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NARC/LSSC/WST/RPT24

MILITARY LEADERSHIP STRATEGY, NATIONAL SECURITY AND WORLD PEACE: THE

REPUBLIC OF GHANA IN PERSPECTIVE

INTRODUCTION
1. Nations all over the world strive to constantly improve their military efficiency and effectiveness

in line with contemporary security challenges. These challenges have often led to changes in operational

requirements for the armed forces. It is for this reason that nations seek more productive ways of ensuring

their armed forces adequately adopt astute military leadership strategies to deal with contemporary

security threats. Military leadership strategy refers to the principles that guide the decision-making and

actions of military commanders in leading their forces towards achieving specific objectives, while also

accounting for factors such as resources, training capacity and risk management among others, towards

enhancing national security.

2. National security refers to the provision of citizens’ needs and protection of a nation’s territorial

integrity, core values and interests against any internal or external threat as well as maintenance of law

and order. Over the years, nations have recognized the role of effective military leadership strategy in

bolstering national security by enhancing operational readiness and fostering strategic alliances to deter

potential adversaries. This realization has prompted governments to invest resources in developing

advanced military capabilities, fostering military leadership training programmes and promoting inter-

agency collaboration for the enhancement of national security.

3. World peace refers to a state of global harmony characterized by the absence of violence,

conflict, and hostility between nations, communities, and individuals that undermines national security. It

encompasses the cessation of armed conflicts and also the promotion of social justice, human rights, and

sustainable development in maintaining world peace. Military leadership strategy plays a crucial role in

achieving and maintaining world peace by focusing on conflict prevention, peacekeeping operations, and

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diplomatic engagement. For instance, the United Nations Department of Peace Operations reported that in

2023, over 87,000 personnel were deployed in 12 peacekeeping operations worldwide, demonstrating the

significant role of military leadership in global peace efforts (United Nations, 2023). National security,

while often associated with military strength, is increasingly recognized as intertwined with global peace

and stability.

4. The concept of “human security” introduced by the United Nations Development Programme in

1994 emphasizes that true national security extends beyond military defence to include economic, food,

health, environmental, personal, community, and political security (UNDP, 1994). This comprehensive

approach to security aligns with modern military leadership strategies that prioritize conflict prevention,

humanitarian assistance, and capacity building in vulnerable regions. Hence, by integrating these

multifaceted approaches, military leaders contribute to a more stable and peaceful world while

simultaneously enhancing their nations' security.

5. The United States of America (USA) has consistently invested significant resources in

developing advanced military capabilities, improving leadership capacity training programmes,

establishing military institutions and promoting inter-agency collaboration to maintain its position as a

global superpower. To improve military leadership strategy for the enhancement of national security, the

US government established institutions such as the National Defense University (NDU) and the various

service academies including the United States Military Academy at West Point, the United States Naval

Academy and the United States Air Force Academy (US Army, 2023) among other training institutions

with requisite and functional military industrial complex. These institutions play a crucial role in

cultivating the next generation of military leaders by providing requisite training programmes.

Furthermore, the US government has enacted laws and policies aimed at strengthening its military

leadership strategy capabilities such as the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) which allocates

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funds annually for military operations, personnel as well as research and development (The White House,

2022). In 2023, the NDAA allocated US$858 billion for defence spending, reflecting the government's

dedication to maintaining a robust military presence (Zengerle, 2023). The investment in military

leadership strategy has significantly enabled the USA to maintain a formidable global presence and

respond swiftly to emerging threats to its national security.

6. In Ghana, the government has taken several measures to improve its military leadership

capabilities and ensure the country's security and territorial integrity. This includes the establishment of

the Ghana Military Academy (GMA), Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College (GAFCSC) and

the UN established Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC)

(Agyeman&Boateng, 2017). The Government of Ghana (GoG) has also implemented several defence

policies and strategies such as the National Security Strategy and the Defence Policy which outline the

country's security priorities and guide the development of its military capabilities to enhance national

security (Agyekum, 2018). To improve military leadership strategy towards national security, Ghana

trained a total of 1,875 military personnel at local institutions, representing approximately 75 per cent of

the total number of personnel trained from 2015 to 2023 (Booth &Agyeman, 2024). Additionally, 625

military personnel accounting for 25 per cent received training at foreign military schools and academies

including the United States Military Academy(UMA) at West Point, the Royal Military Academy(RMA)

Sandhurst in the United Kingdom and the National Defence College (NDC) Kaduna as well as Armed

Forces Command and Staff College (AFSCS),Jaji in Nigeria (Booth &Agyeman, 2023). Ghana’s

subscriptions to these local and foreign military institutions are to train future military strategic leaders for

the protection of her interests and national security.

7. In Nigeria, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) has made concerted efforts to improve

military leadership strategies towards enhancing national security (Ugwu&Eze, 2021). For instance, from

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2015 to 2021, the FGN allocated an estimated US$350 million to military training (Badaru, 2023). This

includes training conducted both within Nigeria and in foreign military schools. Some of the training

institutions include the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), AFSC, NDC and international military

institutions such as the United States Army War College(USAWC) and the RMA Sandhurst

(Obadare&Adebanwi, 2016) among others. Also, between 2015 and 2021, Nigeria's military trained a

total of 12,470 personnel, with 9,820 equivalent to 78.7 per cent receiving training at local institutions

(Eneh, 2020). Additionally, 2,650 equivalent of 21.3 per cent of personnel were sent for training at

foreign military schools with defence expenditure of US$2.1 billion in 2021 (Badaru, 2023). Despite

these efforts, Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have hindered the effectiveness of its

military leadership strategy in enhancing national security and thus reducing her contributions to world

peace.

