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gt 9835325084

fcimeh

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tK^dl ggn gran

trat, wspz
gT. 8789218991

W*»Mch
gft^ gniR nscft

gsm u'wui : 2007

fggta «w.<gr : 2012
<pftg <4W«n : 2017

© <ri<ggi

ijeg : 180 tt. gig

KHORTHA BHASHA EVAM SAHITYA(UDBHAVEVAM VIKAS)

Price: Rupees 180.00 Only

M^flcb V41 P<t ^ IcHO, I

gg)- 8789218991,9534203553, 9431100959, V^gR- 9431377868,
9386163999, glgiRt- ^304963827, 9523135073, 9472792061
4ler^H»ra- 9304102362, 9576090934,^17- 9431150540,
8935860211, ^FI- 9431310228, 8434565414, 9431214678,
9097733330, ggglgy- 938628689, 6*il<lgiJl- 9934149646,
9835135192,'3irai- 9430754187, PlRsls- 9835356844,
4^1- 9431311778
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TTIRHTTO1 > RTOPTO > RTOTTO >W

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 RFfe?H 29

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■^ft <HHRff =t>6ir^i*hT cfter te y^fdd i?i itt rtr R>t % Rt- ,slc^'1 RR
Ffehfteci FH'mM 3TTR RRTRT (Description Ethnology of Bengal)
it RRIRT RfRtef^R^RRTtFtettllTT 3^ 3 t wff ^ 3^
anf^Rrt Ft t# t ftp#' ^3 ante mri'^ 3tt4 R3<ir 3 RnfR-R teFRi rrti
^Ff 3}t4, site fa 3ti4 ^ 'Wdufasm ^ rfr c^teRtet RitR rtf te' w ^ Rte
7) "Site R*)l
There are many noble and respectable families, new admitted into
the fraternity of Rajputs and calling themselves Kshatriya, who have little
Aryan blood in their veins., it is a fact that many Raja’s and Chiefs, who
are invented by Brahmins in due form at the proper age with sacred
strings (Janeu) and who may show you a Pedigree proclaiming their
descent through fifty generation from a Rashi or a cow or a snake or
other animal or they are Kol, Bhuniya or Gond.
Page 310, 320
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ti 1rr44r rf fi r|tr rricrt f # hi?4tir 4 rr fr rtf 41 4r r4
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 31

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TRK3T RTRT RF gt^ RR mHWsMI

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- FR - RTF ^TFT - RTFT
' ^ _ W “ 1?^
- RTF - RIFT RTF - RIFT 3Tlft
7§tRf sfR TsKtMl f ?RfFFF RR1FFI t^RFR ^RT eTRFT t % <sRl<>dl
Mf RF snfRRTR fRR RTRI RRtR ^ fRIR f37T FfFT RF RT eft TRtelT RT 7RkFT
R fFddl-'Jcrldl RTRT ^ %tr 13TT ftFTI fR RTF RF R>FT RT RRFTT t % <al<.6l
aftT 7sRtRTt R!T FTR RFR RR ^Ft FFt t R^RT dif=h«h 3TTRR (Logical Base)
tl
RTR f RR Rte RF RRR Ftt RTRT Ft ^ RRF Rft oOkj) RrlPr t
%RT3Tf t F^R RRT, Rt ftldldlTsR ^FTR^RT^RlttlFReRF^ Tslilkil
36 )_ __

fftfl Tf FRItM feldl<&3 wtff ^ ftrt 4 arfrfFF f^ff - raff a^Wll,

wtciFT, fra arrft 4if ff Ft Fnt Fk ti ?nws 4 fktFtF fRit 3 ft^
fciduM Rt <sk)k5t tf zratfaf t Ftt traf^F fFrar t ft| fFSHt ti "5^ Ftt
ftft ?ft rf ftfft ■m’f^ct sfk FttFTRiFT 4 FTra «ti ff ?rraf Ftt rf
k ffnai Trar Ft ftft ftt ttft fft rr ff fft Rt r’fff: Frart ftr k rtft
-rran frftt fttft i. 500 k ffft t fft rtft t P^sm'i ti

irrfra

RTFRt ftftf 4 c|fif><ui srraipf kP'iciH afk arra tFTFTraT Ft

xnf^T ftr Ftt k frartR FTfR-FfFF ft f i raksi rtft f ‘ftT ^rra wt
TH FfFF 4 3T«f t Ft y^Fd ttFT t I RtF f FTFt FZlk 4 IcR ^ 4f Ftt FTf
^te-^stk FFTfrar k rtf fraT rtft t, fRR ‘Rift’ ftft rtft ti rtfr* ff V
f) FFFt ‘ft’ ark ft Ft FFFt V ftt 3rafT f^rt ttFT ti ftr f Ftt Rtf
(-RfkF) FtfFT ff FRFT Ml 3TRfF spj FRF FF F^FF-rIfF ff <skW1 fFtfF ff
<Sc4»>t f^TT W eft RM FTT R3T FFT FFFR MRT ft RFI Rt 3TFt FFTFR ‘-Rift
*^tt’ ‘f#t’ ftr k rift ■'rail
wi frgFr f#t Ftt °grafr Ffrara > Fftrara > FTfFT k RTFk ti ft^
flgTF FTFTF FFR ft ?RFtt "FrafF RTFtt t I FFFTT RTFFT t 1% FTFTF FTR
^HMRd ttFR - > FRjF > FTFTZ > RT3TF > FTFFT > RlcT > R#T k -Rnk
f eft fF^H Fk RfeFT (Fra) ?ra^ k Ffratt FrafF FRF ti afk Ft ft|
m^di'cr f, tr k raft -qfcRfr ^ fraft' ^ 3fj^ FFt Riffr ^ Rif
3 oj^FT FF 3TTFR raiFT dtffiF' FF ^iflFT FFTFT tl

mlrt fci^lqdii^

RlfFT ff 4, FT, R, FI, oj, : (tkFk) rafraf FFt Rrat FTFtl "RTF 4
R#t k- FMrR IT 4t F 4 ^T?tR rafiFT FIT? "FTFf tl FtRTFTF fFFRt t FTRT3Tf
4 F?F RTF RT^ t’l afjTWFi 4f FfTF FTFT3ff 4 3t4> FTMt FF FFtF f3F
tl amt FTFT tFWF Ftt ^RTFT t fflM t- raft 3?k RF 4t ffe tf Rift
f FTFTatt 4 Fra Fik Rit t'l FifoT t'l arfFfFF aratF MRF FT, M,
R, M, 15, Z, F, F, R, F, FT 4 RtF RR ff (F, R, R, R, R, F, F) f FF^
Rlt Ftt Flf RIFt tl FR^ arfrfFF F^T Ft *R’ (FFTF) FTt M^Pd FTFt
RTFt tl 3TFtF 4 RtF RR t FFR RTt 4 FTfTFF FRIFTR F’ZM t’l FTTFT
- RTF, FTFR - F^TR snfcl
mftl 3tT <ak6l
■qrfR Ft MpH'IF teflTrfl Ft ^id'ld fcR'hdlsft "t TRT-'STf^KT
t|H TFTFt t'l 3T«Tf^ RF ttg: F*f ^ M-Hllcb RTRFTr? $F "tf 37Tt aft? F*f FFR
FRt cff ^|Rcj<J,g FRRTcftF MMd 3TFfF, FTFT st?! FR-djfti Ft hM*! 4
F=F F^ FTFT FTT faFFR 137T, Wfl RefFTF tf RFTFt FTFTF; <*6<Fld1 tl

^Rt WTt ftft ff rft tstRst ti

ylT^T 3tr W^cT

FTF7F 3T«rfcT FTFT + F|F STFfF Rt FFt, t*t FTFT TTT^cT 'fcSdl^l
FFjfF tf fFfFR fftr Ft *FfFtr Ft ^rtRt' ^ wrc FFRit 3, f^r Fit Rt,
F^T ^ Felt, FTFf Ft ^f ^ f*Rt FFT FFJ-FfSTFt' Ft Rfat Ft FTRR FFlt
RTeft t'l ^ - tR FW Ft RFtt ^ FT-F^-FT, ®TtFT FTF tR RRt 3
RR-RR-RR-RR fRt Ft FTF FR Fit Rt FT FTtd FF FFTF^FF Ft Ft -
^ FFFF FfF FI Wt FFTR FFt' =t FFt 3
FR-FR-FR-FR, ®^f ^ f*Rt R - FF-FF-FF-FF, ?R-RRRR-R?T RTft
egfTFT FFRF tttt tl SRJFTRR ftTF FTRt FFTF ^RI F^Ff «*fNf ^ FFTRT 3
FTFT FF PdFFF fFTFT FFT FtFTI ?RFt RFTFFT FTFT FFlfF ^ 3RR RFt
RFTFFTFTt’ FR FFFFT3F R RqTR dlfdttT FR RRcT tl 3FR Ft <a'l<dl R FR RTF
c& -^f ^t FRRR t 3tr FFcrt ^ FFtF etFT tl %Rt Rift 3RR FTFTsff f
Ft FR FTF ^ Fl^f Ft FRTR tl
: 7F2-7FF RtfeFT "FF FFTI
FTFt Ft ^ FF-FFT RFt «ftl
FRt FTRTRT 7FF-7R2TFTI
i
FRT Fft tR RRRIFF ^FT t TFt Ftl 3F^
f$ K^FIrFFT Fl^f Ft FTFT fWF f 3^FRFTTcFF7 RI 3H^McH-*
(Onomotopoctic) FRT RTF! tl FR WR Ft F^ft Ft ?RfFFf R fFFtRcT
FTFT FT^F FTFFTTf I Ft FTFT Ft RRF tf ‘RRFT ft^FF’ ^ FRFFTR FfF
RT^ t FTFT t - “RTFFF #Ff f oFTFRR ^ fFFFf ^ TfFF, RTFPF-RFF
RTTFR Ft FTFT FT^F tl”
RFRT R’FR^FT RTrFRRTfFfRRTTfFF R^FTR: RFRt

FRF RFFR F^fF: FF FF tF FT yidjclM. II

38 war wit rr yiferu (fffr rr fcj*m)

37PT •=lQlch< R?t MIMjd Ri TRT tf RFTT RRTI $R R> SFJHTT 5<hR> F^RT *t?
«tl ?Ft FFF TIT^cT -£ fRTFt R=F t? RF ^R RTF# FTR7F FTFT RF Pc)R>IF
fan Ft f?re fftr ^ Irr; 3tttPff Ft r| rf ftfti rf ftfttr Rt fRR; tttrtf
RM cp RTRRt FRT R? Ttl FR RTfFT t % TTIFR RFFT FTft FRjf? 3
aftT FFFt 3 Reft 3TT T?t FTFT RF FRtF RFFt Reft 3R TFt ttttl R![? RTF 3
TERTTR RtR ^ RFFF FTRT? f Ft fRRif? 3TRt RRf 3^T R3> FT? FTFT iRRTfF?
Ft Rfl RF Ft RTF f FTFTF RTFRTt fR^ fRSIFf t fgRtR FTTR^cT RTFT tl ?TTRt

TTRR tf tFRRT t RTF1 t -

Wfft\ RRRR FR FR- FF 3TTRF RT FTRTFFI
aTRf^FRIF RF FRF TTTFjF ^ T[3TT tl ^Tp RF?f f TTTRTF ^ 1RR7F ^F
3 FTRTF Rft W FFF ^1 FFt fgFtR FIRjF RF FTFFt t? (FTFFt FIRjF) 4fF
^ Rft FTFT Ft fRRJ RF RTF Ft TTRT t % ttFF ^ t 3TFt iFFRf Rft 3F^T
fFRT FT fRT FFp FF^ff RTf TTTFFR RFFT 37FFt-3TFFt FTFTaff t' ?t T]t aftT
FF^I FFt STI^T ^ RFTR 3TFt RRRTT *£& ^ FF^T ^RtR RtRT FTFTaff f
FRTftF ?tt Rt FI Ft FTFT Ft FRFR RF fRRFTT ?t?T 3TRTRFTRt FT, Rt

FTfR RTFRT^I ftgldl t TRtRFT fRTRT 1? fR> Mild t tt sNtR eftRT FTRTSff FFT
3TlpF=b TTR FfRF FTFT3$ Rf FT^ FFT FTR FTt Rtt tl ^RT Wt<cJI FTFT RF
$R FRF FTFFR ^ STFtF FT 3TF: FFRft 3FFR FTFT RTt FTRFf FT^F RTFT RT
FRTFT % FT TsftTFT RTT fRRTRT FTFFt FT^F ^ FF ^R Tt FFt ^FfT Pdde)
FFFt RTT fRRTTF 13TT f| RRffRT TRlTFT Rft «RiFRF tR^FFTR FTFFt FTRTF RTt
?RlFFF tR?fFFT3Tf ^ FFt' MFtl FTFFt FT^F ^ ‘V ?RfF ^ft FT? ‘el’
«RtF ^ FF F FJRF ?tcft tl Rtt-
TTRT - RTRT ‘3^R - ^IdF STTtRI
#ff F^T «RfFRf FT, F, F ^ TFTF FT RR> ?t ‘FT’ R>T FRtR FTFFT FT^F
Rft PddFFT tl fRFJ TRtTFT t fW ‘F’ RF FRtF ttFT tl V SRfF TRT RT R
t" RRR RTcft tl
^F- - ^tel, RFt - RFFT
FJF - FjJTsI, F^F FTfRI
FTFFt FTRTF f ‘R’ RF FFFFTFT ‘r’ «RpT f ?tFT tl ^ : RRTtcT-RRfF
fRFg ?F^ FtRT fRFTtF TRtTFT t' ‘R’ RF FRtR fRTR ?t ?tFT tl R? F FFT
? + 3T tf F^RTftF ttFT 11 RFT : fFRTT - fF3RT, 'tRTT - fFFR RfR-Rf?
©FT? fRFT? ariftl RifTT-RgFT RRT-RF 3TT?
 jcjKcil "4' R RR <jt5«(kiJ| 3k crlo'i 3H< Rp Ft Rl'Pl f?1dl tl
yUau afrr 3trw
3TRR?T RTRT FRRT RfeTT RTRI «ttl ktt RR^ 3*R Rt RRFt, ^'*1^(1,
kieft, sicret, ^5i ank Rraratf 3 rf frrt «r1r RTRt Rirat ti ^kt - <a^
■5If^ pM^ RR3, R^3T 3flfRI RRpF ■#rai 3RRRT Rfen rfrt tl *Nt
- rfrt, fjfrt, r^frt, Ren, *pen, ^RcTen anki i§tei =t W RT®t
4 3TTRRT Rit fRelSRR R^fa RTRt *TTFt tl kt R^fd 3FR RTR^tf P’ ksf-t

R5t RFf fteRftl

'SR-RR, RTF-RTFI

fdWf
pMRtd: RF RTFT RT RRkTT i? fk <akdi RR 3TTRR yi^Ri=h ^Pl4) ^
SRpTHRI 3 Rdt R|qi RRR RTRRT TFt tl RF RRR RTRjd (“K’^ei W
^T-c^rqiT Rp RTRT *tt cTSTT c-MIR^R =F kd-RTR RFt *tl spat k
R^k kt °i||R><u| ■% pHRRl ^qfwtf k p5fl<*>'4 P' RRfRR kt RTfed

3k ^F RFT tRRT Wl RTRR RFt Rf, kgddTSTC W ^ ^T-

cRTRRRTt W1 RTRTFTCRiF RTRT RTfed RTRT RTfed RdT Rt R^l fRRJ RTRT
R7t R^F R>PcSddT ^ *Keldl R?t ak Rlk Rp R^R <Fd1 fl *l«0 t’ FR
R^F RRT^ t % RTRT 37RR 3^1R RR Rt % FReT RT, Rtt RFF RRRT "RTFFt
tl FR RTF RRFTT RfT RRRTT t Pf k+d fkT RTR|F RTRT k RdTRt RRt RF
■?Ref RTRT Rt 3k •H'Wjd RipJdl ^R: '?T?^R ^ F^RTTR RTR (?) RT 3pk
RTRjR 3-cRRur ^ RRm R^ 3^ ^ F^F $ 3Tk ek,
fkfk RI^F chFdRI W 3fT°R WT RI^F ^ 4fFTRT ^R Rp RIRT 3k RpRjR
k fR^F ^R (feftR 3TRjR) ^ ^ ^ Ft ^tT3I ^F SR^fRRT RTRT3Tf RR
fRRTR? -|3R tl -ak3I ^kft RTRT $ "RRRTRtR RTRT3Tf 3tfP?R7 sk FfRF RpRR
Rft FRRP ^t^fR ^ 3TRTR ^ R^ M ^TRT RR fRRTO I^F, ^k3T

