ENGLISH SEMANTICS

23 CONSOLIDATION 5
Cåu 1: (2 di&n)
Fill in the blank in each of thef0110"'ingsentences with ONE suitable word.

l. Semantics is a branch of linguistics which deals with meaning.

2. A contradiction is a sentence that is necessarily false, as a result Ofthe senses of

the words in it.

3. A sentence is an ideal string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a

language.

4. A proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence

which describes some state of affairs.

5. Anomaly is a violation of semantic rules to create nonsense.

6. Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word is lexical ambiguity.

7. Semantic meaning is context-free whereas pragmatic meaning is context-
dependent.

8. Semantic feature is the basic unit of meaning in a word.

9. Polysemy is a relation in which a single word has two or more slightly different but
closely related meanings.

10. Somethingsthat logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance is an

entailment
11. Anomaly is a violation of semantic rules to create nonsense.

12. A sentence is an ideal string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a
language.

13. Semantic feature is the basic unit of meaning in a word.

14. Anomaly is a violation of semantic rules to create nonsense.

15. A contradictionis a sentencethat is necessarily false, as a result of the senses of

the words in it.
 16. Polysemy is a
relation
in which
a single word
17. A sentence has two or
is an ideal more slightly different bul
string of
words put togetherby the grammatical rules of a
18. Semantics is a
branch of
19.A linguistics which
deals with meaning.
proposition
which is some
describes that part meaning
of of
state the of the utteranceof a declarativesentence
Semantics is a branch affairs.
20. of linguistics
which deals with meaning.
21. Any ambiguity resulting from the
ambiguity of a word is lexical ambiguity.
Semantic meaning is
22. dependent. context-free whereas pragmatic meaning is context-

23. Semantic feature is the basic unit of meaning in a word.

24. Semantic meaning is context-free whereaspragmaticmeaningis context-dependent.

25. Polysemy is a relation in which a singleword has two or more slightly different but
closelyrelated meanings.
26. Somethings that logically followsfrom what is assertedin the utterance is an
entailment.
27. Homography is a relation in which variouswords have the same written form but
have different meanings and soundforms.
28. Hyponymy is a relation in which the referent of a word is totally included in the
referent of another word.

is a relation in which various words have the same sound and written
29•Homonymy meanings.
form but have different
or an expressionis the relationship between that word or
30.. The reference of a word the action, the event, the state of affairs, etc. it refers to.
expression and the thing,
31. Synonymy is a relation
in whichvariouswordshave differentwritten and
sound
or nearly the same meaning.
forms but have the same
 ENGLISH SEMANTICS

32. Partial synonynw is a relation in which a polysemous word shares one of its
meanings with another word.
33. An analytic sentence is one that is necessarilytrue, as a result of the senses of the
words in it.
34. A proposition is that part of the meaning of the utteranceor a declarativesentence
which describes some state of affairs.
35. A synthetic sentence is one which is not analytic,but may be eithertrue or false,
depending on the way the world is .
36. Paraphrase is the relationshipbetween a word and a combinatio of
n other words
with the same meaning.
37. Some semantic features need not be speciallymentioned.This generalizationcan be
expressed as a redundancy rule.

38. The referent of an expression is often a thing or a person in the world.

39. When one linguistic expression refers to different referents, it has variable
reference.
40. When one linguistic expression refers to the same referents, it has constant
reference.
41. share the same referent,they have co-
When two or more linguistic expressions
reference.
42. Sense of a word shows the internal relationship betweenthat word and othersin
the vocabulary of a language.
43. Sense of a word shows the internal relationship between that word and others in
the
vocabulary of a language.
44. The sense of an expression is an abstraction.

45. The denotation (or denotative[referential meaning)

of a word is the core or central
meaning of the word found in a dictionary. meaning of the
46. The denotation(or denotative/referential word found in a
meaning) dictionary.
of a word is the core or central
 47. The denotation (or denotative[referentialmeaning)of a word is the core or
central meaning of the word found in a dictionary.
48. The connotation (or connotative meaning) of a word is the additional meaning that
the word has beyond its denotativemeaning. It showspeople's emotionsand/or
attitudes towards what the word refers to.