8. From the foregoing, Participants of Leadership and Strategic Studies Course 2/23, Nigerian Army

Resource Centre undertook a World Study Tour to Ghana from 14 – 20 April 2024. The Theme of the

visit was “Exposing Participants to a Deeper Appreciation of the Relationship between Military

Leadership, Strategy and National Security”. During the tour, the team paid a visit to the Ghana Ministry

of Defence (GMOD) and Ministry for National Security amongst others. List of ministries and institutions

visited is at Annex A.

9. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine the role of military leadership strategy in

maintaining national security and world peace with Ghana as a case study while drawing lessons for

Nigeria. The paper will conceptualize the key variables, explore Ghana’s geo-strategic setting and present

an overview of Ghana’s military leadership strategy and national security, before drawing lessons for

Nigeria. The paper will cover from 2014 to 2024, being the period Ghana made significant changes in its

military leadership strategy to enhance national security with tangible contributions to world peace.

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AIM

10. The aim of this paper is to discuss Ghana’s military leadership strategy and national security

towards world peace, drawing lessons for Nigeria.

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS

11. The key variables in this paper are military leadership strategy, national security and world peace.

These variables will be conceptualized and their relationship established.

MILITARY LEADERSHIP STRATEGY

12. Amir (2018) defined military leadership strategy as the comprehensive plan and approach

employed by military commanders to guide the actions and decisions of their forces in achieving specific

objectives. This definition highlights the importance of military leadership strategy in effectively utilizing

military resources and capabilities to achieve specific objectives. Although, this view has made it clear in

terms of the attributes, which include comprehensive planning and informed decision-making, however,

the impact of military leadership strategy on national security is not captured, hence, the definition is not

adequate to be adopted for this paper.

13. The US Department of the Army (2013) defined military leadership strategy as the activity of

influencing people by providing operational planning, direction, effective resource management, risk

assessment and motivation to accomplish the mission and protect the nation’s interest and national

security. This definition emphasizes the role of military leadership in achieving operational goals and

national security through operational planning, direction, effective resource management, risk assessment

and motivation which are the attributes of military leadership strategy. This definition is apt and therefore

adopted for this paper.

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NATIONAL SECURITY

14. Nnoli (2013) conceptualises national security as the physical safety of the citizens along with the

safety of their property and freedom from any threats. Nnoli’s view covered the safety of lives and

property. However, the view did not cover how the safety of citizens can be achieved, which can be

through the socio-economic indices of a country such as poverty reduction. The view is therefore not

considered as an operational definition for this paper.

15. According to the Centre for American Progress (2014), national security is the comprehensive

approach of a nation in coordinating national power to achieve security objectives. This includes strategic

planning, regional stability and coordination required to safeguard the nation with a cohesive and

integrated approach to national security. This definition takes a more comprehensive approach,

highlighting the protection of a nation's people, values and interests from both external and internal

threats through various means including strategic planning and regional stability. Therefore, Centre for

American Progress’s definition is apt and adopted for this paper.

WORLD PEACE

16. Several scholars have given different meaning to world peace. According to Galtung (1996)

world peace is the ideal state of global harmony and absence of conflict among nations, communities and

individuals. It embodies the notion of universal cooperation, mutual respect and understanding, aiming to

foster a sustainable environment where all people can live free from fear, violence and oppression.

Achieving world peace involves addressing the root causes of conflicts, promoting social justice as well

as fostering inclusive dialogue and cooperation on both local and international levels. This definition

covers the general perspective of world peace being the absence of violence. However, it does not

highlight the responsibilities of the citizens towards ensuring world peace. This definition though useful is

not apt for this paper and therefore not adopted.

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17. The UN Charter (1945) views world peace as the condition in which there is absence of war,

conflict, violence and aggression among nations and within societies. It further reaffirms faith in

fundamental human rights, the dignity and worth of the human person as well as the equal rights of men

and women, nations and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising

from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained and to promote social progress and

better standards of life. It further states that, achieving world peace requires a concerted effort from

governments, international organizations, civil society and individuals. It also involves the

implementation of effective conflict resolution mechanisms, the promotion of disarmament and non-

violence as well as the cultivation of a culture of peace through education and awareness-raising

initiatives. Sustainable peace-building efforts must address underlying structural inequalities, historical

grievances and power imbalances to create a more just and equitable world for future generations. The

UN definition on world peace captures the purpose of this paper and is therefore adopted.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MILITARY LEADERSHIP STRATEGY, NATIONAL SECURITY

AND WORLD PEACE

18. Military leadership strategy is crucial for national security. The world is connected and the events

in one nation can have global effects, thus security in individual nations can positively affect world peace.

Therefore military leadership strategy, national security and world peace are directly related.

GEOSTRATEGIC SETTING OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA

19. The geostrategic setting of the Republic of Ghana focuses on the geography, climate and the

history and culture, political and social setting, economy as well as defence and security. These are

discussed subsequently.