WTt R?t W RPR ifl

'RTRT ^ftRiTRT 3tffT <aUoi

fR^IRf ^fRRT Rtt RlRT3Tf kt RFI#R, ?tR, kl, RRef, R^f RRTfF, RftRR
RRI 3RR|fR ^ 3RRR R^ RR?^R %RT tl R^ ^R-TRRI R^‘ RlftRlftRT RRfRTT’R

RT 3RRlfk RrTrRRTT k ^RI Rg® tl

3TT^pT k 3RSTR RT ktlRR RTRT RR RkRTTW
40 <gW<3l RTRT TTcT (~3^TR RR idchlft )

ft? stirr rt rf rtrt R=f RMst rt! rtf RTfRRre,

WOT RTRT (Suffix Agglutinative Lanaguage) 'll FTT RTF R?f RTRI R
TJRT RT^ RT RT^ t yrMR RRT ^ RTF RR> 'Jsd ^id tl <J«bI cT^TT <J<ld
^iddiHjcR rr aqrf^-gosT qfteiR -gft qraraff f tt ^ rtf R?t wr trrt rtf
■^ITcft tl TJRjf RTRT RR RRT 4<,\tw S^J^T t :
RcT - RT R<TRlT - 'SR,
k,qc-k$H - fft RT
Ref 3RR RRTFTR : WTO - MlddddOS
WlfR^I snf^i
FRTt R?t *m RR RTT - ^ R7TRT
RTTTR - RR R><Rldl tl
^RRRR-RTfRRfR RR RTTRTRT tl
Rfirarra ~ 3TfRRRTT R^ RTTR1RT tl
RRRF RTRT RR RRT <KIF<UI : Rntf RRTRT - t)rr>T?>
RR? RRTRT - tRRRFJ,
R><H R)KR> - tIrRj ?<A\

■hirfh rrtrt - 3rrt Wt\

■^RST RTRT RR R^T <5<R6<UI : ReT-3RRf-3TRfR-FR-Rft-Rtl
rtrt3t¥ *f ri«* rt ri^ tr rtrr ft rtrr Rjst Rt ti rt ^
RpiR RT RRJ f R?^ tRr4h Rtf fan tl ttRT stit M T§fT3T f ^ ^
RTTJ t RTRR RT ydH k^Fcl Rt Rid t'l FTT 3IRRT RRT fTRTT Qcfc f*RI
F?RT RlR RTTH R?t TTTRst «SUl t fR> Rd4 Rft R^R RTT TFT t, cbl*l
R7TT TFT t, R^R RTF TFT t, fR> *iR> (dk, fRTRI RT TFT tl RTFt, *(h4 3flT RTT4
RTt RR "3^R, RRR, fd'Jl TTTRTftRT tfTTRR, 3TTRT, 3TRTRT RRT RRRT RR
RftfTRfR RRT t TTR RR R^R tl RTRT tl
tl^lR^JR RRRT RR RRT RR1FTR t :
ebcKd^d - RR + R + RT + F + RI RFT ‘RR’ RT^ tl FTRT *cT*
RRdRlRRT RRTR t tl RfR^T RRRT Rif ^#R "J^R R^R ^ f^TR R^RR
tl ‘ cR’ ^dR>ld RlRRT RRTR tl *?’ ^ftR ‘^R RR ycfdWdlRRT RRTR tl sfk
q-cH ttRRi' RcRR tl ITT TTRRT FTT IshRUF'H t ‘RR’ RT^ ^ TTTR RReT,
3?k ycfdW sftT R^RR tlRRi RcRR R^T ^ ®T(R ctt 1R tl FTT fRRR RR 3T«f
ttRT, Rft t/t cffR 3Tlt RF d-iRi idk, RRt RRRTI FTT 5TRRT FR 4<4'1
 HH^J'Sh mFsck^ii 41

-qfq qqq i^rq q^rqqq RT “itscC'H R» %R R tf W t 3^ R>Rf

TJFR q^tqqq qq "I qf FR R^TT - q><.aci4>l

pgdlq tjfr ijcm-ch qf ftR tf fR>q Rq «t>i4 - R><dci<ii
fgqfa tpqq R|qqq RT Riwjqob" R> 1%cT f PshRI RR ^R ~
q><dcil/cb<ci<n'H
^#r ^fr tjq^qqq t fgq t -
qfq qjqf RRR iJFq RTT tfcR tf W W R^ ^ R^T~
qqq ij^q c£ f?q if - qRdqft / q><flfcilJ/eb<fldT

r^dlq tjfr r=frrr qf %q f - chtdRriRFi

fgdk rpq q^qqq STTR* t ftcT f - RTRTleTRf / RTRTfeTRH

^qfq -^q qqTqRR q> f - q><flld31f

^cfrq -j^rq TjqTRRq 3{Tq^ / RITRRq qf i%cT R cMdfdRsFT

qfq qqtf fgqtR tjfr qq ttar rr w hr>k

rrr tjfr ur.ct-er / rirrr qf ftR f - q^Rtt
cfttR tjfr p^r-er qf fqq f - q><q<neT
■gdtq Tj^tq q^qqq / qqTRRR RTRt - qitdft^H
qqtR -pi t^t f fqt fRTRT FRt' f R4HIH Rto RtRR (iRRRf
Hr f qnt ttar t - Rrf) rtrfrr^ fr t ttt ti s-hIRhu. it R^qm^qnt
(Pronoun Incorporating Language) Rt RTIT RIFT tl
■^k) RRt Rtf iqqtqqr t fR> qqtf Rf r^hk fRRn rr fr Rtf rrrt
TR qq4 fqRRf %T if fqtqi RT TfT t (R>t) ^ R^RK RRRT tl RI R^R t^T
qpR oTIRt RTF tl 3RJRR ^fRRT R?t RfRqqR RTRIRl f %RT RR FR RTRf t
3FJRR tt RRRT t R^ 1R RPR t f^RT RR FR R^f ^ R^RK «Hdl tl RTR
qt 1R R^ft t RFFRRTR R?t \ RTRf t, Rt?T q^t Rltf RH HgcR Rft RRI,
r?tr FRRq t, fRR^ fRqqqtfRRTRTRiFi^f^qqfRRTqRiqiRt
q^ RR^t t'l RPtt RTRt Rtft, RR^Rt-^t, RRR, RRf, Wft Rlf^
RRfRTcR^ RIRTR) t FKf RR RJH R^JFJ ttRT tl l&S t RH RRR tt t
tf ■qR RTR, ^JjC, FtR Intonation RT FI?RT tf RftqtR t tt R*f RRR RTt t’l
: RT^, RTFt? I - Rtf R^RI I
qtFT^ RT3( ! - Ft °FTRI tt tfRTI
cRf et R^R»f FRIFRR #^31 t RTq Rlt tl
42 qmr '4m irg ^rfc<q (qqqq qq fd*Tq)

vnRellReh c|J«Tch4U| 3^T ^T3T-

T3ter ^ Hifwiftcb '4iiT«b<ui ^ qim 3 ftsHf 3 mqq ti q;. w
^t ^ 'k qft mistf qq arrf sk 3mt qrf q fqqnqq qit *4i4>K qq£
ftT #T3T TWA Wft *TOT3Tf kt SRiq mT qq Tm ^ W f I aqqq ^TFRI
t % ^<l<=dt tM*T qq STTf^TR kqq TF^T, q'lsH4K4l «£ cffiff ^
PPTT ani W *ft qq TTPFT t % ^ kFre ?t4 qi ^
fnrisFg q aqqq qqn mqq qqt fagn qjqq t % i^qr q*qqT ■% km
3HF$ (stf^S) ^1 ITT «ft qq qFHT t % stf^gf qft qTO qft

wit qroq fi ^t. qt. qt. ^forct % mva®^ «nqi3Tf kt qqwnt sk wrem
mqqr Tjqiqr 3 q^T t fqr q?f rkr qg^q qit wf qtkt *irat f:
1. litil ^iWldi^e 2. stf4s 3. ^TFTI
W -STTfcT qt W f|N k‘ 7?% k qw ?t ^IUs|u*j Tfi] qpi qt
ti tqgmf qq qmT i fo qm *qfq amk -sufiT sfti kr. kqq ^ wt ^qrm
k ^ 7-8 qf kw t - *i«r «frt kqf k w qRmr thsr ftft *tt 7?t t %
qm^t qq ijei qm <&<md) ti qtfqm k 4>tmdt gwr: qjqr qrk qft qmT
^ 3 mt wt ti +<qidl qrqf qnftr qit qmT ti kt qm «nf?r qq Ft w
qmtqq ti”
msqiqqq q?qt ak qqq %fn w qimr # f^m -5R<miT t& TRqqT ti
WT5 (3RT2,1?. 35,37,3^4^. 36 7f 40) M73T qf[ ftSFTf
^Wcft qq -^q «ti -4' fqqqqnj44i atqql 3Twql%
qqqq ^g^ni mtsi ?K-qTqMijqfqMTFt#it^fr ^PM qft «ft qpq afti
0,-hi ?qr qrq ^ qqr -qcifli % 3tfsi ^ <i*i4i ^ qq? =^<41 -;qriq ^ qkT
amt ■qTfqm mtst qqr^ t? ti kfl mqT t ■q ^fqqf 3 arqqt ^if%
aiP-Hoi qq 'kci ^rq 'fk eFTT qT ^Pfqf qq srqq aqq qft sqfknTTt ■qqikrq
q><'t ^ Riq, tqtrqq ^-qrq srqqt fqq qiqr ^ itq qtt '4^<d hs^-h ?t4
wft eft arqqt n q?t qT ^Pfqf qft w ^fqqfeP q^mrqt mti qjt qqqiRR
■p' sqfq qftqqq ^ qqqq ^qreft qq q? ffwi
arm ^t. ^?Rt ^?q f tqr - “q^qrqft qm ^ntq qp qjqr i qit qqqi q^q
^ an4 Trq wtaiTwHTq^ qqi mratt ^ qqjq ^ tqqrfqq 3k
qmqftq mt q^ ti”
^1^14 7ft cgtft qqfq qft qknq q w qq^rq ^ Sikfq qftqpqq i,

3r4 qq -qiqqt i 3k ^qt- ^qt qqt qrq ^s*ft qT 3qfq^4t knat

 ilkcHefcJH _ __ _^

fI if ^K^cju^ -cf 3M WH qsq (Central India) i I3TT hm^) t’l qfd

i^TcRT I fqgH WlW dvWlii 3Tlfq ql S^feR, 3Rl4 ^MT HH<t I % 4^41
stfis li qfq iqrqqT t fi srqqt qm ^ qi If sk qii qft qRT it

TfqoRT: 3TT4 qtfWTT »TT, it 3TCFTT f^FTT Itl SIR It I ^

q|f f| rp^[aff Trsf wq *Hqrfq ^T WT to! M?T: ^°3rct T&
^ q|f W^n, H M i i 3Tf5T 3Ri it
^ ■qm i ^tr i qiq tsr tst t ft* It iterr (wit) 3q4

aqk t ■qi srt4 w sm qtt -qft^rr qlmr 4' pro i it qg® ql sfc
qfis w\ it wristf i gwr qrr Iht ■hhIRh nild ■?tcTT ti
iUdi wit m^T it wqnito (3rqri) wwi %

?ft WT! it fii 3PT ^TI^TSff I -HMI'^Tcn- 3TOTRIR Pwi i

fijii 4 Ifq 'g^sf 3qqR tthi t-
i. sqfqqq 2. sfi«t'ia
3. qq qr wrq 4. qrqqqq
5. 3i4qq
wifq q|f -@m it $ WWZ ^ it *3®
sqf^qr qro qfpqrc ih qfi| qro qfiR it wm: l°sitt, ^i^t, It,
Tsifeqi q| q*q wet snfi mi 4 ^rt qit wm fiqT w w
ti
1. ScrfqqrT f)MHdT-3TqPTFRTr- 3TRf ^MStf it cR5 #T3I 4 HSIMI1^ it

q<ffq qiit wit ti

44 : *rsl - *r?4, 4wr -

W# - 'qd<rt 3qfq
yfaoa m fq^iq) tiMpqdi'H qrof i qrqqt ‘^<R>’ qrcftq qiqj qftqR
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3TlfR tRRg fR fRRR ^ fRgIRf f RlRfd Riff RR RFTtl iRSIR R^RTRR ^
3Tg^R Rrio-) ^ R*R t" t" 1
R3T - Rp[T R«RRT - RR?RT %RT - fR4737T

RTRifd - ■SrRfpMpd 3TTlRI

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jntf HF^I FTF FFR-PeKsH FTR
Fi*naifi

FiFRfti w^i?i
%#T R^RT FRlf I Rlftl
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MHRIrTFT RT ^TTTT TO
TRTR FTFT # FHRtRFFT Rt RRR ‘ <9kdl FTFT Rlf^cR-RR^ RFd'T#,
WR 3lfc ‘T#T3T Wir^cR-TRRjd, xrf^v ^Kt’ ^ FcRTRR tf WRT
2010 Rt # RFfRTRT R^RRIFT RsfRTRT, RW tf RlRpdd Rt F^l
Irfj $tir1 Rn^hiR^Y r# fr RFRFfRF tl
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FFf tl
54 yUtfl '4TOT TTcf ■Mlfgry fqehW )

^>3T-*cHdd

4 fdHfdfed WT (Phone) (Phoneme) f'l -

Z3T (Vowel)-
TTSJR^;
4^3 'f i - z u
S^f^cT TT a - 34 0
31^f4p - 3TA -
fq^a 3ti a -
Zlf^T Z>) Zfffl <sUdl 4 ZT^cT cl«lT ST^T^d Ti ZZ ?T?Z IZZ 4) INI 'dldl
f 1 xjpZ ZZFPsKT Z 4)4 ^ ZZPZ ZefaTZ 4 V
3T«rar x(’ 4) zt4 i?^ fzz? 4z>r qiiH qdiqi qidi 4i
^fSTT - flF^t - ^Rrf
WcT qi^ri / "dined
Z7ZI ddiid / <*hjd
si^fq'jd 3Hy^=K "4 3$K m;"dw sf) zz4) T^Rrl) 4 Zl4 ^n4 4l Pt^
■?§k3i 4f Phh^m 4 z^zfcr 4)4 t-
wt ^Psieft TZkZT
3?kd 3lUd 3?kd 31Z^cT
O.’I'b •i.dd’ 31fZZ7
%n 4^t ■^T SHf-FTF
3qk 3fa sfa sm
otFZZ (Consonant)-
^73-7 died oil 4^ arhzz
S[4)Z 3TF5TM Z7 Z z z
3l4)Z Hf?rsrz ^ Z z *T Z7
^ 4)Z 3T^T51FT 71 •3 Z Z
44t HdiyFI Z z Z Z
difa+q - Z z
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STcTfSl MP^4=h 37F5IFI - T - ZT -
3Td^T MlPi*4^ ZFTCm - - -
RTO RRt F _
■qUdi R wPtot (^PHiUR) Rk <m*<H

(Phoneme and Allophone)-

^ 3=(k W (Phone) R R
(Allophone) TOtTR R mR^<+ PRRTOT (Complementary Distribution) 3 TOt
t 3tRr ■Qcjr tot frofR 3tttot 3 hR ti toRf gro R w to tto
TOThT ^R ^tcTTI Rft RR TOTOT t, R 3T*f 3TrR Ft TOFT tl RR f^T (PtRU)
/ Rf (TOtR), fR (f^R?TT) / RR (RFR) fR^ ‘?^R3T ^ ^ mR^
pcldTOI R F Fit R TOTTOT R 3TO<TF F RTO* TOfFF t RR RR F^F R
fTOCfR tl 3T«ricf F RR |,-5 RR TO, FFR R RR R RbRl TOT TO R 'STOFT
fi ^*1 if to^ W ^R' tpg^n Rrj tof fR to tRtto ‘f’ tot totRt
fR R totto fIto ti ftot ‘i’ RR ftot ‘3’ Rt R 31?™ ti‘f’ RR ‘to’
-gxrff TOT TORT TOTOT PdFIsTdf RR <yc)d7 ■h4'1IH R fTO3; RfT t
fR w ^ sfk 13; totot-sttot ^Phh fR torfr R ^Rw R R
AM-ir^r tl 3tRf F^T R TO TO ^R Rt fTO^t R 3tR R TOFT fR TOTFT tl
RFT 3<(lf?<uT FTOTO t-
FTTO TOFT / TOTOF
IdUFT FTOFf Rt- f4yhdU<-

