Unit -I and II

Active and Passive Voice

Exercise 1: Change from Active to Passive Voice

Rewrite the following active sentences in the passive voice:

1. The teacher explains the lesson.

2. The chef prepared a delicious meal.

3. The students completed the assignment on time.

4. The company launched a new product.

5. The mechanic repaired the car.

Exercise 2: Change from Passive to Active Voice

Rewrite the following passive sentences in the active voice:

1. The letter was written by Sarah.

2. The cake was baked by the baker.

3. The report was completed by the team.

4. The song was sung by the artist.

5. The novel was read by millions of people.

Exercise 3: Identify Active or Passive

Identify whether the following sentences are in active or passive voice:

1. The movie was watched by the entire class.

2. John kicks the ball.

3. The flowers were watered by Emily.

4. The manager approved the budget.

5. The homework was done by all the students.

Sentence Structure

1. Identify the subject and the predicate:

- **Example**: The dog barked loudly.

- Subject: The dog

- Predicate: barked loudly

Exercise

- The sun shines brightly.

- She plays the piano beautifully.

- They visited the museum yesterday.

2. Combine the sentences:

**Example**:

- He is very tired. He went to bed early.

- **Combined**: He went to bed early because he was very tired.

Exercise:

- The sky is cloudy. It might rain soon.

- The students studied hard. They passed the exam.

- The team worked together. They won the championship.

3. Rewrite the sentence using a different structure:

**Example**:
- I will go to the store tomorrow.

- **Rewritten**: Tomorrow, I will go to the store.

Exercise:

- He finished the project before the deadline.

- She is learning Spanish to travel to Mexico.

- The book was interesting, and I read it in one day.

4. Identify the type of sentence (simple, compound, or complex):

**Example**:

- I like coffee, but I prefer tea. (Compound)

Exercise:

- She went to the store, and he stayed home.

- Since it was raining, they canceled the game.

- We went to the beach yesterday.

Significant highlights:

Here are the three main types of sentences based on structure: **Simple**, **Compound**, and
**Complex**, along with their definitions and examples.

1. **Simple Sentence**

**Definition**: A simple sentence contains one independent clause (a complete thought) with a subject
and a predicate. It expresses a single idea.

**Example**:

- **She reads books.**

- **The cat slept on the mat.**

- **Explanation**: Each sentence has one independent clause and no dependent clauses.

2. **Compound Sentence**

**Definition**: A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a

coordinating conjunction (e.g., *and, but, or, so*) or a semicolon. Each clause could stand alone as a
complete sentence.

**Example**:

- **I wanted to go to the party, but I had too much work to do.**

- **She likes coffee, and he prefers tea.**

- **Explanation**: The sentences have two independent clauses joined by "but" and "and," respectively.

3. **Complex Sentence**

**Definition**: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses (subordinate clauses) that provide additional information but cannot stand alone as a sentence.

**Example**:

- **Although it was raining, we went for a walk.**

- **She finished her homework before she watched TV.**

- **Explanation**: The dependent clauses "Although it was raining" and "before she watched TV"
cannot stand alone, but they provide important details to the independent clauses. 4.

**Compound-Complex Sentence** (Bonus)

**Definition**: A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.

**Example**:

- **Although it was late, she finished the project, and she submitted it on time.**

- **Explanation**: This sentence has two independent clauses ("she finished the project" and "she
submitted it on time") and one dependent clause ("Although it was late")

**Active Voice**
**Definition**: In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action of the verb. This
voice is more direct and often preferred in writing for its clarity.

**Example**:

- **Active**: The chef cooked the meal.

- **Explanation**: The subject "the chef" is doing the action of "cooking."

**Passive Voice**

**Definition**: In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb. The
performer of the action may or may not be mentioned.

**Example**:

- **Passive**: The meal was cooked by the chef.

- **Explanation**: The subject "the meal" is receiving the action of being "cooked."

In general, the active voice tends to be more concise and energetic, while the passive voice is used when
the focus is on the action or when the doer of the action is unknown or irrelevant.

Tenses are used in grammar to indicate the time of an action or event. There are three main types of
tenses, each with four subcategories, making a total of 12 tenses in English. Here's a breakdown of the
tenses and their definitions:

1. **Present Tense**

- **Definition**: Describes actions happening right now, regularly, or universally.

**Subcategories**:

**a. Present Simple**

- **Definition**: Describes regular, habitual actions or universal truths.

- **Example**: She walks to school every day.

**b. Present Continuous**

- **Definition**: Describes actions happening right now or temporary actions.

- **Example**: She is walking to school right now.

**c. Present Perfect**

 - **Definition**: Describes actions that started in the past but are still relevant or have just been
completed.

- **Example**: She has walked to school many times.

**d. Present Perfect Continuous**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that started in the past and continue into the present.

- **Example**: She has been walking to school for 20 minutes.

2. **Past Tense**

- **Definition**: Describes actions or events that happened in the past.

**Subcategories**:

**a. Past Simple**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that were completed in the past.

- **Example**: She walked to school yesterday.

**b. Past Continuous**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that were happening at a specific moment in the past.

- **Example**: She was walking to school when it started raining.

**c. Past Perfect**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that were completed before another action in the past.

- **Example**: She had walked to school before the bell rang.

**d. Past Perfect Continuous**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that were ongoing before a particular point in the past.

- **Example**: She had been walking to school for 20 minutes when it started to rain.

3. **Future Tense**

- **Definition**: Describes actions or events that will happen in the future.

**Subcategories**:
**a. Future Simple**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that will happen in the future.

- **Example**: She will walk to school tomorrow.

**b. Future Continuous**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that will be happening at a specific time in the future.

- **Example**: She will be walking to school at 8 AM tomorrow.

**c. Future Perfect**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.

- **Example**: She will have walked to school by 9 AM.

**d. Future Perfect Continuous**

- **Definition**: Describes actions that will be ongoing up to a specific time in the future.

- **Example**: She will have been walking to school for 30 minutes by the time she arrives.