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

20. Ghana is located between Latitudes 4° 30' and 11° North and Longitudes 1° 12' and 3° 15' West

and lies along the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa (Ardayfio- Schandorf, 2017). The country shares

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borders with Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Togo, lying along the Gulf of Guinea. The map showing

international boundaries between Ghana and other neighbouring West African countries is at Annex B.

The country's diverse terrain spans sandy beaches, rainforests and savannah grasslands across

approximately 238,535 square kilometres (Awumbila&Tsikata,2018). Coastal position shapes defence

priorities, while internal geography impacts resource distribution and socio-economic dynamics that

shape the military leadership strategy and national unity of the country.

21. Ghana has varying climatic conditions across its regions. Rainfall ranges from approximately 40

inches (1,000 mm) per year in the north to as high as 80inches (2,000 mm) per year in the western coastal

area (Ghana Climate: Average Weather, Temperature, Rain - Climates to Travel, (Johnson, 2023).

Temperature fluctuations span from 78.6 °F (25.9 °C) to 95 °F (35 °C) in winter, reaching up to 104 F (40

°C) in summer, with higher humidity levels ranging from 77 to 85 per cent predominantly observed in the

southern regions (Abubakar, 2022). The inland regions display characteristics of both coastal and

northern Savannah climates, while the north experiences a tropical Savannah climate with distinct wet

and dry seasons as well as lower rainfall. The southern coast sees peak rainfall between April and July

yearly, whereas the north faces a pronounced dry season, particularly during the harmattan season from

Dec to Feb.

HISTORY AND CULTURE

22. Ghana, historically known as the Gold Coast as named by the British colonialists has undergone

significant cultural and historical transformations shaped by interactions with diverse civilizations

throughout its history. Ghana gained its independence from British colonial rule on 6 Mar 57, under

Kwame Nkrumah's leadership, which is a milestone in the nation's history (Davidson, 2018). Nkrumah's

adherence to Pan-Africanism and socialism left an indelible mark on Ghana's domestic and foreign

policies, which shaped the country's cultural identity and influenced liberation movements across Africa.

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Despite its diverse population of over 50 ethnic groups, Ghana shares common values of resilience,

hospitality and communalism, which contribute to its cultural cohesion (Awedoba, 2019). Ghana

showcases its heritage through music, dance, art and festivals, embodying a historical narrative shaped by

ancient empires, colonialism and independence movements. This cultural expression underscores Ghana's

dynamic evolution and societal resilience amid diverse historical influences. The Ghana Armed Forces

(GAF) military leadership recognize the significance of cultural competence in building trust and rapport

within communities (Agyemang 2018). Despite potential tensions stemming from cultural diversity,

Ghana's varied cultural heritage provides opportunities for collaboration by the military leadership

strategy in Ghana to enhance national unity.

23. While English functions as the official language, indigenous languages such as Twi, Ga, Ewe and

Hausa are widely spoken, facilitating cultural expression and communication within communities.

Additionally, traditional beliefs and practices, alongside Christianity and Islam are integral to Ghanaian

culture (Amenumey, 2019). Customs like libation ceremonies and festivals foster community bonding

and preserve cultural heritage. Ghanaian artistry, renowned for its vibrancy and craftsmanship, including

Adinkra symbols and Kente cloth, promotes national pride and identity (Osabutey&Nyuur, 2018). Music,

dance, cuisine and hospitality further enrich Ghana's cultural tapestry, serving as avenues for storytelling,

celebration and social expression (Amissah, 2018). Ghanaian cuisine, blending traditional and modern

influences, showcases bold flavours and spices in dishes like Jollof Rice, Banku, Fufu, and Groundnut

Soup. This diverse culinary tradition reflects Ghana's cultural heritage and geographic location, offering a

rich tapestry of flavours and ingredients. Military engagement with these cultural elements not only

fosters understanding and cooperation within local communities but also strengthens national unity and

cohesion

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POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SETTING OF GHANA

24. Republic of Ghana is a unitary state with constitutional democracy and its administrative

structure consists of 6 metropolitan assemblies, 55 municipal assemblies, and 260 districts, each with its

own district assembly. There are 16 administrative regions in the Republic of Ghana which include

Greater Accra, Ashanti, Western, Eastern, Central, Volta, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Bono, Bono

East, Ahafo, Savannah, North East, Oti and Western North. The map showing the 16 regions is at annex

C and the list of the regions and their Ministers is at Annex D. Unlike Nigeria with elected governors, the

regional ministers are appointed by the President who is an executive head of state. Below the districts are

various councils, including 58 town or area councils, 108 zonal councils and 626 area councils. The

administrative structure of Ghana aims to promote centralization with local participation and effective

governance. Ghana has a population of over 30 million people, the capital Accra is the most populous

urban centre. The country's decentralized administrative structure necessitates cooperation among

national, regional and local authorities for effective governance and security provision (Gyimah-Boadi,

2019).