(TO) fHgHlftTTOFT (Nasalisation of Khortha Phones)- FTO TOT:

TO^HlpTTTO Rt t TOTT FT*T FT*T, RR-FtR, RtR-RTO
TOTF TOR (TO^ TOTFTT) (TOTST TOR TORT)
FTF FTTO (-)o4)
TOTO R TOF R‘ TOTFf’ Rt 3TjdlRH=bdT RTfcTOT TOTO fRRfTORl R TOFFR?
R TOT "4’ m41 'dldl tl
R«TT- R«t TTITO / TTILiR ("^T^ R TOTT) TOTTRH ‘R’
Rtf RTT (rRI TOIF Rftt?;) 3TfRTORT ‘R’
T&Z RfaRf (^ R TTfe[) '^R°T ‘^’
( TO ) fRfTOT TOf ^ RTOTTTOT-
‘3T’ TO TOTOTTOT

Ri| TOTpff TO ^<+>1 RTOTTOT RR STRRT Rt)T4d TORT '*TT gldl tl Rl R

tori R R rft ■gRTf Rn ti tort to) tort^ Rt gfro toR R fror; tRtot R
56 7§ft73T 3131 113 ■Hll?<3 ( ^433 (icj ftcbl*! )

3733F (5) ftF? 33 33f3 ftdll «T 31 1984 4 'd-Hkift 3131 ft3Fl

£13 3713)fd3 4M 3HHl3R>4 chl-^lldl 4 3733F ftF? ft) ?d3R (‘ 3T3t73)ft))
ft) 33ft 4 dft 33 37313 ^1. 4). 4). ftd4 £171 cTRTT 331 37k 73ftj3 4) fan
ftpl 37#37 -SfTt ft)f3R dl3 TPTl^T 3Ff 3R?)l 31 TPTJCt 4 4) 3F ‘5T^f?f fftd

tl
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3dS 7>d? -: -eld’ ?d$ - 3d - foTf
3135 fid? - 313’ ?d$ - 313 - 6d§
313 4 37lt HUftldRui chl4^lldl 4 33 1371 fft ip fft3I afk W
1ft q I ft 3ftf 4 (Hyphen) siei=b< aiciyg ft yRi^iH1-4) ft 733 4 yft'i fft3l

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ftldl 7fftl 43 3?) 73)731 4 ‘a?’ 733 33 <J^=IRU| fft'fftd 3<fd 4ftT tl
331 - 773-4ft (4ft) 3d - ftd (ftel)
ip - 4ft 33 - 4ft (44)
3l4ft7 3ft ft 337 ft) 7ft731 4 3<3 fadSId p[ft ft734 353) 4,
731713R 713F3 dftlFT 3fo 7713F3 i)d3>Td ft %31 33 33ft 4 «TTg ft 7713
37 ft) 31? 37fd31 ftlsllf 3S3f4 3^k fft? ft el'll-) 31 3 cl'll'l 4 ^Iftl
f4d dft) 4l
331 : 3RI 3d? - 3R5 ?d? - 37731 31
3d) fd? - ddS ?d? - 3d31 31
3l4t 3? - 3135 F? - ddd t
'f’, V cFT 3^|JU|-
4 d?T dl "5^ I, ~3, ^ ^r^T STdh -wPim (Phoneme) %'
^IPdiJ i, d, -d, f4R7f 34 4t fd^i drq; 4t 4t 374 4 34^ 3fcR %dt
34 W 3# 37131 33ff3T 4 mR^ RffiTd 4 3Ff f I
33T 4 ^3- (^377) - 4ft (37ft)
‘4;' 383 ‘afr 33 3tt3KU|-
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F^F^ (Tfk f) - aqfacf^ur F7RF? ‘f’ FiT f*FF
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t-
FKRik : fR - qR
*tR
f^ft - Fip
F? - WT
fRtf - i<Rh
FfFTF

■wr - FFt
t#
■?RFF*F : fkFR - fkiTKI
tkiTKI
?t«ff - tkn (kR)
ktFT (kfa) - ktsn
tt®n

ftFT (FfF) - fqam

ft3<TI
^rkt-^kt Ft 3TRF R F F3T Ft qfR Ft wi tl MFFR 3t

•qroft kt ^lRt kt d<gH k

3R - FTC - F3TRI FTF - FF1F
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R’ Kcrfk FF .d^lJTTT-
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fft : FF - RtF
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w : Fdtd - ill Rid I FFt - RtfR
58 litrer 1TFJT TT^ fttfirdt ( )

c)>3H - srt^rr - sil'si6

^ T(%ZJ T?f 3nHq|(rl ^ d-cq|<U| <g|<dl f >rq| cfST '^TT

cRF f?ldl tl
■^«TT : Retell - ^qcll - ^qail McJd-Micfd
T3K - Hfcj>-HlBlcl
^ 35 3Tci f STRcfTc^ ^ <fTT ^gRH[ ^ 3t cRF cT*iT

^ft-^ft TJjrT W f tfrlT t?

■^«TT : ^
35*ft ^ ^ RS3 cTSTT 3Td ”4' 3iH3ld ^ 35T ‘3^RUT 3T 37F ttn tl
W : ^raH - ^3TH M3T - #35T
V Scrft w <Jt^KUT-
m wtr Ti^f 4 -qFn ^rrai t Taftsr 4 ?s
3t cr? traT ti -oksT *m w f^m\ ti wt, snft 3 ‘tt’
w a-^rfci ti
W : craf - ^§TI Fif - FM
■5^ - '3?^ii - si^i
wra - w^fcRi tta -
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"tt : ^ - «(<'H
V scrft grr ^t^jijui

#*3I f ’ Ecrft ^FT vl-cMKUl 3Fft 3RW ttcTT tl T3fc3T 3

M^iyrcnTsr 37) 5t^fcT sifagr w ^rat t ^T3f37 3 rfsm<3 eih
(Deaspiration) 33 y^Rl tl 33T - Wkdl F3, «t*Jidi - 3T3,
WTOM ^Rf ^ "RTSt ■? ^3R RF9M tt tl 3KT 3t337 f^RTT Wf
3T ^^xjHigfgr fe3i f -Rfram^ 3?f 5f^r ■#rar tf TT3Tf337 ~m\

ti
W - ^T - ^ - -3^ (^T#1T)

■®^T - -m$ + t - Wit - Wt (WI^T)

^Jddl - ^dd + t - ^ddt - ^clct ()
<S, S, -S, ^1 ^rot -
t t^pRfl 3^-3^ ■^fTR Wt' tl 'QfcZ ^ ^ ^ 3M^h
ti ^ atr ^ ^rr ^tr^t W3i t Tr^r ti l^fRt ^TT^Tarf t't
 59

ScrfR? T RT 3 tftt tl
M - tfe, ^31 - ttf, W - tk
■f%^t - rst, Wlwi - Rte reel'd - rt 3nf^i
'H’ RT 5^PT
RT s#i RT 'S^RTTT teflWI tf diPaMT STTRTt Rf «)s<*< ftptt Rt Rl?
tt tldl tl
W : RR - RI iR^ T? ^FBT RTR t W RrcddSI
V, •*’, V> **f’, ^THtrT
if e?RTTT fR^t WRRktt, STTR T?$ RF^ tt«r RRl
frfTT T^RT ttcft tl
R : Rttf - Rtf Rtt - fRTC, fctf - f^T t tt
r ; Rtt - ttt RT*tt - RTT t tt TTtt - RT t tt
- : t#t^t - wtWt tr?T - ~m ^?r - trrtt
^ scrfr tRTTCt ^TPSTTSTf wt, kPRTt f ^ eift Rt TtR«TM (Subsitute)
tl tRTJ l§k3I t RTRT W STfeTR tl
tfct - STTRt #rar (STIR / *tpRT)
7§fet (STTTt WI) (STIR / STfRRT)
Tf?t - STNt TFTT (STIR / RTRRT)
^dRlPeTR WI R RT HSIduiHd TRT ?F tl

Scrft llRel^H

<gkdl tf *Rfr hRckPt Ihh RT tf Tit ■did t-

tmlchRT - qRf > TRT - R STTtT RT T TtT f tRrRtI
RIR > TFT - R SftW RT T ttT t tRrRiI
STTtttRTT - TTT > TRTT - T ktr RT cl STTtT tf tRrRi
T^RJTcf > TsFTTJTT - T TlT RT T St Rid f tRrRi I
3T<rM!T|uflRRT - TTsd > TRrT - IS TFTTTR RT R 3TRTTFT t TftRNl
Ttk3T tf TfMRtRTTT Rt Rffd tRR tl
TRTFttRTTT- #<3T t TFTTFntRTTT Rt T^ft TRT tl
TR : TT > T>T - T STirTTFI RT R TfTTTR t tRrRi
RTsfiff > R^ffl RRff > Rcltt’ > - T + ¥ = T
TRT >RRTI
60 ■likoi ararga (ngaaga facwa)

Scrfa cRT rfT^r Serfa 3 nffntfa- faR <i«W<U| f-

tftar > art^r - g aan an n 3 m(Wh
ftaa > fw i- a gara an ^ cttcTojt 3 aftacfa
Hindi ssfn ^n gnti safa 3 uQci4h- faR daiFnaf if an aftatfa
sresqfi
a«a : fwr > tiatr - nr arana an a gaa 3 hIWhi
?itar > trtn - mtT°a aT an ana tr if nffatfai
attar > attar - cfTeT^T ar an gag tr 3 aftatfai
mfMa> serfa (lateral) an ajfea (Trilzl) 3 aftatfa- faR agiFcnf a
aa aftatfa an trarar t-
aar - afarr > ais<i $d > Ft anana > anat at an t if aftatfa fft
garr f|

3^Pifed (Epenthesis) 3ftT 13tT3T

trarat araratf if a*n wtmn ar srcfafFT aft ggfa faam ti fang

taftsi 3 aa agfa faata tR ^ w t, fang aragtt a><aid1 aantafaaT snfg
if fatan ^faaff if faffaa ark an# k ^gaaa am 3 a? ngfa faarat ti aar

fFaf/tftap takar kfafa an# aiagtt

aig araar aiaj.
ag aaa TTSJ ag ag
giar gipr/ aigar aofca arar aroga
fart a?a faff faff F?a
aar a?ai aai aar
huihRi aaaia aaafa nanfa
aama
tnaa tag tag tag
gnflfa pa W W ■ga^a safa
*» k* r- o ' r;
arm a staTaraa ar antaT at Tarawa raaiar ar thr m 61 si. ^
annr
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rf# sft aroakaran 3 mar i far n?> gar nant an whh i? i Fsamn
■gfaar # f#g p# aft| tar an anar ti fang tna Ft amatfsfa # fag ff
snaaaar i? far aM k afaafa tat aft agfa an aft^ aar ar ar^iitat hs<4
if attaia Fti
 ^ y wra yi=tjd Pdfa Pf feH3 it ^
era ff ^ff% Pet^Rra Ft fW ^rf% <si<M Mv 3 yraiari Fft ^ra^rr
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■^ra^5 w<m'M I3F ti
ygfl - 'ER - "FH - ^rt FF - F^FT 3TtlFI
^FRFT HldlcH^ f^FFt’ 3 ‘^FF FT^t 3^ '^FFR ^
(Analogy) Ft WTf£3Ttl
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^sflT3T ^

3T3T 37k tt=i

37?t 3> 377 37 RM 3>t 33?t 75tst 3?k Wfl;( $3>lf 37t RFFT TFTcTT
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3K 77337 t 7577 373^ ^3 ?Kf <& 7773-7773 *Tpfl3jf 7Tcf 3f33 373737)'
TT^cT 7773777 13 f^kft 37373?)' ?US$ 3 ^ ^ 337 tl

T3t T3T ^ ^

73)737 3> ^3 $<H3> 37T3T7 37^ 1?l ^ ^3 37^ l<23d: 3^iM?tRi

13 3i^<|j||rH'^ (Onomptopoetic) 13 37373U?7f335 37 ^FF 37^ 7) 3^ i? I
1. 3^cM'U||rijcb TT^ 37173773735 (Onomptopoetic)- 73)737 3 ^ YKf
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‘33-33’ 35) «3fr 33FT F)7Tt f I 7J7# 3#' 37 f3577t ^ ^7% 3 ‘T3-73’,
F3T 3i '3F73 7) ‘37-37:’, ‘F7-F7’ 3T[f3 ^Pl^T Pi=b<nol 1? 37k jp?) «3f33)
^ 33577 k 3TTf3 3T33 c£ F777 373T 33 few %3T 3311 373ffcT35 Ecrflqt' «£
33577 7) Ft 33FT 37^) 3i) ^^3)<ullrH3> 13 3717313337 (Onomptopoetic)
35F^ f'l 73)737 -4' ff 3T^f 35) 777s37 3HpHd f, 3?) 3c^3T 3^ k 37R3 f351
37 77357) f'l kk ‘373-373’, ‘33-^33’, ‘753-753’, 'W-~W-', *733-733’ 3T7fll
(3FJ) ^3 ITs^t if 373T 377f? <£ 33)3 3 175? 377 #377? ^ 3ft3#3 Ft
3TT3T ^1 :
3333T Ff - 3t3t ^ f3T^ ^ 33FT «3f3l
33331 Ff - «M Wf3t 131 ^ ^ ^3^ ?^|
fe3fe37 Ff - 33^ 3) #2) frp^ ^

3# 3f373T 3F3 371373313737 3R3f ^ 3t 3f33 Ftctt tl

( 73 ) 3713733737^7 TTs^f 37 13537 WTf ^ 3373-

7^; 3333IF37 - 13 3H 37lfF 33 7J733TI

■^F73FTf37 - FHt 37T 33^371
 63

■=K'=KI5e6 - •ill'll
( R ) fcdRUR ^ R\R M«il«l-
: MZMZIfYI - HdHdi§d
4HRRTfYT - «tkR»<l$Yl Rfa - ^
(r ) f?hi(ifcjy|y eft ryt if Tram
: -cRtUJS # «*i5d§- ^ ^ ^TFFTI
■^gsTSFI ^ 3c5el$ - R RTRTI

^14*1414 ^ iRFTf - cis<as4R f*KN

()wrar5ft foyfim eft Rm if Tram-

: i|<*i<t - R «i)ciA qidll

=ft rirt - f?Yt awrt ^ imsrti
2. arjg^Tnraraj RR 3RjmTRRcB (Onomotopoetic)- spjgmJirra^ yt^
^ ^tRRR Rf 3RR YT^ Rt f Rt RR$R T^' RRfrR 3 ^FT RTORf

■Qcf Rtfcraf -$ R?f rr ^i ^ rr Rt ^ I ^ 3T«iT ifi ^

%g 3 # RT Rt W fI
^ %3 YT^ ¥R*R 3TRfa 3ffit f <ft g°5I R? ^ ^
^t RR R^-R^T RHT R^RR f % if YT^ RI srf^TS RTRTRT
'#J^T if 37R f R^ 3lk3I RR f RT MT3T R RR3 fYR RR t f^ *ft
rt®?t rtf rtrt-rtrt rtrr ^ rk rf yrrt t % ^ yt^ <ak<4i R #
■g^ST RlfR R RR tl 43-
(cj;) WT YT^- fRSR (fRYTSfl), fW C*FRT), ztYR (RTRf),

(^z), yiki (rst 3z), 3rrt (^51), ^ (r^t), ^ (R^kt), ^

(-g^), Rkn (%r), (wt), Rkr (rtr r rrt r^ RRfa r^i ir^t),
^fZRT (^i Rit iM TFTlfR), (l^5T), 'fcNi (^ T1^) 3^1
( 75 ) ?T^~ (-ifo ^ RRTTt), (^d #H), 3^1^
(t^)( cblHU (^T 3 R7RRT), (fZYFYT ^TT), Ph^4> (^fk ^
RFPTT), |d<^F (^TT), RYT^p (TO3I), RT^RT (^Hl), feWfT
(iRRZT), 1%Rt^ (fRSRT), («HHI)
(tt)fRTtRTJTRTRt YT®3- (RR^), R^T R^n (WYT), R3RT (^),

