Chapter 4

Gender, Religion and Caste

 Gender and Politics

 Gender Division refers to the discrimination against women that considers women as
inferior to men and incapable of doing certain tasks considered to be the preserve of men.
 A sexual division of labour is experienced in human society. Very little contribution of
women is seen in public life, especially politics.
 Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation has helped improve
women’s role in public life.
 Women in India face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.
 The literacy rate among women is only 54% compared to 76% among men. Similarly,
a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies.
 The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small.
 The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid for equal work.
However, in most areas of work, women are paid less than men, even when both do
exactly the same work.
 Sex-selective abortion in India has led to a decline in child sex ratio (number of girl
children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 927.
 Various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women is reported in
both the public and the private sphere.
 Women’s Political Representation
 In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. The percentage of
elected women members in the Lok Sabha is 10 % of its total strength. Their share in the
state assemblies is less than 5 %.
 Under the Panchayati Raj system, one-third of seats in panchayats and municipalities are now
reserved for women.
 Women organizations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least
one-third seats in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies for women. This proposal has
been pending before the government for more than a decade.
 Religion and Politics
 Religious differences are often expressed in the field of politics.
 Gandhi believed that religion can never be separated from politics. Most victims of
communal riots in our country are people from religious minorities. They have demanded
that the government take special steps for protecting religious minorities.
 Women’s movement demands that the family laws of all religions should not discriminate
against women.
 People should be able to express in politics their needs, interests and demands as a member
of a religious community.
 Communalism
 Is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
 Followers of a particular religion must belong to one community with the same
fundamental interests.
 Communalism can take many forms in politics.
 Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the
superiority of one’s religion over other religions are commonly experienced.
 Communalism demands dominance of one’s own religious community. For those
belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance.
For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to
form a separate political unit.
 Political mobilization on religious lines that involves special appeal to the interests
or emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.
 Communalism can take the form of communal violence, riots and massacre.
 Secular State
 India is a secular state because:
 There is no official religion of the Indian State
 The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess,
practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any
 The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion
 The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order
to ensure equality within religious communities
 Caste Inequalities
 Caste division is special to India. Caste system was based on exclusion of and discrimination
against the ‘outcaste’ groups. They were subjected to the inhuman practice of
untouchability.
 With economic development, large scale urbanisation, growth of literacy and education,
occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old
notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.
 The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations
of policies for reversing the injustices of the caste system.
 Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe. Untouchability has not ended
completely, despite constitutional prohibition.
 Caste in Politics
 Caste can take various forms in politics.
 When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste
composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as
to muster necessary support for winning elections.
 When governments are formed, political parties usually take care about the
representatives of different castes and tribes to find a place in it.
  During elections, political parties and candidates make appeals to caste sentiment
to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are
seen as their representatives.
 Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled
political leaders to gear up for the task of mobilising and securing political
support. It also brought new consciousness among the low caste people.
 The Indian Constitution is however not caste biased.
 No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single
caste. Hence, every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than
one caste and community to win elections.
 No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. Caste as a ‘vote
bank’ of one party usually means that a large proportion of the voters from that
caste vote for that party.
 Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste (if that caste is
believed to dominate the electorate in a particular constituency). Some voters
have more than one candidate from their caste, while many voters have no
candidate from their caste.
 The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our
country. That could not have happened if all castes and communities were frozen
in their political preferences.
 Politics in Caste
 Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or
sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
 Various caste groups enter into coalitions with other castes or communities and thus enter
into a dialogue and negotiation.
 New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena such as the ‘backward’ and
‘forward’ caste groups.
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