25. Ghana's engagement in peacekeeping operations, including the United Nations Mission in Liberia

(UNMIL) underscores its commitment to regional stability and security cooperation

(Aning&Addo, 2019). Through these efforts, Ghana enhances its international standing and strengthens

regional partnerships, which creates a fertile ground for both national and regional cohesion through its

military leadership strategy. Ghana's socio-economic issues, such as poverty, unemployment and

inequality are significant security concerns impacting the national military leadership strategy in

enhancing national security. Ghana's unemployment rate has shown a slight upward trend, with rates

ranging from 3.52 per cent in 2022 to a projected 4 per cent in 2024, before a projected decrease to 3.9

per cent in 2025 (Ghana Unemployment Rate 1960-2024). High youth unemployment rates have the

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potential to fuel social unrest and recruitment by extremist groups which could affect efforts of the

military leadership strategy in ensuring national unity.

26. Furthermore, while Ghana's ethnic diversity enriches its cultural landscape, it also presents

challenges regarding social cohesion and national identity. For instance, the Dagbon, Bawku, Bimbilla,

Bolga and Bole chieftaincy conflicts resulted in violent clashes leading to the deaths of hundreds in 2021

(Bukari et al,2021). Ethnic tensions in Ghana's Northern and Volta regions call for a sensitive, inclusive

military leadership strategy to prevent escalation and promote reconciliation. Ghana's involvement in

peacekeeping operations and response to socio-economic challenges highlight the need for an inclusive

military leadership strategy to foster national unity and by extension, contribute to world peace.

DEFENCE AND SECURITY OF GHANA

27. The military leadership strategy of Ghana places great emphasis on upholding professionalism,

inclusivity, collaboration and adherence to the rule of law. These values are critical in fostering national

unity and solidarity. The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, specifically Chapter 17, Article 210

sections (1) and (2), establishes the GAF, comprising the Army, Navy, Air Force, and other services as

determined by Parliament (Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992). Section (3) of the Constitution

asserts that “The Armed Forces shall be equipped and maintained to perform their role of defence of

Ghana as well as such other functions for the development of Ghana as the President may determine.”

Therefore military leadership strategy is crucial for ensuring national security as well as to maintain

national unity.

28. Ghana's defence and security structure, led by the National Security Council (NSC) chaired by

the President, integrates high-ranking officials, the head of security agencies and non-commissioned

officers, reflecting a decentralized approach to security (Gyimah-Boadi and Awuah, 2018). The inclusion

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of traditional rulers, women and non-commissioned officers in District Security Committees (DSCs)

underscores Ghana's commitment to community-based security initiatives, fostering local ownership and

collaboration (Amos and Bayu, 2020). The GAF formations are interspersed in different locations across

the country.

29. The defence policy of Ghana is premised on maintaining the country’s defence potentials to

curtail possible military threats taking into account the protection of the country's natural and human

resources as well as interests. The objectives of Ghana's defence policy are coordination and execution of

policies about national security (GMOD, 2023). Ghana's defence policy is guided by the National

Security Strategy of 2014 and the Defence Policy of Ghana of 2005. The Defence Policy of Ghana

provides a framework for the organization, administration and operational readiness of GAF.

30. The GAF consists of the Ghanaian Army (GA), the Ghanaian Air force (GHF) and the Ghanaian

Navy (GN) with a total strength of about 25,500 active personnel (GMOD, 2023). The defence budget

allocations from 2017 to 2023 include US$88.3 million in 2017, US$125.1 million in 2020, US$139.9

million in 2021 and US$169.3 million in 2023. Also, Ghana’s defence budget for 2024 is estimated at

US$317 million (global data, 2024). The country has military partnerships for training and procurement

of hardware with countries such as Nigeria, the US, UK, France, Germany and China (Martin, 2023).

These partnerships also involve joint exercises, military education and training programmes through

government-to-government agreements or military contracts.

31. The Army is organized into 3 brigade-sized; commands distributed across the country. The

Northern Command, based in Tamale, comprises units such as the 6th Battalion and 69th Airborne Force.

In Kumasi, the Central Command includes the 3rd and 4th Battalions, while the Southern Command,

situated in Accra, houses the 1st and 2nd Battalions, among others. The Ghanaian Air force is

headquartered in Burma camp Accra and has three air bases located in Accra, Takoradi and Tamale. It

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also has a tactical command in Bui. The Ghanaian Navy is organized into the Naval Headquarters (NHQ)

in Burma Camp Accra, the Western Naval Command (WNC) in Sekondi, the Eastern Naval Command

(ENC) in Tema and the Naval Training Command (NTC) with units in both Sekondi and Tema

(af.mil.gh).Military formations deployed across regions uphold law and order, provide disaster relief and

support development which bolsters national cohesion (Aning, 2018).

33. However, Ghana has been experiencing increased crime, violent extremism, illegal mining,

road safety issues, environmental degradation and terrorism since 2012. It is obvious from these that

Ghana has similar security challenges as Nigeria and GAF is also involved in various internal security

operations in aid of civil authority. The list of such operations with their objectives is at Annex F.

ECONOMY OF GHANA

34. Ghana's economy has undergone significant transformation over the past decades, transitioning

from an agrarian-based economy to a more diversified one. Agriculture remains a crucial component,

employing approximately 30 per cent of the workforce and contributing around 18 per cent to the GDP in

2022 (Skovmand and Olwig, 2023). In 2021, the mining sector employed over 1.1 million people, both

directly and indirectly, contributing around 8 per cent to the GDP (Dumenu, 2023). The discovery of

significant oil reserves in 2007 has boosted the country's economic prospects with the oil and gas industry

contributing approximately 4 per cent to the GDP in 2022 (Skovmandand Olwig, 2023).