•^feR (WZI), mRT (YM), (RtYT), <fj5T (RR# fRFtR), ^RR, ^RR

3TTf^l
( R )7JYTRRRR; YI^- m, YRl, Rimi, fRRT, ^3T 3Rf^l
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(t )3Ttr^R (Slag Words)- *Kf 33 33T3 W3R farter ^ <3WT

3ff ttdT #, 37t3 3T 37fa 37t ft«ff3 if R3: 33]33 tt RdT tl ^ : tt37
(^3 WRT),-fel3^ (TR3T), 3jt37 (^TRT)-^
(WTT)I
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3T8f 3 Rfcr^ f^qftrl |T33 37T?t f|

37^ #R3I #3jd

37fe iter 33<

TJ3I 371337 ^TT
■?3337 33^ t37, dJK 3R3T 3337
7E3337 cfnr 3><A 3Mt 33337 37# 37737
3R i ft?3 (l 373, S 373) 373
37R3 in 37733
r-
IWl3>l 337373 f3^t3 taddil-dHk
3377
W3f SnfdRdd drt-tH, 31^3 3^ ftt^R 3T«if 3ft it <3kdl if 337 el’41
^<adl 'tl
dcHH 7T3?
■?3k3T if 3o33 3l®t 3ft 3R23T 37333 33^ f|
rT^R ?I«?
WlT3I f f%Kt 3737#' 3ft cRF 3^33 37^3 3T3; 333 t, f#I3f 3jt5
33IF33 f3Hf3(fe3 tl
3sb - "3737 $3 i- #77 3F3 - d‘M
37*37 - 37Tf?7 ^ 3*3 - 37f7

y-d - 3Hld 374 - 333 33737 - 3lf3

3773 - 3777 3ra - 371^57 337 - 7337/133

■53 -'533J3T 37737 - 3713 3337 - 333/37333
3337 - 3713 SJ3R - f37373 373 - 3#
#kj - #3 37333 - 3733 3R3 - WR3T

3^ - 3133 3773 - 33 37*3 - 373

3iul - 333 7333 - ^

 65

<1^ 5RTRH ^ 3T*TM ^ Okdl 3h41-4iK<hI TJ^ '^i ^|«{| ^>T

’Tt UHI^I I3TT tl faRT SRsft-WRt ^ ^ ^5t leRT 3 3rfSRJ7 t'l
^ :
W - V<fg\ *l'l'3i< - hPi'jk krld^H - ®WI
feft - few Afa'Wd - -Rfw*
^fs*r - gfcs ^crT -
- fekT - ite. ZlfR -
chT<rl'3| - =t> cutImi Lhld-^H ^T -
WTl
fod - fR3 - clldd-i f*RRT -
\ f r r
l'fl<r<i - R'Jlcii WfiZ - Ttfld - ‘RgT
teT - - Rter f^TT -
66 _

■^^h (^r?rr)
TIFTT FRftfT FTtfTT / fttftt ‘fttVRT’ FFt FF-ft ftFFT/ft^T ftFR ftFRTftt
r^Fd FRF ft FTFT FT^FT FT ft FFn: ft ftftftf 3R, ftF-F7$cT FT <*>Wl
«l°hfd/gpl|F ft "FTF ft FTF FF-ftl ftFTF FRft FR ft ft WIT ^5011 FTft
(Name is Noun)
R^R : FR ftR-FFR ft - ftft, FRT, PlRsft 3TlfF
FR ftftT-Fl<T ft - 3WJ, F^R, ftftT, wft
FR ftfftr ft - fFFSTT, fdd«+>l, Rt^-^FI sftFI
PddddPd (ogcqRl) ft Fftft; wn ft ftF ft RFTR FTFR FTftl
( cF ) F=W- TJFf wn FRF ft ‘ Flft^FT’ (Arbitrary) FF-ft FT F?Fft WH
FRF FFF dlMF-ftt -STT FR FF?ft ftFT-ftft ftlftf Fft ‘FiTft-FFRl ’ FFft FRJ
Fft ft, Frtp-ftftft fr f?t ftR FTfti st?fr frf ft ^®Rt fr( Fft ftft ftifF
^ft Fft ft <£3Tt ftF ft 3RR-3RTF Flft FR( Fft I
r^r: fftfft (ftF) - fF + fft
Flft - FT + ft 3Tft)-3TR)
i HFdift <j|3ft £*<1=6 3RR-3RTF ttT% FR( FF^T ftl
(T3) *T5fft3>- F?^R FRF FftFW FTFT ft ft !jft FFFT-FFFT Flft «gqi^3qt
FRF ft ftR FT ftF ft «HcT# 3TTF ft FRftfT ftF FRF ft £?ft ftF
ft FRF7-RFFT Fft Fltl
ftftl : W. FF<[FT - W. + FRJFT
FftFFFT - FF + fftjRT
FWlft - FF + FTft
ft« - fts + FRT
FftFT M?Fcft F?F <[fft ftF ft 3RTF-3RR RTF F?l
( 3 ) ftftT^W- F?FR FRF UW ftft^F FTFT ft, "ft FvRr-FR^ Fft
TRF^STT FRF ft ftFT ft 'FT ft)1! ft FFFT ft, nfftd 3TFFR FFfFFT FRftFT 3TCF
jjft TJFT FRftFT 1JFT 3TF«T ft fft^ 3RF FTFUT ft sfft ftftft ftm 3T^«T FTlfftT
FF Fn ft| ftftFT 3T?WT FRF ft FfftftFT FT ftcFF ft FF-ft, ftft-FTft fttftt
ftftT ft FFT MfciF F^F *If Ftftl FT? ^ftTF F^TFl FTFFT FTftl
FfWT : ftFF, TftFI - ftFF + F^FT
 %q? qtqq 3TR qfo ^ f^-f^ SR** ctt WT3H%T Ff qfqR i
■j^stt *H«kq> ^ qt qqq qnqq, ‘ jil«K4i'i'H ’ qq ^e*1 <2ifd< h<^1ji
q>«n qi#l
qt*R WIcR ‘ qi^iWen ’ ^ ^TTTT XTRI | qfrwtf iqqq ^T§T + qfeqnt
qqsfqi '^jqq qt Tfcf ^ «M<rl ^1 U.+ Hl't TJq-^ qifq 'il-SI qiclll ^ <=+>*-)
P*>RhM qt qtq-q^ qT qtq-qqjcTit qqR Wfq qt qfe qt^1? q$il q^ -SHK,
^I'O-Mcj^', qjqff-ibfq ^ qr*t qt qr? qte ^ 'i^n qt qi4< qfeqr
qif qtf qfqq ^ qq;i qr?qqtqf q^ft wrt ^t£qt T^qtq ¥? qt qpjq
-$ qrii fqqqqr q^-qt, ^rfcR q? % w
qfq qnu- q^q (qfq)+qftwT ^qf qiq^q> ^ qt qqqr ^ qfqqrtwn q^
qf qttwf qtq qT wn? 3 wt qprf ^ qq *|w ^ qq qfqqrtw ^ qit qfqq
3T?qq q? qjqi i qqq ‘^qq^q’ ^rfqq ws qf Tfcr w
arsf qt fqqn £ qrfqr cfc <sit«r^ qw-qtst fswt qq^t wn qt
qyq qt ^tq fqt ^1
(q>) qiPqqiqq^ wrr- q?qq qqq ■'pi i qfqT^TRqq qii qqq q qw
W/^Tf ^ qtq qqt #1
(w) qqqq qiqq. wit- qfqn q*qq qqq q qtt#' 3qrfq, nfq
STlfqqr qm ^ qtq qrqq-tl
qfqq : qirqqq, gtj, twfi qiqtqq, qqq| qqq qrqte frrwrg
STTfqi
f?3n Hdd5< '^qi ^ ira qpq ^ qq ^ qq q^q qi^i
( q ) qiqqrqqi qfqT- q qqq -jqT ^ q^qt qtqqr qq^qi, f^Tfq, qR, qrq
q^ qtq iq-'i qqqr qrqqiqf wtt qigci qrti
wrn : fqqqqf, ^stIt, qq^fqR, wTfq, %&\h, wrsnt snfqi
qTqrqf wn qq^qr w? fq^qqiqf qqq '^wq, srfq, qt, ^, q^qq, qt^g ^
qqqq wti q?qq-
fqqq + snfq - fqqqfq, ^sr + fq - ^sifq,
qqqr + 3Tffq - ^qffq, qq + 3nq - qqR, q<sH, <jdM
qte + - qk^fq qRqq + ? - qrqqrfq
qTW + 37|fq - q^ffq anfqi
(q) q^cjiql wtt- %wt qjqn^qiqR q?qq ^ q^qi4l qwn qpw
■ttq #, qqq ^ qq^ qte-qrs tq-^qq? qtq ^qr ti
68 #T3T 3TOT TJF FTfffeR ( RRRR RF (ei«hl« )

^tFT: ReRT, ^RT, "^feRT (R1RR) FRT tR-^RI

qfqR Rfq RRRT 'dlfdcTIRl WTT <SJIRIR, W^ ^tR W eft RftRTT
31K TRTt f^3 STRRTfT 3TcRT ^ # Ft? F RTRR RT? FT^ f^erHl RcPO,
^CI, ^feFT RlfR -nTfr-^ft RTo^l^T RR-#, ^HT RRt WT ^ T37TT FWR/ FW
^ F^R RlPdcHI<*> WTT -TFT ff I i RP! -H^lfR WTT Rt RlfRRTRt WI
FHT 3T 3ijp=ld -11^1
ST^FT q^RTRt WTT FR^ <^«hldqiR WT RT#I "R^T 3TIW PerHsJd
"RT^-
<IH«l<o "ReRT ^it RRTI
#W FTFT -qft^, WTRI
ffRerTT "*tRT 3TTlRI
('S7 )Ro5TRTRft WTT-f^ft RRTRR^f WR WTT FRF ^RT ^ WR %T t
■RRR RTF, eMerl FT^ ^5^1 "^R, Rf, ■hIhI STTfFI
qfRR RtfF f)R, Rt, FHT 3TTfF ^ RTfeTRRTt WTT WT efcr RTF; eft R>Wl
RTt Ft fRT eft i eft RT? fRTFFRT ^ft #1 RTRt ^RlelR, sUlelR STlfF
^ «lR>fd RMRT WMT TFT ?R? I f| TRT^ Rt RT? P^HrlH Ri fTR-^l R$*l FT?
^ Rt, WT ^ Rf, ^ Rt STTf^l WFt Rtf^T RT^S Rf FtRT, P«IW>d STTfRI

^chld^l^i F$Fl ■yd^ch <sTl<dI fSTSTPT

Fter-Ftst %*(t RnfR 3TR FTFP^RRrfRRTRt wtt thr^rt w rt Rft=?t

Rfa RT RRTfq ^ RIF R^RT 3 Rrt^t eFff FP^?^, ‘RFffeiRT’ (Abbitrary) ?Rt
%, Ft?TT-Ff?Tt FISH ertci RT^I 'ftOl RfRTTt RTF RTR RT? Fit Fct?| "S’
RF-RF FtR fRT ^ FT "ftl F?f 3RR eit RF^r ^ HtRT ^ RTF ?^RT RT?t
IF -qTftqT ?eTf I qf^R WFT ^1
•qfeq #w^qm ^ wf-^w str qqf Rt t^ttr TnaR rt#i
: qftqft ^qr ritt H$e-ii^ RRqR? eft sftRR qrq r
t?r^-wtt, r^,
Rtfq '^3 qwTRb RqRqRf eft
wr - qqjsTT, wfq, qqq, r'h, ^rt tr ? eft RrftRT/Rrrir,
TpTT-'^RTI fw tn ■?! eft qf§, Ti^T WT RRT F? eft 7^1
TJRT qftwr "^-"5^ RR "FT, qr^-RTR, R1R-R7, "^F ^ RTRR RTF R7R
RFFTT WT "?RI
 3 T1!: W, qifaH Tf&T, qfg, RRTRt, <*falc^l 3^I
qfaq snfq 3 wri W ^qfqr «hai^ f qwr
TR^^RleT W | WRI =# teiUdl=b gfcItfltHi WRI 37R M|-dh<W
^qi? qRl
<al<dl qRTT^ ‘RfnRT cffa ^T 'Jll^ ^ U,q> STFR f^RcTF

“W^ :
qsqq fgcft^ d!*U<*>l ^
#qR WTT WT3I
w qrai w?r
-fe w 'ten
qqrqT qqw #qR Traq; stfr *ira ?? qfqrq 4#rt’ wt wrr
«ira ?? wfqr wtrtt fd'H<«+»i ^q ‘■Rfqw’ 3 fqfcqqqr ^ qfa w

TT^TT TTS^ % f^JT

wtt tw ^ %qj-^q qq^qr ctt? Taft3F^ sqqq few w "^ft

3tM qRTr^ wrq few ^r fwr toi ^t w q^r i 3T?qq wit tw
q> qiq siTcj =h$ci qq^i
qf^rr : qjqt + 3ii<^«t> - qfqsn^qi'
•cRch + - -cKefjl^ch

TT1R + - S6<l^=h
fqwJ
•©ter qRTT^wn qm *Rqr srrqq qwi i ^ ^n^qr#! t str
^ qqf Mil, f^TH WRT tl WTT ^ 3?stf 3TR c^qFd ^ FtaT?}' 3TTqq
3tr qqiR #, sqqq 'gqq qsw ti q<qq ^ qiwqt wtt qqqqr aqqq
qRmdl, 3qqq few # ^ qRR 3 qiw #i
 fg-<0 ?F? ‘ -H4-1W + 'TFT ^ «H<ri 'Jl'fcl. HI-) 6d?, ?F
c? FT? I F^ o^dTfcT ^ FF}' ^TFT °£ Fft?TFT ? TT ??? - Ft ?F «F FT? ?^,
Ft ?F Ft FT? fMt ?T^, Ft ?®1 ?t ?^ Fit I
‘TT^TFT’ f?Rt FF^FT TTtfTT-WTt ?tf ??? - Ft FF ^ FT? ?t£| Ft ?F
c^-iH Iff; TTT^I FTF TTF ?t FTF ?^ Fltl
■q^FT i FT^' IfTeT FTTf?tt tFT F^FTFFT TJRFcTt ^F ?FJF Ft FTp?f Rfa
?) <tlsT?d ?FF FFTT Fit FTTcf ^Kl f?3TR ?t ?d?d FT3(??? Fclct 3ftF? F>Wt
FTF ^T FF^ ??T 3TR FT ^Nf ?> FT, 'I, *31, ^21, *Wl, 3ft?, ??, STTCt
FF? FT FT?T (Scfft) 3 ^F?d ?FT FT F*£? FF?F WII FIFT
oTFa Ff? FT FtFT )JFTFT Fit FT^F ^ FHdTI'tt FT fFSTTF-'fFF'FT s||<sci?d, cf^T

FT^' FT Flt^t' FT? ^T ?FTI t FPt WI ^T^FFTf ?I?d FT? Fit- F^FTF
chi'll -c(l\j)4> FFt^ Ff?F FFT 6^ 3TR F?FT d®t)< "ts|?I FTFI
^STTFT^ “?4dl?’ F?FF FF? ^ FT?d FIT#, Ft FT?£ F?FT (FFT) ~£
F?cT FT 3?t?FTt 3FF-il” (FFFTcTT F. 'JF, l?Rt ^TTFTRT)
F?F FTfF fclOKrl <dli? - 11FT?? y,'ll FT^FT «i<ii ^33-TT 5=)) I FT H?d P\H

?F?Td FTtl FT F?t ttFT %\n[

FFTFT FT?^ ‘FT’ FF? FTFFFT 3%Ff 3TT?d #1 FftfF i 3Tl?Fff FF?FI

FRTtF FT^FFFT F?ddF> ctt FF^FT FTfFT FT i cRt Pcd^d FfFFf- “FTT^
F?ft FT^FT ^FT %5F3TT FTF* F?F f^F $^T,cl Fltl FTT^ F^t ^ tl”
FF^FT FFfF^' ‘FTI^’ ^TFF FT?-F>f F?T 3TT?FT 'tl FFR FR^ FFTT^FTTt
^FFTF TFFT ^fTT t, FTfe FTFFTcrT ^TT^I FRF^ FFT? FTF ^fTT tl F^
FI WTT (FT?) TTF^FT Ft?W 3 TJ^ft 3TF^ fFTfe? ^ FTF^F 3^
F??F STTfR t FTFT^F^ STF^t? 3TR F??F ^ '^FPT ^ F^ft FFT? FTT^FT FIT?
y4dl??T ^FRTT FFeT "^cT ^1 ^4dlA®h H<F)JI ^ FRTT^FTTf FFT? 3F? FT^ 3?k
ftRTF Fit WIT TTF^FT fT-fT Pd^FT ?FRTTI
 T§tW ■HcJhW