49. The connotation (or connotative meaning) of a word is the additional meaning that
the word has beyond its denotativemeaning . It showspeople's emotionsand/or
attitudes towards what the word refers to.

50. The connotation (or connotative meaning) of a word is the additionalmeaningthat

the word has beyond its denotativemeaning . It showspeople's emotionsand/or
attitudes towards what the word refers to.

51. A hyponym (subordinates) is a word whose sense is includedin the sense of

another word.

52. A hypernym(superordinate) is a word whose sense covers all the sensesof its
hyponyms.
53. There are few true / perfect / absolute synonyms.( True synonymyis rare)

54.
Partial synonymy is a sense relation in which one of the senses of a polysemous
word is synonymous with another.
polysemous
relation in which one of the senses of a
55.
Partial synonymy is sense
awith another.
word is synonymous
in their meaning.
56. Two members of a pair of relational antonyms display symmetry

relational antonyms display symmetry in their meaning.

57. Two members Ofa pair of
lexical ambiguity.
58. Polysemy and true homonymy contribute to
referred to as its literal meaning.
basic or usual meaning of a word is usually
59. The
vivid mental images to readers or
meaning of a word creates
60. The figurative
listeners.
 ENGLISH SEMANTICS
spccial effect and that does
61.A figure of speech is a word or phrase that is used for
not have its usual or literal Incaning.
compared to
62.A simile is an explicit or direct coniparison in which something is
sornething else by the use of a function word.
63.A sirnile is an explicit or direct comparison in which something is comparedto
solnething else by the use of a function word.
64.A sinlile is an explicit or direct comparison in which something is compared to
something else by the use of a function word.
65.A metaphor is an implicitor indirectcomparisonin which no functionword is
used.

66. A metaphor is an implicit or indirect comparison in which no function word is used.

67. Live metaphors are implied or indirect comparisonswhich have a variety of

figurative meanings through their endless use.

68. Dead metaphors are fixed expressions

69. Personification is a special kind of metaphor in which some human characteristic is

attributed to an inanimate object.

70. Metonymy is the substitutionof the name of one thing for that of anotherto which
it is related.
71.
Synecdocheis a specialkind of metonymyin which a part or aspectof a person,
object ..is meant to refer to the whole person, object.

72. Synecdoche also involves a whole or genus used to substitute for a part or species.

73. Hyperbole, whichis also calledoverstatement, is the use of exaggeratestatement

that is made for special effect and is not meant to be taken literally.

74. Litotes (meiosis)is the use of deliberatelygentler , milder or weaker statementsto

express something in a controlled way.
75. Irony is the expressionof one's meaningby saying the direct oppositeof one's
thoughts in order to be emphatic , amusing,..
 0$

ENGLISH
SEMANTICS

77.A taboo word

and its
euphemism
share the same
denotativemeaningbut they
78. Sentence meaning
is what a
situation in which it sentence
Inay regardlesof thc context and
means
be used. s
79. An utterance is any talk, by one person ,
before or after which there is
silence on the part of stretch of
that
person.
80.A proposition
is that part of the
meaning of the utterance of a declarative
which describes some sentence
state of affairs.
81. True
proposition corresponds
to facts.
82. False
proposition do not correspond
to facts.
83.A synthetic sentence
is one that is not analytic, but maybe eithertrue or false,
depending on the way the world
is.
84.A sentence which expresses
the same proposition as another sentence is a
paraphrase of that sentence.

85. Entailment is a relationship that appliesbetween two sentences , where the truth
of one implies the truth of the otherbecause of the meanings of the words
involved.
86. Entailment applies cumulatively (mang tinh tich luY).

87. One -way entailmentis called asymmetrical entailment(qua nh? kéo theo khöng
döi xfrng).

88. Two-way entailment is called symmetrical entailment (quan he kéo theo döi ximg).

89. Presupposition is what a writer or speaker assumes that the receiver of the message
already knows.

90. Utterance meaning is what a speaker mans when he makes an utterance in a

particular situation.