35. Additionally, the manufacturing sector, which includes industries such as aluminium smelting,

food processing and cement production has played a vital role in employing over 600,000 people

in 2020 and contributing around 6 per cent to the GDP in 2022 (Dumenu, 2023). The strength of Ghana's

economy has a direct impact on its ability to allocate resources towards enhancing its military leadership

strategy and national security. Furthermore, a robust and diverse economy provides the necessary

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financial means to invest in military infrastructure, equipment and personnel training programmes.

Ghana's economic policies such as the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA) and

the Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies (CPESDP) are aimed at

improving sustainable economic growth which in turn supports the allocation of resources towards

strengthening national security and military capabilities (Dumenu, 2023).

36. Traditional institutions in Ghana, such as chiefs and elders, have a significant impact on

peace and development of the country. They also have leverage on the national resources

management in terms of royalty and ownership of lands in their domain. These institutions have

deep roots in Ghanaian society and often wield significant influence over their communities.

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN GHANA

37. Ghana has generally been praised for its state of democratic leadership and commitment to good

governance in recent years. Ghana has some prominent and globally recognised leaders who contributed

to leadership development and world peace. Some of the leaders are Kwame Nkrumah, Jerry Rawlings

and Kofi Annan. For instance, Kofi Annan who dedicated his life to the cause of peace, was the seventh

Secretary-General of the United Nations. Born in Ghana in 1938, Annan rose through the ranks of the UN

to become one of the most respected and influential figures in international diplomacy. His tenure as

Secretary-General from 1997 to 2006 coincided with a period of significant global challenges, including

the aftermath of the Cold War, the proliferation of regional conflicts and the emergence of new security

threats such as terrorism and climate change. He was able to facilitate the establishment of the KAIPTC

in Ghana which has contributed to not only leadership development in Ghana but also world peace at

large. Ghanaian leaders have made efforts to promote transparency, accountability and inclusivity which

help to maintain peace and stability. Ghana has generally been considered safer and more stable

compared to some of its neighbours. The country's commitment to democratic governance and respect for

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human rights sets an example for other African nations (Arhin, 2010). Ghana's contributions to regional

integration efforts underscore its role and commitment toward and diplomatic initiatives, Ghana promotes

national security and world peace.

OVERVIEW OF MILITARY LEADERSHIP STRATEGY AND NATIONAL

SECURITY IN GHANA TOWARDS WORLD PEACE

38. Ghana is a relatively stable democracy having been under continuous democratic rule

since 1992. The country is also largely peaceful, secure and its level of national security is

impressive. The country makes significant contributions to world peace particularly through its

active participation in PSOs and global peace initiatives. Ghana contributes significantly to

human capacity development for peace support operations this is evidenced by the fact that it

plays host to the KAIPKC. The military leadership strategy of Ghana has contributed in no small

measure in its ability to maintain national security, unity and contribute in no small measure to

world peace.

39. The Government of Ghana (GoG) at independence in 1957 recognized the importance of

building a well-trained military force to safeguard the nation's sovereignty and territorial

integrity (Bah & Kwesi, 2019). The GoG introduced the Ghana Armed Forces Doctrine and the

National Security Strategy (NSS) in 2020, which outlined a comprehensive framework for

enhancing military capabilities, improving operational readiness and aligning defence priorities

with national security objectives (Ebo & Kofi, 2022). The Ghana Armed Forces (GAF)

comprises the Ghana Army, Ghana Air Force, and Ghana Navy, with a total strength of

approximately 25,500 active personnel (GMOD, 2023). The GAF's command structure divides

Ghana into North, Central and South commands to optimize national security. The strategy

facilitated the establishment of various forward operating bases to enhance quick response to

threats thus maintaining Ghana's national security which fosters the nation's unity. The
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decentralized command structure enables the military respond more rapidly to security threats,

coordinates resources effectively, and fosters closer collaboration with civil and local authorities.

This strategy enables focused security interventions like counterinsurgency, border patrols and

disaster response, safeguarding critical assets and promoting stability and national unity.

40. The GAF uses an economic and social cohesion strategy to facilitate national cohesion by

being actively involved in developmental projects across the country, especially in remote and

marginalized areas. For instance, in the northern regions of Ghana where infrastructure is often

lacking, the GAF builds schools, clinics and roads, which gives the people a sense of belonging

and thereby enhancing national security (Ghana Armed Forces, 2019). During the 2023 Yellow

Fever outbreak, the military leadership demonstrated a commitment to community well-being

by deploying troops to vaccinate residents in remote villages, engendering a sense of belonging

and enhancing public health in underserved areas (Taa-Banah, 2024). These development

initiatives and interventions reflect a military leadership strategy aimed at fostering a sense of

community belonging, enhancing national security and promoting national cohesion through

essential infrastructure projects, thereby contributing to world peace.

41. The military leadership in Ghana authorised open days in its formations and units as a

strategy which serves as a platform for the Ghanaian military to showcase its operations,

capabilities and contributions to national security and development. The open days provide an

opportunity for the general public to observe military weapons, manoeuvres and simulations.