■qfcf 'Hk-ll* 37N3 F4dFT t 3TR "Q^i 'MKHI1* ■H'^'IIH t' t'
strife tq-tq ff^ ?of| wn, %^t, arrft W=h #r-tq ^5 ^
ti Wrst to; 3tfr ■HicJnifH^ hRmkI t, sw sfraT-'sfgr t, srm
Iw&TT tl IdUdl-^ F4dR 3TFR TJJ3 ^f a|fc 3IPR t tfa t f^I-^l§«n
- <ptt ^tt MMci 'dl^l ■’JcT FR - 6lH, ~3, ~3n, d)-^, F?,
3Tte, t, t, t, T^T Ih4hH FR^ t FR^K^l-H FIPFT ‘V 3IR ‘Tl’ t ■hVI‘1
t f^i-^41^ fr (f^chRid) Rt #1
: ^FT + T = ¥FR, at + RF = atRF/FRF
f + RF=iRF
TTcFI + RP = TJ^RF - TToR t + RP = tRF
t + RTF —; 4r>< t + RIF = 4r>F
i '3^t tiRFi rif t^Rfe'tjr tt 3 rir RRtR q? *nt %
^bidr-cRj F^rtRi Ft fRRfRR ‘rff’ rifft ¥RR *hPrh
?TRT fe3TfcT-fe3Tf^ ‘RTF’ t Rl 31 ftFTR tpl? 3TTC RTfR t<?T5 ‘F’I
swt ^tidi-^ w&m #t FRRRnFRta fRRfRR Ft iFftn ‘V t rffh tta
tl tt IFF, Rfc, a^RF 37lfqi
ttRft wit fr^ri Ft ^w«bK«6«b IrfIrkt ‘rtf’ ft f^r rrt?i
: FR RTF, RIR RTF, cfe RTF, RTR RTF 3RfR|
<siUdiR» Rrettf rtrt RFen^ frrrtif^rt ‘rtf’ tRRfRR ‘rt’ RRRR Ri
%3Ti^ fsm % t rr ^ % to ‘V sitf ■% ‘V fRRfRR (qpR) 3if
RTOT WTF F#TR Ft R<t FRR TRIf I
: wtt ff - Tit;:, wtr, fWr snfqi
•Hcj'-TFT FFT - STFIR, cft^R, 31iqqR 3TTfqi
■®k3T «4hi4=F sl^cf^R Ft' ‘q>’ 3TK ‘q^’ Ftt=hK^-^
WT TRT tl STR t FFH H<tlJl FTO ^1
^Tft : FFftqr - FntRF, dl^Hld; - dW-lW,
- tUsHl+'U
73^31 WIT TFt tsfy«bK<t«*i *T33>’ f4^lRKl'+) M<t)Jl W ^ntl
: Ftqr, FTtqi, FkRi anfqi
qfchd 5'Mi'd «5'll'3li ‘3IR>’ 3IR d«hl<l'd ^5'IM * ^Idi'

qPR3^ <^«l ^<9d 'dltl

72 <dUdl ^111 1)3 fqehl*H )

- wt - ^JlRifra, <fe4l=h, qf^RI^ 3^1

vi+KM - d'^l3T, ^e||«l>, 3nf^|

Tsfrr^T w4nii|ch <*>Keb)4 ^t

4Udi=b -h4hiA ti ^ crct

% ffil 3fk ^facft qrai^ T7M? I cT^T % -«OTC<&H
'0^<-^TT 3>l<4=b faRfecT 4l§S ^1
Hdd§< <<aci '3ii<4c^> :
<W+K<*> - FTO, WTO, 3teRT, cft^T, 3Tte7I 3TT^
'bH'hK'h - S*U "4, "4, 3TNtT dl?< ^ 3uf^
WTO5 - TFR ?TIf / cllpM, clfc cTT^, cTTFI cTTf, 4) =M eTTf 3)|<sK
cTT^I eTT? ^ 3 5 cl dlPlHI TTRFT 3011 ^1
3M^H - 6H< ^ / c^, cfR "4 / 4, cfl6< ^ sil'hi ^
3rfw^ - FRT RT / 4, cfR "RT / 4, cftjR tR / ’4", 3^ RT / 3
otto - fFR, 3fcH, cfa, sfasK snf^i

■q^fpT ^ f^rra 4 ts ucfniReh ^ dlwH, ri^ict ^ni-

1. ^NdMch T33> TJcrf ^f ^R^'hK'ti tRRfRcT crFTTf RT fa^cl

(R^iRtct) ^r «n«id ^nii

:
TT^i 3^H a^erd-i ^Tsf^ehKeh
'3tT’7 ’J. IFF IRR FRR, ITRh W, W, ^ifRRRF,
RSRR tj. cTt^ cTtfFF, %Rt, cfa, dlsPH, cftspRR
dteRHcM
3. 3FR i D.feH, 3)1RsM R^i, 37teT, d«fc<
STfefn U,feHR>, lipsH*, Ufe-W
silRaA'ti, sftfe^R 4iRaRA^
2. 4<4dMMch ^4hHT- RRF RTRcT ^I#l
(RT) -is$l4'fr - Pi«bdoiaf (RsF) ^JSRff - *}7 R> 44cl RFRfRT
(RI) H^4=b - Pd+clddl
3JMmrat srannkrat ^r
i, vjo 131, TJ^T, §dleh<
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(73) ^TOlf - «JJ ^

mui)^ srsimtaTOt ^
m, 3TO TO, 3TTO, 3TtTOR 3^T’ 3^*<
aroro, ^ aft#3r, tort
3l1e<il'h, aTOSRR
TO°F, TOR, <TO<
3. ■H^srarETcR toNtr- toto^totofto wfrm iroft, sM^rat, TOt
cfr tjtoi cnf "to %fro *f tortr rttot w ti f^Kt, arfronft, to**
mni^i
■TOR : 3iPq^iil1 - *t, 3 R
fTOKT - %, TO, TO, fro, fro (3TOTO^)
f|'4q4iK4Tra ~^q - TOR, TOR, TOR, IVl'H Rl-l^tH (a^<qi3l)
4. g^i-sTO toNtr- ^Kdl^ TOR m»ikr=ft, 3HMiui)qiq1 ^ ^ Tn^*
urnfarat aramtarat
^fci^R - 3TTO ^t, ^rt, («t><HI<rfl)
ttototor - TOft, tor, <FdHai

3TR^F TO - TO3R, ■feTOR

5_ -JRT5 ^t«ra RcJhIM- <ak(5l<^ RTTO^ITOi TORT^ ^
TO& :
TJ^T TOF - 4>^sR, q<SH, d<sH, *J/sH, ^f?TO, ^1%3TTI fsh^l faJ^c,U|
^'torto to - rtoto>, ^raro;, totot y.oA*, imte, ^taro?,

^rfg’aTO), cT%an^>,
6. fTOTT^TO RcidIR- ■? aifR RI^RTR TOR ^ d-’Wl ^T ^
w£ rt ^ rt ark ^ tot totI "#i

TOTO - TO^%, TO%, cm, T^, , 1^, fH, 1^', ^-> (^RT
Mtot)
•R3'qchKc£<fr to - TORT, dHq>, q.A<+>, ailAqi, t?^°F, I^>, ^

TOR arot an^i

7. 3Ha*Hc<reft ( ^fHV^^cITOft ) TOHm- WUdR, aTfRRt RT^RTR TOI^
qrow 1RTOTOI RT ^ ^ TOI RI^TO^ il ^ RT WRt-;
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:
TJMtarat 3T5TMf^rat
3lfA=til< AkJ, di'lS, ehh, 37R ^rfs
^R*T- «£ <*)<), cb=b<l, «h<M, ^N<+i<, 3lM=h I =bficfr
8. unicjmI <h4hih- mmnn! u4hw wnt-sramt <|f3Tter r#r -q^
■rrt ^racT RTjji

^ : ymtarat awrot
3Tf™t - tr^, 3M, T^, 3#, rA,
*WSR»R3» - T^F, 3j^F, R&F, ^7
9. ^f^T u4hw- Af^Rt tot t#=pt ^ rrr ft#
%l -dS'A : 3)fc(cti|<| A=b*s, A<h=i, AgRi, AA<i,

^ra^<4)K=h«h RRR, *i)«Ul<*>, AaUl=M

10. «4hw
ip^T - 3Tf*R, W*R, ^R, ■5If?RI
11. wrarat
TJ^q - ftsff, -|3Tr, RR, WT,
W^RcH4, - %STT=f7, fsfl^, R#FT, cT#F,
12. y*i<ciixfl wrm
TJqRR - ST^H, clf^FT, R7?7R, R?*R|
Pieeh«f-
■®ter ^AniA* %3tt Ar ^r rrr rt? riA fer -©ksi rirt
RRR'H4> srft RfR f£| THAhiA^ 3RR fa^RT # 3TR ST-RSfcRF
Hldl-Jlldl3Tf ^1 <h4-1|A'^ ii.^«h j^R RR> l <sTl<cJI *Rs)i=b 3UtfT
RTR-RRT ^clA4! 1FR RT yR>K ^1 tS5<. 31^R ■Hcf'IIH 1?, ^ Rifcl RfA-AfR ell
# RfaR ■qc&At wm rrr 3Hor ^i <sikdi rirtrt rrrArtrt Ar A u4hiAri
■RR R R7R RlAl 3fk 3R^R7 RRfA R<R: 3TTRT RRRR #' RRA R^
4ld fR> <akdi^ ■wA'iiAq-i hAri 1?R <eci§, ^W'l lateJT Rnat g^Ari Af ar*J
R>1Ar)'| ?JR RF^ R>Al RR Alciq^qi ''TScT-RrioJ'i RT 3RRR, RRR At RT g[ST
¥t RT f^ %R R ?tl lakcSI h4hiA‘ 3im rRrJ Rf«TFR %, t 3TR TfQ
f teil<d|cb 3RR ■q^RR f^l
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wit rt wftr ^ tr-^r rtrtk-rtrr: ^ct^stt / «Ki<jPieK

-?trr ^ ^arieF^f fsra^r <*)siH wi^i
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S|§<H'1 ST^TR TTRR 3TR^ ^1
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cittFR 1RTI
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1. fRrftRT weft
2. TOT
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3TfiRR TTRR R? PrRr t^^TRT RSel 'Jll^l
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■TTSt us'is^ U'S'txdl

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f to f^m ^i

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(ft) -qrawdt (-qf^iFT ft#)
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ft# : 3A«tA, ft##, 3i-crocf>, *)ft 3hi1s

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F#Fi ■*><«) F# H$«ll
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k 37oZfF FFF WTT FT F^FTF ^ #1 (FTF) 3TTI ^ FTfFT ^ %R FFF

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^ ^FITI
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FlRt : FFT R FfeRTTI
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f^rftr

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%\ ^TRTT # RR? SIR RT RSTR ^ RRR # RpRT R# cfi? #RRT fellRRT T#R
RT STTfRRFTCI

RTRT 3TTT ffefR

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%\ RUT RTR ff fel STT^RTRT RHdRi SIR RRR ^?T R RTRTR7 ^Rpl'JdlRi
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RT5(I ^RI R7T) Rife RRR I RTRT RIR, RlR ^RSITftrRI RIRTRT 1^1 ?Rfe IJdT Rt
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WT ^TFKt, #IT, TtRR Mr 3TsKMcr1 TOf I TORfTO R^T 3TP£RffR RJTOR

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TO?T ot«T f*T, TOtfRRt RT3R R7^T3 RFRt Mr ft M^H TOT# I fTRRT^TO
TOTRT ‘^HldV TOTHT 3TR RRRt <[?3tt Mr TOTH RT#' M§H TOT# RTTOT TO
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TOT?I T3tTOT RRIH(# fWRf^TOTRT TO?H TfH #t #Mflf TOR ^ fT. RTTOTO
Rfft T3tTOT Mr, TOlMl* TOTOR H?*# TOTTOT f«TI fTORJ # M#' TOft
TOTOTORTO f?| ##TO ?TTR3# RFTjftTO TOR RTOTRlfTOT ^tff TOTOt R# RTRT
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T3TT3T ScrfR 3TTT TOTOT TOc?RH

RTTOT T3R3T M#TO TO? #TOTPRT Mr ^ TOfe RRfTTOTI 3TR R# TO RTflt

TORRTOc'T #<?T #1 JllRstl T3R3T RR3TTO TOR TO? <sKl'«] Rrlfs RHRT -hV^cI

RR3TTO M#TO TOH# #H #1 pFRJ TOT??T TOIMl TOfRTHT #f TO^I R?RTO TOfRR
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fTTOR f? % TORt Mr T3R31TO *RpT ‘JTOTO yRlRllRTO (Symbolic
Representation) TO# R? TfH f?l

TsflTdlTO TTTRTTO S*fTO 3TTT TOTRTt f^fR

<s*t<cJl ^(Rl yRtRifRTO TOR# Mr TO To R? T?H f? +lei ^ WHH

TOTOT-
(TO)TOtTOi Rmr^-g^TO'H’-g^TO’R’ artrTOHTO‘rt’ Mrto^r?toRr
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TORRT - TOTOI RTOI - RTO 3TRf - TOtR
Tggvq ‘-R’ # -3RH ‘R’ 3TR ‘^’ ^ RTOftR TOTO TO#I

: TOtf - RRTOI RJRR - R3T3 - R^R

fRt - fRTOI RRT - RRT
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qftq - qftm fftow - ftrcra
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‘ft’ * as’ qq?T ‘*5’

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HFT - ftqi ^ - ^5, ^
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- w
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q?ft : qfft - qR qiq - isnq

qrfftnq - qftaqq fftqrc - fftaqi
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??qT - IRT qRq - qqaq

(q) w WST ‘aft’, ‘ft’, (ftgqq W) 3TR *?’, ‘^’ ftftf Rfft
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(Demontration pronoun)
q# : ft ftftl ^ ft^l ^ ??l
ft^qq ^ ‘aft’, ‘ft’, aqqq Tp^ft-aq + ^^aftaqrar + ^^ft
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HtT3IR7 tRTR SRfR -rpt TRsRRd RT#I
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i %RT TJdT ^ RTRIfH RRTRPT RTT^' 3#T ^R RR^' RtdH 7RT? #1
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RR ??l RR 1R?I
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RcT Ri "^sfr^T 3^Ret>| - 3^pct>l
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MRftf,RR‘fM MfRT TO^tl'q’ Rf ft#
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MtTCr 3RT ftRF Mr

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FTfRf M ( MR Mf) <£ fj#TTf ^ M 3ISR FFFFT FT#I
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110

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- dTO - ^Td? WT, ^feT-'PfST ^ FF\ ddfdl 'dT#!

