metals. The primary sources of the contaminants were industries and agricultural
farmlands.
It was revealed that most policies enacted in the reviewed countries were prescrip-
tive. It is also known as the command and control policy because it gives industries
and polluters directives to meet specific water quality requirements. USA and China
dominated with such policies. Institutions such as Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) are given the power to regulate and closely monitor industries’ activities to
prevent water pollution. Global pollution of water resources is mainly from industrial
and agricultural waste. However, as observed from the review, most technologies and
policies were focused on minimizing waste from industries and agricultural activities.
Therefore, there is a need for the following recommendation below:

• Global adoption of green technology should be encouraged to ensure that the

water pollution control approach is environmentally friendly, economically fea-
sible, and energy efficient. With these methods, pollutant and nutrient removal
will be very efficient. At the same time, carbon footprints will be minimized, and
waste will be reduced, and safeguard human health and the environment.

• Over ambitious policies and strategies should be redesigned to promote coop-

eration between stakeholders and all water users to ensure sustainable water
management.
11
Pollution - Annual Volume 2022

• Waste materials such as peanut hulls and sawdust should be considered for water
pollution management in future technological developments. This will encourage
the recycling of environmental waste while also preventing water contamination
at the same time.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict(s) of interest.

Author details

Clement Kamil Abdallah1*, Samuel Jerry Cobbina1, Khaldoon A. Mourad2,3,

Abu Iddrisu1,4 and Justice Agyei Ampofo1

1 Department of Environment and Sustainability Science, University for

Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

2 Lund University, Lund, Sweden

3 The Centre for Sustainable Visions, Lund, Sweden

4 Environmental Protection Agency, Ghana

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
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Advances in Sustainable Strategies for Water Pollution Control: A Systematic Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108121

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