This initiative provides citizens with firsthand knowledge of the military's operations,

capabilities and contributions to national security and world peace (Agyemang, 2020). The

activities of the open days promote trust and confidence. It also bridges the gap between the

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civil-military divide and fosters dialogue and collaboration between the military as well as all

Ghanaians which fosters national unity. This year’s Ghana Armed Forces' Open Day was held

on Tue, 7 Mar 24, at the 66 Artillery Regiment in Volta Barracks (Gna, 2024.). The GAF

Open Day represents a transformative military leadership strategy aimed at bolstering national

cohesion and unity through transparency, inclusivity and community engagement

(Asante, 2019).

42. In keeping with its overall strategy of maintaining the security and unity of the nation the

military leadership of Ghana has initiated various operations including Operations CALM LIFE,

BAFO, ROAD STAR, HALT II, PEACE TRAIL, CONQUER-FIST, and MAIDA BUURI,

which have played a pivotal role in safeguarding national security and promoting national

cohesion (Taa Baanah 2024).These operations were designed and executed within a strategic

framework aimed at addressing specific security challenges and threats faced by the nation such

as crime, violent extremism, illegal mining, road safety, environmental degradation and

terrorism.

43. The GAF utilizes social media platforms like Twitter, Face book, and Whatsapp for

community outreach and public engagement, facilitating information dissemination and feedback

gathering. It has invested in digital infrastructure and cyber security thus enhancing national

security and resilience against emerging threats and improving communication and coordination

to foster collective responsibility and solidarity among citizens.

44. Despite the best efforts of its military leadership strategy, Ghana still grapples with

various security challenges including ethnic conflicts, communal violence and organized crimes.

For instance, the declaration of independence by former Western Togoland on 9 May 17 by the

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Homeland Study Group Foundation (HSGF) from Ghana led to clashes with security forces

(Mensah, 2024). These internal threats undermine social cohesion and pose risks to national

unity and security by exacerbating tensions among different ethnic and religious groups (Aning

& Addo, 2019). Additionally, socio-economic vulnerabilities, such as high unemployment rates

and poverty levels, contribute to social unrest causing discontent, which erodes public trust in the

sincerity of the government (Tetteh, 2021).

45. The GoG has made efforts to support military leadership strategy by creating institutions

that support national security. For instance, the NSS focuses on resourcing and strengthening the

military, intelligence and law enforcement agencies (Sarpong & Amankwah, 2023). However,

despite these efforts, there are still issues that hinder the improvement of military leadership

strategy towards enhancing national security in Ghana. One of the significant issues is the

inadequate funding for military training. According to Mensah and Boateng (2020), Ghana's

defence spending has been consistently low, with an average of 0.4 per cent of GDP

between 2015 and 2019 which is below the 1.5 per cent recommended by the AU. This is also

reflected in the small size of the military and has affected its ability to acquire modern equipment

and technology, train personnel and maintain readiness.

46. The military leadership strategy of Ghana emphasizes the country’s role in maintaining

world peace. This is illustrated by its robust involvement of various peace support operations

globally throughout its history. The country also plays host to the KAIPTC which is a renowned

institution dedicated to promoting peace, security, and leadership development in Africa and

beyond. The centre is located in Teshie - Accra, Ghana and was established in 2003. It was

named after the former UN Secretary General and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate late Kofi Annan.

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KAIPTC’s vision is ‘seek to remain the leading and preferred international centre for training,

education, research and policy advocacy that are focused on ensuring a peaceful and secure

Africa. The centre serves as a hub for training, research and policy advocacy in the fields of

peacekeeping, conflict prevention and post-conflict reconstruction which are germane to

leadership development and world peace.

47. At that time of its establishment, West Africa's significant challenge was the proliferation

of small arms and light weapons with over 8 million unaccounted weapons threatening regional

stability. The Centre's inaugural course in January 2004 focused on disarmament, demobilization

and reintegration (DDR) (Aning, 2005). This shows the Centre's commitment to address regional

security concerns. Therefore, the Centre displayed its zeal in leadership development and

enhancing regional security towards world peace. The courses in the centre are designed with a

view to enhance leadership development and world peace. The list of the courses conducted at

KAIPTC is at Annex G.

48. The KAIPTC has significantly contributed to enhancing peacekeeping operations and

conflict resolution efforts worldwide. Through its comprehensive training initiatives, KAIPTC

has equipped peace keepers with the necessary leadership skills and competencies to effectively

navigate complex peacekeeping environments. The contributions of KAIPTC alumni serve as a

testament to the effectiveness of KAIPTC's leadership development initiatives in nurturing

capable and visionary leaders who are committed to enhancing world peace.

LESSONS FOR NIGERIA

49. There are various lessons for the NA on the military leadership strategy and national

security of Ghana towards world peace. These are strengthening of interagency security

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coordination and synergy, provision of an intervention fund for military training, community

engagement/collaboration, innovative security framework, ethnic/religious tolerance and gender

inclusivity. These are discussed subsequently.

STRENGTHENING INTER-AGENCY SECURITY COORDINATION AND SYNERGY

50. Although Nigeria has the National Security council, the Office of the National Security Adviser

(ONSA), the Joint Intelligence Board and the Intelligence Community Council to coordinate security

operations in the country, the synergy between the various security agencies is sub optimal and allows for

deficiencies in the effectiveness of security operations in the country. The improved efficiency of these

coordinating bodies would lead to strengthening of interagency cooperation and thus enhanced national

security. The objective among others is to enhance the effectiveness of Nigeria's military leadership

strategy by fostering seamless coordination and collaboration among various security agencies. It would

ensure effective and timely response to security threats by leveraging the collective capabilities and

resources of different agencies.