(v) cuch-n'id Tnqra- ^dter di?+ «(-i^ en? h^*h d) fiFdt, ddd),
Tfrsidft, ^ToTT WIT tR&l i TOFTI -5^ dcRTcTIdT WIRT dRT £-
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drot^ ?iw ddid 3 toto diii
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%*d ^nf^ dfdl W ^1 ^td- df^d TTrft i& dSdSTri #3IT3r ^1
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efc cFToT f^TF?FT

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1* RTTd F*T ^zr I FT FF~
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3. dl«t>Mid«b snfFdi RTR - RF7^ : RPft ^[R, 4d"4 TjpT
4. 4)1'Fl ■MHiPji=t)-^Kd)Rid> 3M-4idHd) RT*I - dS^l ‘ Rd>Rl : ^T,
■JTRpTTR 4RcTI
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t WT RTfT “$td3lfa«h 4,IHd)H” 3TR “wfF^°F TFffR” I ^Tt
3TTRT7 # Rk4R TJcTT 7TR^ ■gqe 3TR ‘ dlR+R*. ’ 3TTRT7 RFTR FRI

TsfUtfT FTT%^ ^TTR f^F3PT

Wkcsi RTTTT^ -Hifsd d<a-i 4) R^Tl <si,ii h<hm nki-Rlil TpR 7TF «i*9<
(1700-WT FF*0 F?l 37T7 t R7R7T 7F PR^-P^ Pd'vdH 3TFFT-3TTRR R?t
RTf-RTF 7ft 4)id<si'^ di'^4) RdPedi (4kl) =t)<d FR 4dl ^d dl5l

TT. fTT Tfilf #T3T FTT%^ f^TF3TR

TafcrJT RT7TT ^ 4M<fd4l 3TR ^7R7 fd^MH FT. TT #. FTT Rt 73k3T RTRT

TTfFF $ #T dild^‘1 4fed FTR-

T3t73I RT7TT ^ ^ ^ oTf ^ 1920 F4> ^ ^ qi4PT (3TTfF«lM)
Stt 31lP^4FeT, 1920 3 1970 cRT 4> 4FR ^ "R?^ CR«0 4RR 3TT7 1970
■R R73R cPF ^ ^ RT^pRT 4RR 4JFR FRI
112 *rmnjcr (3^rrrr taRTR)

W Rt sntata tarar tar Trri%cT nta tadi-* Rfta trririr rri

tad fw SIR Rtcl, 1JR?7 37R RRRt ta Sfift RR?Sn-taR?STI, RTRRR, list
71R, tadt RRRt taf wt^ STtfCT (1886-1972), tataRR (RltaRRRt)
ftald, R1R.RR1R ( 1851-1939), d^RR RRFF (1770) SnfR Rt 'UR RRRd
¥RI 1920 ^ S1TR WlWI^ fRfRRR fdtafl TJd RT^ ta ^dl
RfRRta RR dRf 'bRIRktf, ?ft fTO RTJTt, nr. #. dl, ftaRRTR
RPR fcRcRm taNt ‘TR’, ta?I talRRld, RRTR°I tat, STTfR TRRTRTR SIR
RR®7 TR1 ^ RTR1 RRd RR1 SR^fRRT Rta Rt fRRRT Rita 7TRR Rt. RR.
sitaR wfta, w Ttaf- ta?i %rr, taci rrct, tat did ta,
SllfR RIR RRRd ¥RI tRftaRt RtTRRTt SMITd ta’ Rta ‘fta’
Rrojta TtaP RIRR, fata ftanta 3TRt-3TRTI

nROTT RR5 '3RRTT’ ^ RR tadl RlRlta RJRR f^RdR

tacJI RR1T Ri taR faRRIR ctjtui RRR (RR '3RdT’ dt RR <3kdl Rta
RRRI ^ eftR ta Rita ?R-
1. Rta^ W ( 1951-1971 )- ^ did RRR 3 Rt talRT Rita ^
Rta ^ Rlfod RRd ?RI
2. Rfsta R^d ( 1977-1990)- Rd f(T Rt SIR 7RRRT TRRT,
ftaRIR RRTfta SIR RRIRT Rta talR R7RR *jta, RRRR Rta, fata
<*>HK, Rt. RR. sftgRR, fReRRR HScil, RITfR RRR SHlRRT Hh RRRd IjRI
3. 3TTRRT R^T ( 1991-RTRR RRJ)- i ta R. W, RR1R Rta
RSTIdld ‘ta’, 7JRTRR, RR9R Rta, ftaRRR Rft ‘RRR’, ‘dRta RRRTRt,
RRR Rta, RRRta RTBRT, ^1 R^ RRt ‘STldl’ SRfta R1R TMd ?RI

tafr crrr ‘tart’ taf litMi rirr ftariRR

RI nta RVltdld ‘tat’ Rt ‘taTST tad’ ttar#' 1857 ^ 1945 RRta

RRd SfTTftal RRH, 1946-1980 RRT ^ RfReRTH SIR 1980 ^ R1RR RRT
Rt Rlld ^ 3TTta^ R>RR RHd ?RI

■feta tanPui ^ taf tarsi tata^ ritrt ftanRrr

tan tatar ‘taiRr tata rr srrr sfrr ftaTR’ tw^

tan31 RTta ^ RRd iRRTRR, RltaRi R^ ^ RTRlftai «i’«<iiRlch
sikm# 3TT«nt' grata (1900-1950) f. (1951-1980),
37TSJpR; ^T¥T ( 1981 ^ TTTOT ¥*¥)¥)#¥ TOR ¥«7I
P<hrP>ji to 3ir#T ^ra to wrP¥¥ro 3#¥, ¥?¥ fa^ro wro, tosM,
^fidl^dl, TOf¥ 3717 fTOTT7 37lf¥ <<smd ¥*71 i tor ^
TOR ¥#[ sldR ¥*71
Ri^TOIcd ( 1951-1980 ) TO ^7¥ TOffa, TOR# TOTfaTt, YfrTOT ^
fTO#' •jHcIk'I 7ltaTO dSIcTO, ‘3TRMTOTO’ ¥7TO7, ¥?¥ faTO^ %#¥
tjtosr 3tr thP#* tozt-tt# Tita taro - to#P #ro, toto, ww
37ta-37T7t f5TTO3( Perils# -=1^14) 7# P¥TO4d ¥*71
i TOR 7TO TO¥ ^ ¥5 fTO #7m3^-qf!TOT ¥¥7^TO #31# ¥¥ ¥? 3777
to# Rpror f## (1951), to##, TO3TO77T (1957) TfiKTO to
taroa to# #737 (^ toto) to5; fro# (1977-1978) 7t tjto tot?
¥¥7f?TOI | ^T # TOJ7¥ WHfdiK Ml##, 17. #. ¥n, fTOTO71*7 TOT7, PcR4HI*7
4## 7F¥, d# 'fled d>Hcd, 3TRI-31RT ¥#l
1981 3 pi ¥TO # TOR TO # 37T#TTO TOR ¥FR ¥*7 3TT7
TO ‘ 77R14#d4> 37Tf#¥T TOTO’ TO TOP?# #¥ #f fTO¥¥¥7 ¥*71
if TOR <s'^=h T/cMlTOU fTOTOTT*7 siHiP'i'b, JfllTd TO7¥, q^fldld ¥#, #. ¥¥.
3Tt¥¥R, P# ¥¥7T7, 1TORT RHHfui, *TOTO#7 ¥¥¥t ‘TOTTR’, TOTOTTO *7Rr1,
^FTW ¥¥¥1, TOTO*77 ¥¥¥1 ‘TOTOTO7’, fa¥#¥ ¥¥¥t ‘fTOn’, 4I#7 ¥¥¥1,
71¥3¥¥I #¥¥17 3Tll¥ # ¥T¥ ¥¥¥¥1 ¥*ftl
i TORIES # TJf7¥ T¥¥T #f PdHjflTO #¥ (#¥¥!¥)- P^d<4¥ ¥¥#,
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#¥ITO #¥# (TOT?¥) - cRlldM #ft, 7#3T f¥¥TO - #. ¥¥. 37lS¥T7, 77m
TO# - fa#¥ ¥7TO7, 77TO#TO f¥7H¥ (¥¥?¥) T(. M'l'dl'ldl
(3TOT177), 3R7R (¥R3R) - f¥?¥¥l«7 ¥7#^t ‘7R’, ¥¥7 (¥5¥I¥t
7T¥¥) WT ¥¥¥) #¥-^¥T ¥TR 3TT¥ %\

PlPyifl Jllwmlcf, yHdl 7TTf¥¥^ ^T¥7 f^TFSR- ¥Tf 7¥TR

^37T3t MPdd>ld> y'91^ f^fPRt ¥)wi41 ^ft ^ t^‘ 1947 ^ ¥¥¥T ^
#731 7TT%#1 W¥f¥ ¥¥¥f TOR ¥*71 R737 #' 1947 ^ ¥f¥^ ¥?¥7 77^ 3T
hIRsi^' TOl) ¥¥tf 37R 77¥ fTFTR-TOI# 7ft¥-¥l¥ ¥¥Tfl 'tflcrlPh 77¥ ^ 77¥
¥TOft 7TP-¥¥187 ¥%¥ PT^¥I # 1940 ^ 3T177TO7 #73F^ # ^#7 fTFIK
3#¥ ^ ¥?3^ TOfeRT# 7¥¥T ^ W #T ¥¥1«7I TOTOft #, 71TO¥ TRT
114 R1RTR3 Rlpidl ( S<JR3 PdchlR )

3^31 fRF SIR cbdilTOI^ R^fl 331 HKIRUI fw 313R ^3f Phdiq TSpR fR33
(1902), Rfdl RRfa (1909) 3^ F 3.PF3U' 73k31 RlR>cl3> M<>UI^ 31^31331
FR chldfe J^sK R^ F R3 3331 ^ sT3 RTR1 3TR 3T33f TO^ Pdtel'31 %
Ffl
filfTRRf RtTRIRt 3^3 3331 (1947-1980) ^ RTJTt 3331 3f 3l3
«iH3> SiWidci 3R31 FRI 3>1<rlPt’i 'iI^ihI 3ft, hi^O Wf 37 <al<di«t> 3Md
FR SIR 33737: xfTfTl 33, 3R1RR1 RF31, f3?331R RtM 713, 37?T 3t3RFR31,
it ^ft. ^T SllfF RlfFF 73 ^c=T«n 3^ RfFrl 3F7 SR33R313t tM 3t
^)<314. 3lf331 R71lf73 R31 F31FI WR1 RF31 RfF31 Rlfa F31R 3RR f^
RRJTf 3p f3?331R ^fNt 713, 3^31 Hld3>Rd, R, t£. F3 STltRRl 7331 iWlPld
F^ cTPTcTFl 3# 3331 72i£ 73f731 RRTT3 ‘RlfRRll’ 31R ^ R3f733 4^11^
■%? 9[j,<141ch i 7g^ iJFT MlPdlPd 7F F31F 7Tt7T3, 7TRFft TO
‘TOR1, 71313131 PdRRftl SlRt-STRl f331FI
J|)43l3fcft 3RS[f3cfl 7J331 ( 1980 ^ R7sR <^3J )- eft ^FI^: 31F-FR
“ SlfTFl «£FH FF 3f ^ 7ft. W 3t 731731 73lfd7 fRlfTRl 731331 F3T1 SIR 33R3
7RR7$ 73)73137 Pci^iftyK'f} R3H? dRSdi, fdddPl Hi'blTM 3J31 dRSdl SIR
Rc}l 31RT33 3l3ft -c^T’, *731731 TlfFR 7KlPd3> '441+H’, *731731 RFaRI
TRst’, *7sft73r RF^T 73F7’, ‘3TRlft31 7R^F7T RrIFR’, 31 ftllRie’,
F533T TFdfFcT SIR f^-fR' 733131 FRIT ^cTTl ’ fR7RT7t 3f ^ 3331
ift FIT 3pT 7F^ RFflF-FTS F«TI F3737 7^' 1951 ^ 1982 331 32 RTFf
10 Rt WU3I31 f3RM 31^ W9Flf 3f313 1983 ^ 1990 3F31 3^ SfTR 3^’
^'1731'^ 20 3t ^ %7ft P+idlR RlPFcl^ f33T^( »4d$l i 33FT
RR7T RRpti<fci, SHp-Hdl-RTR 37^ Sii-<{lci')eh ^R elF <^d FFIFI

^.ttr. aterr ^ ^ tsiVst RR3T fgwiRR

3F7 73t3-fR3 3RFI 3R ft^,Fl^ RRT 7§k3T 7TllF3 sj^RR R^frT #

SfTRIl^ fRJ 3T33T f33R '^31 3R31 Ffl
3TTf3 RF73 ( RTRTR 31R3) ( 1700-1800 )-
FT^' 1700 F^ 3 1800 FTRt HF3 ^ RRcRsTF ^ 7Rt73I RlPFd* STlfR
3331 (RT3^3 3331) 7TR Ff SIR i 3331 ^ SlRpRRl T331337 Wl^Rl 7T31
3^31 ftfF ‘33JW’ SIR F3737 jfd ‘ftlWR1 RFT33FR ^ RT3 Ffl F37M #1
Tjf 3TR 77331 ‘TFT 7RN33', ‘ ‘llPdR dldlJJcl’ SIR *7M 7F7R’ ^ R31 R3lf %\
TTRR sJTRT WT^RT RTRRt R^R 9<RKW RR TRRT ‘RRfR WfX
Pf?d)l^l ^ RfRTR SIR R»t R^t ReRRF ^Rl RRT ^ fw RR RR1MT TRRT
‘rtr ^Rtrr’ ^ rtrtr fRRT HI ^ Rif #TR1 j RR TR WT«T, ^ Rft
TsfteiT 1 <-=Hl=bK ^JeTT TRRT RR 1>RTR Tt Rft flFRt Rlfed RR^ RfRR RilRf
^ fTRfRTRfR T# 3TR ftft RTTRT ~£ ■g^SMtl RfR, 3 RftRT ^WIRT TRRT
fcll^ RTRT 3TR Rffd fspit RTRTR ^<sl«rt RT ^A=b RTRT^(
RRRt 3TR RR ^ RTRTR ^ 3TR Rlfl^RT fRRR ??, RfRR 3TR TtfcTI 3RT f
f^lt fRTRR ^ TRRT RTRRT RT# f 4>|<rPsf£l RTRTR RffRRt RTRT fPTTRT
RTRTR ^ Rf%R TsflWI-* RTRT ^ Wm ^ ‘Rtf^R dldl^d’ =bl^R> ?
RRRf? ^R RP? ^TRRT RT? RT^I
“^RTf «t RRTRTR, RfRcff ^FTTST
RRRft RR R^l
RtR RTR iftgt RffcsT,
RTfRT RT fRRTT RR R^l" (Rtf^R -RpRI^d)
RfRRRRT ( 1800 T* 1947)-
J 4»lcUsfe f^ff RI%RR>R tfdRRRT ^ PTURnlPd T5f, R^ ^ f?^t
Rlf^R? Ofd+lclcb Rfft fRRTT, IRfcST Rtftfff ^?13T RffcT T^' RRT ^1 |
RftRr *£?3 fRT TR\- fRWfor, ^W- STlftl 37R <RHI=bk -geTR, RTRRfRTR^R
3TTflT (1886 3 1972), RTf R7RTT (1851 3 1935), fRR^ fR? ‘fRRpRRT’
(1770 t *1RR), R1RR RIRRT (19 Rf RRt)l RcR RIRT RTf RR, gTRt RR,
fRRRlt RR RlfR fRRTT qi^RT Rfa ^ RfeRgRT, RRgRT 3RT RRRgRt FPTRI f
RRRRRt RRRRR^R7 RRT RRT RR1RRT 1r? ^ ^Rf WTR IRkTR ‘l^RT fRRR’
(1902) RR ‘RtaT-RRtR’ (1909) RRT-RRR fRR^’ feHRcT ^ ?|l
3R?jPtct) RiTcR ( 1947 ^ 3Rf^7 RR1 )-
■?l4’ f RRR 7RS Rf r!r RilRI UTRF^ RT^Ri ^7R1 RRR 'gfl
( 1 ) yUdlcfc HR^JI - ( 1947 ^ 1975 )
( 2 ) TJRRTfRRR RJTR - ( 1975 ^ 2000)
( 3 ) PRchlR cKTR - ( 2000 ^ R7RR RR1)
Rfel SR^fRRI RRR ^ #1 iwt' Rl^RT ^fRR fR^-fR^ RlP^Pd* R^fd
^ 3RRT^ RRPf ^'| M R1R if 1947 ^ 1975 ^ R?^' ^ 7RRI 1slllc!l<«(
%, Wfil fRR? R[RR ^ RfW 1947 ^ Rf^RT fRR? ^ R^RR RRR7
RtRR, RM, RfplRft, R^TRR ^R? Rf R1R1 R5TTT eft R%R fRRR
116 <akcll RTRT WllfleR ( ■Sci'Hci licj fdehlM )

