Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
TECHONLOGY
Micro Project Report
On
Operating System [OSY]
Report on To Study Details About Linux Commands

Academic year: 2024-25

Program code: IF5I

Course: Operating System

Course Code: 22516

Subject Teacher: Mrs. Kiran Patil.

Group No: 01

ZAGDU SINGH CHARITABLE TRUST (REGD.)

THAKUR POLYTECHNIC
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute)
Thakur Complex, West to W. E. Highway, Kandivli (E), Mumbai – 400 101(Accredited by:
National Board Of Accreditation
Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 1 of 19
Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

Certificate
This is to certify that

1. MANAS SINGH – 36
2. ARYAN TIWARI - 46
3. YASH TANPURE - 64

Of THAKUR POLYTECHNIC (Code: 0522) has completed the Micro

Project satisfactory in course Operating System-(Code: 22516) for the
academic year 2024-2025 as prescribed in the curriculum.

PLACE: MUMBAI

DATE: 08-11-2024

Subject Head of department Principal

Seal of the
Institution

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 2 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We feel immense pleasure in submitting this report on “To Study Details About Linux
Commands” While submitting this report, we avail this opportunity to express our gratitude
to all those who helped us in completing this task.

While submitting this report, we avail this opportunity to express our gratitude to all those who
helped us in completing this task. Heading the list with our own honorable Principal Dr.
S.M. Ganechari who is the beginner of our inspiration. We owe our deep gratitude and also
very thankful to our guide Mrs. Kiran Patil and HOD Mrs. Suwarna Thakre. who has
proved to be more than just a mere guide to us. Apart from bringing to us what can be joy of
successful completion of this project was only possible due to her guidance and co-operation
without which this work would never have been completed. Finally, we wish to express our
deep sense of respect and gratitude to each and every staff member who has helped using many
ways and also our parents who have always bared with us in any critical situation andto all
others, sparing their time and helping us for completion of this project in whatever way they
could. And lastly, we are grateful to each other the members of our group.

THANK YOU.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 3 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

PROPOSAL

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 4 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL
TITLE-: To Study Details About Linux Commands

1. AIMS / BENEFITS OF THE MICRO-PROJECT:

• To successfully execute and study Linux commands.

• To study about types of Linux commands.

• To utilize Linux commands.

2. COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED:

 Execute process commands for performing process management operations.

3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY:
In order to complete the micro project of Operating System-(22516) the procedure that we
will follow is given below.

 All the members discussed about the project.

 Information has been collected by All group members.

 KARAN DEVDE took the references.

 After each one completed their work they submitted their work to MOHIT GUPTA.

 They checked each ones work and compiled everyone’s report.

 After this everyone presented and submitted their report.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 5 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

4. ACTION PLAN:

SR NO . DETAILS OF PLANNED PLANNED NAME OF

START DATE FINISH DATE RESPONSIBLE TEAM
ACTIVITY MEMBERS
1 Information search 17-08-2024 22-08-2024 All team members

2 Group Discussion 05-09-2024 15-09-2024 All team members

3 Group Discussion 19-09-2024 28-09-2024 All team members

4 Taking reference 30-09-2024 01-10-2024 Yash Tanpure

5 Executions 03-10-2024 13-10-2024 Aryan Tiwari

6 Compilation of 20-10-2024 31-10-2024 Manas Singh

reports

7 Presentation and 02-11-2024 08-11-2024 All team members

report submission

5. RESOURCES REQUIRED:

SR NO NAME OF SPECIFICATIONS Quantity REMARK

RESOURCES
/MATERIALS
1 Computer System Windows 10, Ubuntu 1 Available

2 Books Operating System 1 Available

Lab Manual

3 Software MS Word 2016, VMware 3 Available

Workstation

4 Internet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li 1 Available

nux

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 6 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

6. NAME OF TEAM MEMBERS WITH ROLL NUMBERS –

1. MANAS SINGH- 36
2. ARYAN TIWARI- 46
3. YASH TANPURE- 64

(Subject Teacher:- Mrs. Kiran Patil)

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 7 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

REPORT

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 8 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

 INDEX OF THE MICRO-PROJECT:

SR.NO SUB-TOPICS PAGE-NO

1.0. RATIONALE 10-10

2.0. AIMS/BENEFITS OF MICRO-PROJECT 10-10

3.0. COURSE OUTCOME ADDRESSSED 10-10

4.0. LITRATURE REVIEW 10-10

5.0. ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED 11-11

6.0. ACTUAL RESOURCES USED 11-11

7.0. OUTPUTS OF MICRO-PROJECT 12-18

8.0. SKILLS DEVELOPED /LEARNING OUTCOMES 19-19

OF THE MICRO-PROJECT

9.0. APPLICATION OF THE MICRO-PROJECT 19-19

10.0. REFERENCES 19-19

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 9 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

1.0 Rationale:
Studying Linux commands is essential due to Linux's widespread use in web
hosting, server management, and software development. It offers insights into open-
source collaboration and provides vital skills in command-line proficiency, scripting,
and system administration. Knowledge of Linux commands is crucial for efficient
server management, troubleshooting, and security practices. Additionally, it ensures
compatibility across various platforms and opens doors to diverse IT career
opportunities. Integrating Linux expertise into education enhances students' practical
skills. In summary, mastering Linux commands equips individuals with
indispensable technical skills, making it a valuable pursuit in the IT industry

2.0 Aim/ Benefits of the Micro project:

• To successfully execute and study Linux commands.

• To study about types of Linux commands.

• To utilize Linux commands.

3.0 Course Outcome Addressed:

 Execute process commands for performing process management operations.

4.0 Literature Review:

Linux, created by Linus Torvalds in 1991, emerged as an open-source operating

system kernel. It became a pivotal part of the GNU Project, leading to the
development of GNU/Linux distributions. Linux's success was propelled by its
open-source nature, encouraging collaborative development and widespread
adoption. Over the years, Linux has grown into a versatile and stable operating
system used in servers, embedded systems, and desktop computers. Its robust
security, scalability, and community-driven ethos have made it a cornerstone of
modern computing, empowering developers and users globally.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 10 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed:

In order to complete the micro project of Operating System-(22516) the procedure that we
will follow is given below.

 All the members discussed about the project.

 Information has been collected by All group members.

 MANAS SINGH took the references.

 After each one completed their work they submitted their work to ARYAN TIWARI.

 They checked each ones work and compiled everyone’s report.

 After this everyone presented and submitted their report.

6.0 Actual Resources Used:

SR NO NAME OF SPECIFICATIONS Quantity REMARK

RESOURCES
/MATERIALS

1 Computer System Windows 10, Ubuntu 1 Available

2 Internet www.google.com 1 Available

3 Software VMware Workstation, MS 3 Available

Word 2019

4 Web browser Google Chrome 1 Available

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 11 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

7.0 OUTPUT OF THE MICRO PROJECT:

1) What is Ubuntu?
Ubuntu is a Linux distribution based on Debian and composed mostly of free and
open-source software. Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: Desktop,
Server, and Core for Internet of things devices and robots. All of the editions can
run on a computer alone, or in a virtual machine.

2) Types of Linux Commands

There are various types of Linux commands but in this report we are going to study
four types of Linux commands. The types and the commands in detail are as
follows:

i. General Purpose Commands:

 “time” command.

The “time” command measures how long a process takes to run. It

provides information on real time, user CPU time, and system CPU time.
This helps users analyze command performance and optimize processes
for efficiency.

 “banner” command

The “banner: command creates large, stylized text in the terminal. It

enlarges text characters for decorative headers or messages in shell
scripts and terminal-based applications. As shown in the above figure we
created a banner for text “linux”.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 12 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

ii. Process commands:

 “ps” command

The “ps” command provides real-time information about active

processes, including their process IDs, time required, and command
name. It's essential for monitoring and managing system performance
efficiently.

 “wait” command
The “wait” command is used to wait for the completion of background
processes in a script. When included in a script, it ensures that the script
waits for all background processes to finish before continuing with the
next set of instructions. This command is valuable for synchronizing the
execution of multiple processes, ensuring proper sequencing and
coordination within shell scripts.

 “sleep” command
The “sleep” command is used to introduce a delay or pause in the
execution of a shell script. When followed by a specified time (in
seconds, minutes, or hours), it makes the script wait for the given
duration before proceeding with the next set of instructions. This
command is valuable for controlling the timing of script execution,
creating timed intervals between commands, or simulating real-time
processes in scripts.