51. The ONSA in coordination with the MOD could spearhead efforts to promote inter-agency

coordination conducting regular inter-agency training exercises and simulations to enhance

communication, interoperability, and collaboration among various security agencies.The ONSA in close

collaboration with the MOD and other stakeholders, could oversee the effective coordination and progress

towards the objectives. The budgetary allocation could be sourced through ONSA to National Assembly

(NASS) for the operations of the JIB, ICC and other coordinating agencies. This could commence by the

Second Quarter of 2025.

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PROVISION OF AN INTERVENTION FUND FOR MILITARY TRAINING

52. The provision of an intervention fund for military training is one of the major lessons from

Ghana’s military leadership strategy and national security that the AFN can leverage upon to improve

training capacity. The objective would be to establish a sustainable funding mechanism that ensures the

AFN receives continuous, modern and relevant training to effectively tackle emerging security threats.

The ultimate end-state is a well-trained, highly skilled and operationally capable military that can

safeguard national security interests and respond swiftly to crises.

53. To achieve this, the ways could involve establishing an Intervention Fund managed by the DHQ.

This fund would be separate from the annual defence budget and specifically earmarked for training

initiatives such as joint exercises, specialized courses, leadership development programmes and the

acquisition of modern training aids and simulators. The DHQ would provide inputs on critical training

requirements. An initial seed fund of N100 billion could be allocated from budgetary provisions of 2025,

with subsequent annual allocations determined based on periodic reviews. The Intervention Fund could

commence by the Third Quarter of 2025 following NASS’s budget approval.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND COLLABORATION

54. The lessons on community engagement and collaboration include Open Day initiative,

collaborating with traditional institutions and religious leaders, as well as engaging in culture and

entertainment. These are discussed below.

55. Open Day Initiative. Ghana's open day initiative offers an instructive model for NA

military strategic leaders. It is aimed at bolstering national cohesion. During Open Day events,

the Ghanaian military opens its facilities to the public, fostering transparency, trust and

understanding between civilians and military personnel. Emphasizing community engagement

and outreach, these events provide opportunities for citizens to interact with military personnel,
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learn about military operations and appreciate the role of the armed forces in safeguarding

national security and world peace. Nigerian military leaders could replicate this approach by

organizing similar events across different regions of the country, incorporating cultural elements

to celebrate Nigeria's diversity and promote inclusivity. Leveraging on the quarterly Chief of

Army Staff (COAS) conference to have an Open Day in the formation hosting the conference

could foster understanding, trust, and a sense of shared identity between the military and civilian

populations, thereby enhancing social cohesion and promoting unity across diverse societal

groups. This could commence with the Annual COAS conference in the last quarter of 2024.

56. Collaboration with Traditional Institutions and Religious Leaders. Collaborating

with traditional leaders and religious institutions is essential for promoting peace and unity

across Ghana's diverse communities. Traditional rulers are integral to Ghana's security

architecture and play leadership roles within DSCs. Official local government and community-

based security architecture that includes traditional rulers and representatives from various

security agencies are established by law in Nigeria however there is a need to further monitor

and empower them to contribute significantly to local security arrangements. Engaging more

robustly with these authorities to address security challenges and promote messages of peace

fosters trust and cooperation within communities, while respecting cultural diversity and

upholding religious freedoms further thus engendering national unity and security. The Nigerian

military strategic leaders could enhance their oversight of the activities of these community-

based security initiatives to leverage the influence of traditional leaders and promote inclusive

governance and security practices, ultimately enhancing national security towards world peace.

57. Engaging with Culture and Entertainment. The Nigerian military could actively

participate in cultural festivals such as the Durbar festival in the northern region or the New Yam

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festival in the south eastern region. Organizing cultural exchanges, parades and exhibitions

during these events by the military can foster goodwill and strengthen ties with local

communities. Additionally the NA leadership could adopt the strategy to support and collaborate

with Nigeria's vibrant entertainment industry such as Nollywood. This strategy could provide

platforms for cultural diplomacy and soft power projection. This engagement enhances the

military's image and will facilitate the support of the populace in military leadership strategic

efforts to maintain national security and world peace.

SECURITY FRAMEWORK

58. The lessons security framework and professionalism include innovative security

architecture and leveraging technological advancements. These are discussed subsequently.

59. Innovative Security Architecture. Though the Nigerian military leadership strategy

model has a decentralized approach akin to the NSC and its regional and district equivalents,

increasing the role of traditional rulers into security committees facilitates community-based

initiatives, fostering trust and collaboration. Embracing global best practices and prioritizing

gender mainstreaming within the military promotes inclusivity and operational efficiency.

Moreover, proactive communication and conflict resolution strategies inspired by Ghana's

community engagement, offer avenues for averting conflicts and achieving peaceful resolutions,

thereby strengthening national security. These efforts will facilitate the representation of various

interests in the security framework which will promote national unity and security.