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<sTl<cJI Mlfeell ktPkl Rifft j?f3Tt f?? eft RRt RRTI ktfR R?RR R>Sd RTR
1% ^H*k=b RRT <,R'1l°bK gferH k ^oTf Rt fST Rife kRpgRTeT Relfl ~§
Rlded R1R k 1% TRRTRiR gldd Rt ^RMR k ReTF eft 3d$d nfevl R RR R>
Rgdi'+i Rtk-R$'J1ci> RR ld<slR> teWdl RF^'lIeff I R? k M,R><I 6I1) RR'JR Hid
ft'I WI, ^PTfcT, feRTR-RHR k fFTW k felRltRi Z3RT RIRT (RRT*I)
■^TcT Rt Zl^-dlHS^ ‘g-F kedf 1? g*tl *tdR> T37TT RRT gR hT'II5 Mcd$ R <silRu
tt^RT dRdgM RTRR Rif R^l
1975 Rt ^RJsfe gfRR Rfelf RfRR <Md1PdR> R^Ri RRR RR ^
flIRsIf gfRR Rlkiedd R^er RR MR>4ed:? SIR R*t-R*t Rig, Rfet, RTRfeMTRT,
RRtRRfeT, ‘RleH'lUq RtRl’, ‘RfeMeTTRtR’, RRt-RRt MIRdl Rfa 4^-Sd$l
-13 ^'T eft Rt Rsjdl4>d RitRI Is)Midi Rig £d$d <-ddl=6k 'jjdd Ri MpRH
i gtf ‘ <MdlfdR> R7RR’ RI? k <RdlR>k gdfR k feRfR RTSRf R SIR gRTRT
R) fekdlM> IfR TRRT RRR fedf I R^ RtlRi i RTel ^R RT^ gk cTFMT % kRfT
RRPT RfR k Rlfe-TRIR Rig SIR elk Rlfe^Rt RR fRRTg IJ,d) gi RTk dl'ldf
- gRife RR^RlfeTI RR dRMMRT PsHIMi ‘RIRlfeT’ R3ft R^2 RFRfR R?
gttRT TRRT gRT^I trift RSRfT ^§oT RT3R7-
SRRt fTR ^RIRt, RR dl<^ RRRt R^ kl
M'kfMMl 3^\ ks RIR k, RigR ■giR kfRRI RRllk,
RNM ke eft RtRk RRd, ^T RRT?7 kd 7# Rt,
3TTR RR RRRt R# kl
fR^Rltd tRTR
R3 RFT RRklt, RR k RRf7 "ktRI
Wm ^ RR k RtRI
RR RFT RlR3Rt RR eft RRfT #RI
Rf( R^R, R?fk7 RTRifeT ^Rl
•^TR ^fRRi k RFFT RRfR-RRfRRlR SRRtRI
RS RFT RRkst RR eft RRfl ktRI
Rt.TRT. RkRR (1984)
1 ^jchch RTfkeT k RR RRR k ycjPd k ^IRRRR Rk ■|51T't k RiR
^eTR ktR R^fT k W1 kRtlRfk^^TkRlR gd4'K"| R^TR f^R? R1
R5t ‘elRkFld’ g?TT tl ? Rpfa> RRRR kfel RT kt ?R, k MfeR ktfR ? ^
Rt RTR ‘?TT RpT’ <llSd RTR RT T(RR ct c+>Wl RtRT RR RTR FTR RF^ =tRd$l

fern <*1^

FTKTFF 3TRTR ^1 (2000) RR ^.RRFsf STFRtpPT RR 1rr| RTZT-Rtzt

RR?PT %? RT RTfFltRT ^ ZT3T) RRfPT ^tcT?! RR RrfFtfRT ZT ‘ UPdRiR 3TR
RfF’ RF^ PlRRH fRRRR ZT R? RcT? I R? R ? *[R ^ fel RjR RTRPT RTR

■RT^I ? RT^' ^•RJIR> RlZT TRRT ir'KIRI RR RRPT 33F ^P1F(RTZPT WT RTtl
RTT RF$
fFRT f^PJ-fR^ f^RTR ^JeTT ^ RR TJPTTRT RR ? F? F*R FSTFTR
RlZlRIZt R^ fc<RH 1920 3 1950 Rt 3TPJ RT1FT ^ RTfR RT WRtR W1 RPTPT
FR 1920 R 1980 RR7 ^ RRR RRPT RRR RTF 1980 3 31T?R RRT ^ RTTPT
R) 3TTRjfRR7 RHFT RPTPT FRI tRRJ FPt' FFTRTF ^ 3RfR R^R 3TR ZRTRT RRRT
°P 3TlfF TRRT RR-‘tffl ? RJR Ri 3#rf?3R 3TR RtfeRT RlfFR RRRI Rt RtRT
fR^RF ■JFT iTRZ RT%R RR ‘RRtRTR’ RT^ ^ PTfR> RlfFR W)+K
RR FR 3TR TT^ <rlai5^ Rt fPF RZT FTR 3TTPTT Rt T§kZT R'I'Z RT%R Rt RRRT
=£ ■g^STTR 1951 3 RPTPT F*T 3TTC 1951 3 FTFRT WT <TC> ^ RRPT ^ #1
TRF R1ZPT FRI %RJ FPR R^‘ TRfcZT R?RR RJJ5 RTRT ^ RTfFR ^ RRcT
fRRTRR R>)r> *f Rilfllgl R^R> ZI zfRR RF=( 3TR RR RTR 37SRRR RRR1
RR R^RUcT fe'lNl RR1 ZT ZfRR FR?I

Isllldl ^RR T5RT

^ RT# #T RIRR RTF RlFeT ( 1 ) SlfRRT R^ R RTpFf

RRR ^ i^RT 3T8J RPTRT RTFI RfR- ^R RTZ-RTZ R1RPTRT 3TTRRf ^ RFR1RPT
RTFR1 RTf Rf P^R RtRT-RtRT 3RR RRfe Rf RTFI
^RR (2) RT3RT- R^R RRR ^JRTT ^ 3RR RTUR ^ RR^ FR- i\

R?^- ^Z RFRTRPT TRRT 3TTRRt ^ FTRT RTFRT RT? Rt RR Ft RTR RFRTRPT ^

3RR RRte FR-Fl
RtRTRR (3) oRRRT- P[RR ^ RRF ^ 3RR RTfRRT 3TR RraRT 3 RF^
^RJTFF ^ 'STRRT 3 'JR^lf t RT RRfe FR-tl R?^- RTPFt ^RT-RTcR 3TR
RRTRft RTtRT ^ RFRTRPT R>FRT RT? Rt, P^TT RPt RRfe Rf RT^ fRTZi Rl
RFRTRPT RFR RPT %, RfRRT 3ltRR RRTRtrt ^ FRt ZFRRT ttRT t RT ^RR RRPT
ttRT %\
 119

RTR RFT-#, RTIFT "4' TOST fFPT RRJFT Fl3 TRFT Ft'l RfRRTT Wl, RFR R7RI

RR RT^ ReR-'tR' R^ft 3TR ^<3 Cl RTf

“. eft#T % RTRtR efl Rck RTV#, Pu4k ^ W1

RFT-# RFTTI RT «RH Pu4k RFT-F 3TR R?t fFRRt RFT-tl RTRR SFFIFft RT

HW«i<l)Kl <*>Wl WI RR^ *F RT«I 3TTRR FT3R FTR^ R>f TRiR did) Rd-F

3TR 3vd1$3TT 7JFT RZd 3TR M<3-1 R>t TRiR RcT-f?l”

dgRR>l WT RTTR RTR Tft TZpR ^TRd RT? “.R3> ^t T[ff%T

r> rrr ^’si^ci eci^'i ^ ^rr^TT rf Pdoddi fftr rttr srfRRT rt^ rtri ^

«hWl «)lcl Rcl^ FT Rft dilH 3TTC RilH, R>t 6Hp( «hWl 'Hf'-SMH f>ch) RJ

FTF-Rfe R1F?F TFt”

i ?rt FRfRRi Rfkr# frt frctti frr rrt ftrt ?fFR riTrrt st?rr

Md+P-WI fRdd?F 3 R^ RddjJHl”

ftr trft if RTTt r^jft ftrft rt?- “.RtfF Ft? rt?t:-#

Hem'll •itsck FRT Tslf^^JRF FT FR cTT TJRFT STerdTFI ^ eft ‘l?TR R> RTFI RTR

'], •gRRT, RRTFT, RRFfRF RR?T %RRT RRR^f fRRd FRI H& %FtRT FRT
TRFF,'EJRrT FT eft dRlQ,R)-R<HI$<fc Rif RTF cTT eft? RTRt, %?> H<4-M<l Rf

cri)R> FT eft?l RtfR cftFT c5l<=t> pel'll ^JR Ft FR eft <3Fl F? R RtFR F*«K

fRcTeftl ’’

1989 tRRT RtRF? 3 MTRilPRF ‘FFTR’ MdR^TQ,' pRRRt RRRTRt RtR?

TTTTt ?R SRR TRFT *9Hd Fd? - 3TR ReTT RT^ STfF? FRfFRT JRI§^I

egSFRt HelRchl'+i 3TR> 6 R R.R). FIT *ft RT f'FRTFt TRRT «9ed FcT?-

‘RFra^RT fRRRf^FTTRF^F’

2. RFF TRRT - TFRcm FRR ^RR RTRR RRT Rjft RtfeRT fRRTR tJRcT

% RTRRFR 'iIwihI RftRT- ■Rl'«{t«h '^eTT RRR RTRT ^Adi ^ oRf*TeT 'Rt FRR
3TR ^jrq ^ RIJRT ^R RRRT FRI TRTR ^ ?RRR ^F%3R RfFft ^

fklirfl RT ^RR R^R RR RReTfT Fk RRT ^ft RRTFRR ^T§cT RT?-

1. FtRT RRR "^tFF Ri ^R[ eTTR

FT^RT RtFT ^RT Ff d®HlR> RTR
F^ FMRtRT RTR, "^SR^ 'Ft RTTR F? ^
RT! RiRTT *tdl§ ^SlfR 3RRR <+)5< ^
RTF ^ifRF RifR RR

■^STF^ TJRtRR 41 el cl
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 121

arm stttot

y=t>Hi< 'jfaj otil3 <<aci ^15-

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MrlR^lH 1954 ?5TOT ¥?l
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^FH-Sfarc 3TR TTfaSTOT WTO I
122 ■<akc5i RTRT irg- UlfeeR (RR|RR RR [RRiIR )

firm -g^j
RfR RT ‘RSj’ RTfF^Ri Tjjft ^ P^l R?R Ri RiTfR ehftfll, TftcT 3Tlf^ RFR
RTPT Rlil ReFl Hl-M, R* RR$<1 ell I ‘ MSJ’ «U *l$3 «bfae1l i\ UlTpta
* H'Ml'Mqi'41- ’ 'JlMd 'Jllgetl *ledf* 3TP^ edl* sited*! 'll0!. P*R*R Jll<=t®T— I
RTRIpf RRl-RTcd zra^ T37Tf etf-cITeT Hided RfT PTI RRR? ^ZT
^tRi-p* anwf rMrj rt rr-rr g?--^ rpt? rtt pn rtrt m.
Rlfpf Ri fa^lld 'Jedl* chl«tcll RT M$< Rt RR R^ Hl-Reii p elR eft *fde1l*
SRlRt RfTRiUM ctigd Red P Poetry is the Spontaneous out burst of
powerful inner feeling *fdeii* R1^ *Wl RifR *eed Pl-
“fspftnt PRT neeii RifR, 3TTF R eSH'Jll tTfRT "HPri
%ed* R ^-"RFR, R?t iftRt *faeii 3RTRTRI ”
RRf eft RRRT RRtRi RIP «RFFFT ftfe RlfrRRit Rit^f ^RTR-H'IRiK'! ^
efft tHl'Merl sbidl Ri ‘ <Hie?'ii<^,’ Rl RRsi Ri 3TeR R, R?<R$ ZT feel •‘lerl^'l
3TR rpp RRRi trp (Spontaneously) *jpf rpt? Rcip-
"RT fdRTR UlelkJIH,, (WW WReft RRT
de*ki -qf^n fR*jdi rrt, RRfu rrr RtfeeiiHi”
siptf T3jft RrfRRT
*lddi Su<41* 7J1R ^fedi eyd^dl SIR ^:RI RflRi, Rd=b ^Hl$< ZT «bl<
di*<) ctigerl *faell Ri’f RTfS RPT? Rlf?l I? RIR *$erl RIS RT^ fR> *feie1l*
rftr snpitRi rhr e£ R>pft ppi
%3R Rp RI Rifaell RT RteT =F 3RfRR 3P clfRiRR RRi RRRT PR fRRf
RT^I PR fRRf # IslHeJI* SPjfdRi RT ftPR Rlf^' R|RR> fR+mi
td)<dl^ MRfHfeel RlflR -fcn#RT RTRR ^ SiPP WI5 RfR ^ RTRRt
Rtst ^ TTRT R^elfW (ReRTTf) ^ RTRet RTf RT^I t ‘ftlR-RFR’ RTR ^ Rjit
RPRR^R Rt TRRT RRct ¥R ^ 700 ^ pi RRR ^ 12000 Rtp 3TR ^tRTf
pfi? RRR ZIRR fpt-pi i f?TR RTR7 P TRRT Riled* PRR'fR pfRRt ^fTRpt
7*R TRTt RifRell-^ lerHRed Pi e1*< ^ ReTT RR ? f* PT RR? plf 1757 U R el
RR1I i RR? P PT? RtRMR* ?IRH RPII
 123

IpflsR 3TR cftz Pt WHI HldR RT %\

(1) TFT <IH<y|ufc|
(2) TTR - T1RR
(3) PtPR cftellTff
RffR^ dldl^d irnt WZ ^ ^TIR RT?-
“"Sjfa*! ^ RFFTTST, ■Hf'^l ^3RTR
r*rP ^rr ^k\
cfa zrt Rfw Rfe
R fRRT ^T 3Rl” (RffRR didl^d)

ggggrg
3 m ttrt <<h-hie? ^ arrefer qrfa ¥r*ti m<h<i-h ^ ttrt Tfiw #
RJT ^ q^F faqqRT fRfZI | tW ^ RTf ‘fed'lq^l’
^ aRjqR RRR f?R«TI 5-1 <a< 3^ TRZT - ‘ 'Flcq H«Hl ’ ^ ildlH
pTR-?f I

Wt%

<IH'I« TTRT qclTIIS ^ ^ZT sTRRf I TTfR a-KsK RZ cTPT

3cl$dl 5'1<3<I RZ RtcT 3TR difadl fd<sJ 3TR RRfz Rddl-^ <Hcl Self'll RRsR
>3ic(i'fl ^ ariqz rn t) aFjzfci Rfzr RfzarRTf ^§-i 'Iri arrr «hTtTI ^115 r>
RRT =h<,clll $d<sK FTTf •Cddl ‘RRTJRRR’ R> RZT Rdl f?f I
<TH=h 16 Rf-17Rt Rdl«ql R? Tskdl Pfl^d TTlflcT R> 3TRR Hldel RTf RT^I
3TR TJ^f R??R RTf RR pF #T3I fe RlfedR RZR RRT Rp‘ I «TqTf-«J3?
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3TTpRZR HMel RTf RRI

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i RTTR ^ 3F|fz FRS : RTR-RRR, RZRR-RZfcTI zt RTT RRT ZRW 3TR

3M RR R?R TsJRdl^ RTpRT ^R-^Rf, ^ZT ^R? %Rt RT%Z ^ Pfd
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‘RpR 3Fffd’ ^ Praff tT3R RT? Rpl Rp-TFI ‘ PlddiHdi’ ‘pp! 3T^fd’
^RR ^RTTF ^ ‘TTR-TSTR’ 3TR ^
124 yUdi tottjf (ftiff tr fecbi'H)

