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50 views

Experiment - 15

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w4z6bj85xt
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Biology Lab Manual 2022 - 23

EXPERIMENT
Flash cards models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.
Aim:
To study homology and analogy with the help of models/charts of animals and
models/charts/specimens of plants.
Theory:
In animals, organs that are functionally dissimilar but anatomically, or structurally, similar are called
homologous organs. Different modes of life have created the differences, i.e., modified the organs to
enable them to survive. Analogous organs
are those which are functionally similar but structurally dissimilar.
Materials Required:
Models/charts of animals and models/charts/specimens of plants.
Observations:
a) Homologous Organs:

i. The organisms which show similar anatomical structures, but differ in the morphological structures
and functions. These shows divergent evolution.
ii. By externally examine the wings of the mammal, like bat and the forelimb of aman, no
similarity is found. But after examining the bones one by one, it is found that each of them has arm
bone (humerus),hand bones (radius-ulna), wrist bones(carpals), palm bones (metacarpals), and
fingers (phalanges).
iii. In terms of proportions of growth of each constituent bone, there are differences. For example, the
fingers of bat are much longer while the comparative study suggests is that basically the forelimbs
of these two creatures are made up of the same parts, that is, they are anatomically similar.
iv. These organs need not perform the same function, as we see that bat uses it for flying and man
uses it for handling tools. Hence, the forelimb of man and the wing of bat are homologous organs.
Similarly, forearms of cat and man are homologous.
Ex. Flipper- Whale, Wing- bat, Fore limb- horse, Paw- cat, Hand-human
Thorn- bougainvillaea, Tendril- Cucurbita

31 Velammal Bodhi Campus, Ponneri


Biology Lab Manual 2022 - 23
b) Analogous Organ:

i. The organisms which show similar morphological structures and functions, but differ in the
anatomical structures. These shows convergent evolution.
ii. The internal structure of the wings of butterfly, its preserved specimen, the shape and size
are observed. It is found that it is membranous and is made up of thin cuticle.
iii. There are veins in the wing but there is no skeleton.
iv. The wings of the preserved specimen of a bat and a bird are examined. Skeletal support is found.
It shows that the basic structures of wings of butterfly, bird and bat are different. In other
words, they are anatomically different, although externally they lookalike. Wings in these
animals are used for Flying .
v. Such organs that differ an atomically and in embryonic mode of origin but perform similar
function are said to be analogous organs.
Ex: Wings of butterfly and wings of a bird.
Flippers of Penguin and Dolphin
Eye of an Octopus and a mammal (retinal position)
Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)

32 Velammal Bodhi Campus, Ponneri

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