60. Inclusion of Traditional Institutions in Resource Management. Leaders must

prioritize inclusivity and diversity in their approaches to peace and security, recognizing the

value of perspectives from different backgrounds and experiences. Including traditional leaders

in local natural resource management, the government can harness their local knowledge and

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legitimacy to enhance their capacity to address security challenges within their domains. This

can help to prevent conflicts from escalating and ensure that security measures are more

responsive to the specific needs and concerns of different communities. In addition, traditional

institutions can help to promote a culture of peace and reconciliation, which is essential for

sustainable development national unity and security. The military leadership of Nigeria can

initiate advocacy at the National assembly to pass a bill to enhance the involvement of traditional

institutions in the management of resources within their domains as a means of increasing their

ability to manage security issues, by 4th quarter 2024.

61. Traditional leaders in Nigeria have deep-rooted legitimacy and influence in their

communities. By including them in security decision-making, it will promote policies that are

more responsive to local needs and concerns. Traditional leaders are often respected as

peacemakers and mediators. By involving them in security decision-making, would promote

reconciliation and peaceful resolution of conflicts.

62. Technological Advancements. The Nigerian military could utilize social media

platforms like Twitter, Face book, and Whatsapp for community outreach and public

engagement, facilitating information dissemination and feedback gathering. Investing in digital

infrastructure and cyber security enhances national security and resilience against emerging

threats, improving communication and coordination to foster collective responsibility and

solidarity among citizens.

ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

63. Encouraging intercultural dialogue and understanding is crucial for fostering peaceful

coexistence in diverse societies (UNESCO, 2001). The leadership development programs in

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KAIPTC emphasize cross-cultural communication, empathy, and respect for diversity. This can

bridge divides and mitigate tensions between different communities (UN, 2016). Ghana has a

diverse population as well as many different religions. Despite this diversity, it has largely

avoided the ethnic and religious conflicts that have plagued other countries in the region. This is

partly due to Ghana's strong democracy and commitment to human rights, as well as its history

of peaceful coexistence between different groups by promoting intercultural and interfaith

dialogue, and respect for traditional institutions.

64. Nigerian’s political system could emphasize inclusiveness and representation of different

ethnic and religious groups. This ensures that all citizens feel like they have a stake in the

country's future and government should encourage interfaith dialogue and established

institutions, such as the Nigeria National Peace Council, to promote understanding between

different religious groups with a deep-rooted respect for diversity and pluralism.

GENDER INCLUSIVITY

65. Promoting gender equality and women's leadership is essential for sustainable peace and

security (UN Women, 2020). Leadership development programs as delivered in KAIPTC

prioritize the inclusion of women in decision-making processes and peace building efforts. These

invariably enhance the effectiveness and legitimacy of peace initiatives (UNSCR 1325, 2000).

Empowering women leaders not only addresses systemic inequalities but also brings diverse

perspectives and approaches to conflict resolution and peace building, contributing to more

inclusive and sustainable outcomes. The Ghana National Security Council has female

representatives. These women are chosen based on their position as politica, community, market

or religious leaders. This has led to positive impact on peace and development in Ghana. In
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addition, including women in security decision-making can help to ensure that the needs and

concerns of women are taken into account in security policy, which is particularly important

given the disproportionate impact of conflict on women and girls.

66. Nigeria would benefit from a more diverse range of perspectives and experiences by

including women in its highest security decision-making. Women who have excelled in political,

financial, academic, community and religious leadership roles should be involved in the security

architecture of the country. This can help to improve the quality of policy and ensure that the

needs of all citizens are taken into account. Nigerian’s inclusion of women in the National

Security Council would set a positive example for other African countries and contribute to the

empowerment of women in the region. Advocacy with the National and state assemblies to pass

legislation to ensure this will go a long way to enhance national security towards world peace.

CONCLUSION

67. Ghana has been a beacon of relative stability and sustained democratic rule in the West African

sub region since 1992. She has also played an increasing influential role in maintaining world peace. The

military leadership strategy of Ghana has played a significant role in the country’s ability to maintain her

national security while contributing significantly to world peace. Ghana has achieved this by formulating

and implementing unique strategies such as her decentralized security architecture, community

engagement, involvement of traditional rulers and institutions in security matters and resource

management in their localities and representation of women in security councils. Additionally, in

keeping with its overall strategy of maintaining the security and unity of the nation the military

leadership of Ghana has initiated various operations including Operations CALM LIFE, BAFO,

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ROAD STAR, HALT II, PEACE TRAIL, CONQUER-FIST, and MAIDA BUURI, which have

played a pivotal role in safeguarding national security and promoting national cohesion (Taa

Baanah 2024). These operations were designed and executed within a strategic framework aimed

at addressing specific security challenges and threats faced by the nation such as increased crime,

violent extremism, illegal mining, road safety issues, environmental degradation and terrorism.

68. The military leadership strategy of Ghana also lays emphasis on the development of human

capacity for leadership, national security and global peace activities. The Kofi Annan International

Peacekeeping Centre in Ghana has played a pivotal role in shaping military leadership strategies that

contribute to both world peace and national security by providing comprehensive training and fostering

international cooperation. The Centre has empowered military leaders with the skills and knowledge

necessary to address complex global challenges with emphasis on ethical leadership, conflict resolution,

and peacekeeping techniques. This has not only enhanced Ghana's military capabilities but also

positioned the country as a key contributor to regional and world peace. The integration of military

leadership strategies with peacekeeping principles has proven to be very effective in promoting national

security and world peace.

IN IJOMANTA
Abuja Col
Sep 24 Course Governor

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