 “kill” command
The “kill” command is used to terminate processes by sending specific
signals to them. It allows users to gracefully stop processes or forcefully
end them. By default, kill sends the TERM (termination) signal, but
users can specify other signals such as KILL (unconditionally terminate)
or HUP (hang up) for different actions. Processes are identified by their
process IDs (PIDs).

 ‘exit’ command
The “exit” command is used to terminate shell scripts or close terminal
sessions.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 13 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

iii. File and directory manipulation commands:

 “mkdir” command

The “mkdir” command is used to create directories (folders). When

followed by a directory name, it creates a new directory within the
current working directory or at a specified path. This command is
essential for organizing files and managing the file system structure.
Users can create multiple directories simultaneously by providing
multiple directory names as arguments.
Syntax for creating directory at specified path:
$mkdir path/Directory_name
Syntax for creating multiple directories simultaneously:
$mkdir dir1 dir2

 “cd” command
The “cd” command is used to change the current working directory.
When followed by a directory path, it allows the user to navigate to that
directory.

 “cat >” command

The cat > command is used to create or overwrite a file with text input
from the command line. When followed by a file name (cat >
filename.txt), it allows users to enter text directly into the terminal.
Pressing Ctrl + D indicates the end of input, and the text is saved into the
specified file. If the file already exists, using cat > will overwrite its
content.
Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 14 of 19
Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

As shown in the above figures, we changed the current directory to

“osymp” and then created a text file “text1.txt” by using “cat >”
command.

 “head” command
The head command is used to display the beginning lines of a text file.
By default, it shows the first ten lines of a file, but users can specify a
different number of lines using the -n (n= number of lines) option.

As shown in the above figure, we first used the head command without
any parameter so it displayed first ten lines by default, next we used
head with “-5” so it displayed first five lines of the file.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 15 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

iv. Text processing commands:

 “wc” command
The “wc” command is used to count the number of lines, words, and
characters in a file.
wc -l : displays the number of lines in a file.
wc -w : displays the number words in a file.
wc -m : displays the number of characters in a file.

As shown in the above figure, we have a text file “text1”. By executing

the wc commands we got the number of lines as 16, number of words as
16 and the number of characters as 97.

 “paste” command
The “paste” command is used to merge lines from multiple files or input
sources side by side, separated by a delimiter. By default, it combines
corresponding lines from different files.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 16 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

As shown in the above figure, we have two files, “text1.txt” with

numbers in words and “text2.txt” with numbers in figures. We used the
paste command and it merged the files parallelly.

 “spell” command
The “spell” command is a tool used to check the spelling of words in a
text file. It compares the words in the specified file against a dictionary
and highlights or lists words that are not found in the dictionary,
potentially indicating spelling errors. Users can then review and correct
these words.

In the above figure, we have a text file with a list of some misspelled and
correct words.

As shown in the above figure, we used the spell command with -n option
(it displays the line number of incorrect word) and the misspelled words
were displayed.

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 17 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

 “grep” command
The “grep” command is used for searching patterns within files. It scans
the specified file or standard input line by line and prints the lines
containing a specified pattern. grep is a powerful tool for text pattern
matching, allowing users to find specific words, phrases, or regular
expressions within files.

In the above figures, we have a text file with a paragraph written in it,
we used grep command with “-c” option (it displays the count of the
number of occurrences of the pattern) where we searched for the “it”
pattern and got the output 6. Then, we used the grep command with “-n”
option (it displays the line numbers along with the lines containing a
pattern) for the same pattern and got the above output

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 18 of 19

Sub: Operating System (22516) Topic: To Study Details About Linux Commands

8.0. SKILLS DEVELOPED/LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THE

MICROPROJECT:
• We understood the use of Linux commands.
• We learned different types of Linux commands.
• We learned basic files and directory management commands.
• We will now be able to utilize and execute Linux commands successfully.

9.0 APPLICATIONS OF THE MICRO PROJECT:

• Help new users with basic Linux commands.
• Students can learn about various Linux commands.
• Directory and file management.

10.0 REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

https://www.javapoint.com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNEwEQ0uU1Y

(Subject Teacher :- Mrs. Kiran Patil)

Department of Information Technology(IF5I) Page 19 of 19