FTTfF T$ Ttfa y^fd=^ FTTO FT? FTTI F?3Tt i FTTTOT FffFFF TOTFFT to? tot
3TR FFfF F>l
FRT ^ FR RF^T S3 F^f Ft ^bHp 1# FTt^f Ffe
TitT3T TFFTFT FTFTF FjFTFT FF %£ FTF TO F?I FTO tFRTO % FFFI TJFtFT
FTRTFFTFc# 3TR W 3TR TFF FFF | tTOTRFTRF^TT FFT?t FTt^T TFFT
^ 3TR W«R ^ FRF FTR fTO-tl ? FTO ^ TOT3T Tn%fa> ‘ RFFTO ’
F>6d FT?} fFTFJ <sfl<cJI ■Hligcl F> fFFTTF Fi 5hW|^c1I FF? FffF FRT TJFT
'hid 'hTO '5TP41
TJFT Cl’JlI TFT? ^ 'I^A'h 19Ft «IVfc FFFT-FTFt Fp5 TFFT3FT
<-=H|eM<cb TRTF fTO-F? 3 TF-^ 37R dHsTlTO TFFTFT TO FTTF %\ 35 TTF
TF-TOlU FTF ??F:
(1) fFFFft TFT (4) FFTTtFT
(2) FIRTFT (5) FlRf/FR
(3) FTRt TFT (6) FtFFTt FFFt
FfFTF ^ TTF Fi 'hl-cl FJTt TOT TFFTFT TO FIR FFT-??I if FTfF *Jd^-1
Ft F?T FtF-FTfFFT TFFT TO FfFTF ? TR^FT FtF-FTfFFT FT TFFFJcT?F FR 3TF
■Jllesqd FT TTFTF TO FTR TO F?l FtfF FFTt F3>-R Ft ^F?Ft FT} Ft FT
TOFT fTRTO FTtfq ^FT # ^ 3TI??T TOFT FTF t&3 TTO f?l FfFTF t TO FifF
•gdfF ^ FTfFFT 3TR FtF #£FT FScS FT FFF FfTTFT F? 3TTT F^ FTFFTIR
3TTsR FTFFT F? 3FT eftFT FFt TTF^ t FTF ^ TFfFTTT FRf TO fFT ? FRrTFT
FTfF F) FtF FTFT?I
fFFFTt TTF FI?clF> TO TO*T 3TTT 3TRJ FTfFFT TOFT TOFt, Ffe-R#
FTfFFT FftFT RT ?FTsR FtF TO?FI TTFTTFF3TT P+midl (RFtFTT TOF) ?FTFT
FTfFFTFT '5?TF TT?Fft TO?FI '?FRT ^ ‘TOF’ TT?FTt FT dW F^ FFFT FTFTF
^5tTO TO % ^ Ffcsf FTO FTOf ‘fFTTOt’ F?F^FT Fra^ft FRF Ft FT FTO
FTF ‘ RldFil TTF' F?T FT TOT?FI
FFl TTF 3TR TOt TTF, FtFF FTTTFT ftfFTT TFRT FtF FtfT FT?T ^
FFFt FFFFT 3TR TTTFF FFtFTT ^ ftf^FT FTTF FR-TOFI
"J^FFT TFtTFT iFra TTlftci'h FFF TTFT F^’ ^FT? FTR TTt Fid "^g FT TTFT
3TR fFfFFR ^ FfefFt FT^ FTTFFTI
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Rtzi-R# T^F-# 4 Rid 3?F dRlfcl 03RsiF #f fRRR-Rdl,

F771! ' flT' i-^K TRT-^Irfl 3TR W!R F# Pl-Ms^t #1-311 dU<* -W. #-•«#,

WM ddi Hd5, Trf^T=r #tH#T I#F ctlHFI <HM>4> rH^fn^vidl 37R F3RI
<R1FF -g?C3TRTt R3F 1940-45 F RTfn-RfFt IdfttFR fadT^ fRIfPTl
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3TR 3#IR ftfcclFlt) "Fit dFTd? «OhI rIf SRRRfJ *HF RhIrI
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FlRNftlFI 3TR RRRRftll
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FR Fit RTlt #1 "Fill Ft it tF rTrrI 1531 IFF Ft #RI3lft
(1950) R df F 3^ 3RFF RTfll-RTflt 1986 d$F "#> d‘ll$d Rif# FR
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^ FR f#lTF RTf#F fR^-f# fFRl^,RH, R?3 #ldll 3F3I "gF^
126 <dl<cJi 313T T# 77TRr3 ( 3333 33 fqchi^ )

7331 W1 (1) dldfdiTld (371^3), (2) Roi^'lPd (^1^) (3) TPWSTPJcT

(371f3), (4) ftl^ (SRjRd 371?3), (5) 333137 37R (37H3), (6)
3^RTR 3# (31337), (7) 3JT#-37T# (31337), (8) fa337t (37ft31

71W), (9) Sifts) 737 3# (37ftcTl 7TW), (10) 7T3 ^ #71 (37ft3T 7TW)
(11) 7131313 (371?3), 3TT#^ #31 (37*3jf373 ftftft# # #731 33J313)
Slft-Slftl 3# SIR 313 37 3313 ft# H # 1951 W# ‘f3337(’ 3#37 3#
#731 33(7371 ■qT^fr # 3333 7131# 3?7#37 TJT* 37731 33131
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313’#37 RT3t ft,
#71, fttft, #337 #1
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3T3 #37 3T3 ft

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 127

rtr stir? ^ # R#t #t rr ct°f rrtrt Rter Rr^*#d ^d?Ri #>R #1

RH'il R<s(d Rld-
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'Idylls cR> ^ ^ld<l i RRTTfR37 ^ Pd'-gcri RT? ^ d^dl Rfe
°frl h!^ <k< RT^' <*>6<;d RT5 ^ RlfR-RrR RH?) ( 1940-2010)
rrt^ ^ 9bHMid is strrr i RRt ffr#' rt? Tn}i f^
3TR 3fff^f7 y44)ld1d ^ Rffc Rfa Rl^ff cl) RiMR[^#I
Pitch'!
#T3T fmz Wit, RR, RRfrRRRT, ^?T-Rd,
dldl^RUI, 3^4, ^ft, m. f?lcR i 1W RF7 i Rift# ^ W* ^CT RF^
RR# # ftM RFT ^ dl^ fti RRTFTfti dc4=h d'ds! y,d^H ^jRRFT I
#WI et’$d)et> RRu<^ ## H^ch R5FT RT^ "QRR R?T ^c||$< ^
■HR-fM, ^T-^fdfHI #R3T ?BFff Rft&T R#T ftcHT # ^ *?#' RTf
Rl^l y,^d WUdl-^ chSdl fetich ftRT^Tsp RRR T?eT f>l ##7 cbWT R#R

'RfRR dl-R^ ft 4i'l-ft Rjff dRl 37RT 'Rsidl'heil'h d^hdl^d TRRT <s)Udl
^Sdl diW'l-jft-'h'l-^'l ■qq-sfd'hl'^ ^T 31IHd xrFt3TT^ ^SHd 3TR «"Hcicd ';5T1^

<6d ^1 ^ ^ ^ ^RT q,<3d isllidld, W,'ll Wkdlth yfdPlP? ch^idl Rfe Rd^=h)
4<.°hK ??l f <rldl$< FRT (^t. ‘Q7T. 3hI^<K) R^ff ft-<{l ‘ yHl^llr^ch crl<a' ‘ <^)<dl
WHI4>d1d ^iPl^T R ■qsqisf ^ STFR’ ^ RFT ^ toRd % ??
^ araf -qfen, Rrt sir mBi+i-^ w^\ %\
■f Rdld. q.<ad sir) 4il4 4<=hK 'tl
■RTf?R 55131 <{lw Pd^acd Pfidld
^ fW^-qfFd R R/£. flT Rt #T3T %?TR
^1 W W5T sfRJ^f Weft (f^TH #R RRR^^ff j'ch|ch^c»
■fecM ‘llteT IsilHcll’ 3TR ‘^RSI 4FRIft’ fdWF«TI

i ^ cfWiP+d’ mm ^ w ti
^ <thH isikdldi Jl$"< SRR Pl=hl^ ^ S6< ilerl «KSd RT| Tf^T ^1
152 ZfRST RTRT TTR RTf?TR ( ZRRR RR fyRlR )

#T3T 3TTHtZRT W%cT

SFRrfTRRT 'HWjcl Ri ‘cJR’ ^ R^ RRFT R3>< RT^ 6°tl 1? ‘ <^=b ’

(^T) RT RR ^ R#RTI R^ RTl^f Rfa ^ TT-^ra ^Tt ^ R=F RRf* RR
Rcfn; RftRWRf RRR RRRf Wld'l’CT RRR RT^ RRt t R?R^ ^^1

■q=FR R^Tt STR RfoTTfRTRt RRR %- ‘RRtSfl’l R=FRt RT^ 3# # ^ STTcTTRRT STR

RHMH4I # ^1 i R^ M? ^IT RTt^f RTl%fRR^ TRHIR? ^R-RTR fR^RR RTf?

RRRT 'tl
TTrfJ fa^ctu c^g^l ?R - SiidlRHI f^PFlt ^ ^ HIH fRil ‘-i-W
TRRTRTR R> HR^ vScJ^d fRTRR R> ^3 STR RRR 'K'Rd ^ d^R) TRRT "53 6^R>

RRT <£ R^r RlcRT RT RRR ^ Rfe-RZIR F# STMTRRTI 1%^ ^ ^RR

3TldlRR> RT. RTRRT fRR 3TMfaZl ^ *RTR-fRRTR- RRR RRRT RRI 3TT#RRT

R^T R^T clisldi 3TR STRrffRRTRT HIST Rf <0*K SIR MlcJcfclcb HI$T

RRTR ^ 'JR RRRf #1

3T#5FT VslI^Wt RT^RT fST-

“31T#BRr^^|dld+ 3TTRR ^ RR 3TR <RH|o{,^I fRZfRRT RR ^

%, RRsft, #, RRRR ^ RTfZ ZTR RRt %\ -fe STIdMHI RlffR

TRRT^ ^cT ^f(cR 3TR RRR Ro RT?t eTRRRT, RIRT-RtRT R^ TSdld RRt 'tl
STTRrfRRF^ TRRT3I RZ^R TRRTRTR STR STTRR RtZT 3RJRR R? M^ti-sl R’-^RT

R%RT STR ST^ijfR R^ RR-fJ3 ^ WTRtR RRt %\ 3TFJ-RI^ 3 sftRR RRR

# STR trrft ^fT-RTZ cl^ RRt tl”

37TqTNFTTRT RTfT ^ R[^, ^ 3RRR STRfTRRT RReT '^TT^ RT^-

1. 3T|J]R ^ RRRT fRRR - RTFJR RT Rn-SId R> STTRT^
2. 7RRT ^ -gR ^ ^ ^ ^ rrrt fRRR - RR^JR ^ ^cR^'

3. STRTfRRT 3TR RTZRT RR^ M§§d TRRIRT RRRTFT R> RfRT

4. TRRFR, RRT5cT TpT-RfR STR fRRfR^ RR ^ cRcTTlt'l
RTRT I? STIdlRHI \ 3R ^ RT^ TWrPrRfT STR ^4^lR=H

■^gRfZRT RR ^RflRRTI -^o&lPddo STMNRT RRT RR STRfTRZT ^ Rno&l-d RRt

# Rl RRR RR ^RRTftRT STIdlRHI R^Rf RTfH%RT ZRR1RT ^-RtR MRR t

rRr RR ^RfjTflRT SHidlRdl Rifl'd ^ RFTT-R’HT R^ RTtRTR RRt ^1 RRT RTR

RifRI "RT? rR ^ifRR) STR '^RfTflRi’ ^|Rt 3TTRfNRT RRT RtRT ^ f^l
 153

^ ‘s^RR-Rfa’ rMr #4t rt3 rtrrt rt#i

<siU<ji rtrt^ sti#rri r^ ^sTl^—spjt} r><,ci rt^ rr-
(Rl) qd'Rcbl^ fRRTIR RT TRRT ^ RrftSTT ^ R^'l
(H) PcbdMR RT TRRTR7 RtRR R^'|
(r) RrfR RftR? ^ r^'i

(•El) RRRR fcTCRcT 37T<rfNdlcHct, fRRR R^R'i

(RT) 3lldl-cMlcH=b fRRR RT RTRR R^f|
(R) R^Fft TRRTRTR; 3TK RRR RfRT RRRT 3TMMHI ^'l

( RT) Rhdl^ 'WHl^IT **4- ST^TR y4)8TT nldi-Hldl <sTi<cil *l4d R-<{l 3Trf^

RR-TdRcH^ TO #1 RtfRRT 3R#RRT fR%IT ^ RRftRT ^ RRf? 3T^TR

late-IslTci Rh)8JT Ro STtcRT H6d RFR^ ¥, cl§<il ^Idl-ddl Rj’ Tlf%cTT ^iH§d
(RTRRTR) R) RT?R RT? RT^I R>1ddl R?R RTRF>[ 3TldNdl ^ ^3RRt ?RT

®W\ W 11 f?Rt RITtIR' 3TI#EFfl fRRTRT TJRkTTR RRR^ RJR R) ¥R-#I 37R
R RTf f?Rt 3TI#ERT 3# STR^RFR RRf ^ 3TRRSTT3J TJTRR -#131 RTCR^ %\

RR-MdR+I^^RR fR>dl4=b RRtSTT RffR RRt RT^^ r) RRTt' RTR #, RTt

^ ^1 RTRR RR> ^ Rfr?f fRTRTR IRksi^fRlRTlR # RRTT ^TR^TT RTpRf Rt R7^'

RR-RR^RR^ WKT % R?RI ^ RtRT?} TJ57R ‘^3TI3t’ 3TR ‘fRRRit’

RRRrTFRR RTR crtd RT? RRl ' fddcfri ’ RRItRR 3lfRRRRiTcrffR ¥^R> "RRT^
‘ RJ3iicT|' ^ Rrrt R6<lSd <$<rl ^ RER Hkl-RT3t R?R 3TRi 'tiWl Rt RTRTt

fRTRT^RT RFftSJT W^\ Rl RfRR-RJSTTRt R'dRR>IR> 3R7 -1 R RRTlRITRT R?lt ^

f%RTR ‘ ■ist'kdl <4^1 ’ R) <HH$s9l *5RRT ¥? 37R *HH§s9R> RRTR ‘3RRRRT 7|Zt’

Rf^ 3TR7 R 3 RR’JR Rlkiwl ‘tt^3TT’ RT^RT RtR Rr¥ ^ WT ^ ^RR

RiReT ¥RI ^ 3T^ RRT^R RRRlRt Rr^Rt ^ fRTRTR ‘WRRt’ R)

WRTIR RRT Ri<c1 ¥RI W R>fR k,Jll ^RRT 4<s)c1 RIT3R7

- ‘RR¥ Rrai’ RRR RI¥Tf RffRI RTRi; RRmtRT R^RT RT) TR7R ■^■-■^ Rit

RR-RRT, Rf) 131-RRTT f JJdlR R¥t ¥R 3 Rf^RTRT Rft RfeRRf ¥RI

RRlRRT RTR, RRfT R§37T RTR, Hll^R RTR, RReft -3^, ^ -JRI, RRRT,
ftlRfRRTT RRRTT R^RR RR?R-R71fR R^ WRIRMI^U ^-HRfaird 37R W^RT

RIRH R5T-RRI

^37T3t 3TRi -4 %3R RRTR 1RR RRRt ‘?RTR’ ^ ‘ ^RRR. ^ ^RT’ RR?R
^ RR?^1 RiRR ¥R RRftRTTRI R# Rtl RRR R¥Rt RftRT ‘RR(R R¥R’ R7??Rt
154 ■lakdi *uft^ R<cbiti)

RW ^ t^T refill W Rt W1 RR^5T MI # ^3Trat MdR*RF 11 ^T

3Ri| TJ^R M.'ti 3T?T ^<sicr1 'Jlld'ti-

“7^R3T fW aiRdd> TO RrH<4>' ePTT^cT 3TT«4T RfefRT #T3I

^21T <Hlltd ^T d>$ed) fk^TRFf ^ffaT ^1R 4)"'I l ed ???I <s(UcJI-^ «>Med
eh5©PlGh RhdM m/sm! SfFJf^ ^dw.1 ^ <rldl$}. ^lerfls)? ^kFRf <akc5l diRlRi

W ^ HddRtd d^Sdl W ‘ 4h1%9 ^?R’ ^1R ^ td”

TrRRIcT HRR, ^RR "4FTRI, fNt ifcRTfcl, ft^RTR 3TTft HdRdd^

Rsi^d <^)wi Rtidi^cfi rrt^sjt urt i? i ^ "RT R^kin kf srt k kt.TRT.
3fR^R -£ (dkRcf fRcT) ^ -5Jfd R£R RHp5I ORTF3^ W^\ f? 3PR
RRTt$RR ?«J 3TRM 3RpH *ftl
( TsT ) «il<=hl WT- <sTl<cil<+) •dddl RtidH y,<ad d^di ssMd "t RR

Rifll^cf, 'g^T ‘^Rid)l ^ <sTl<c5l=t> WI 3fR <0,tl< ^R^i RT 'lH'5l|'J|=hl dl4>

^ t59RT td

^RT - 1980 ‘‘RRfcT ’ 'hRdl RRIF ^fRdil f.=F. s-fT *ft

‘d§k3T cikR ■after’ ^ ^T. ^Rf^f 3TR oRefa RRTR, RWRRIR OFR ^ TJcFRl
RifReTT RRJF ‘TFTT RfT3t’ ^ fRRRT ^TRRtl

R*R ^ fRRRd TTRRt, rNtr Rk R^aft (dslRRT ^ Rfa ^ dRtef MJ^K)

RlcHkd RRTSRRT ^jfw R?RPf RJRRTR ^ ‘o^R Rfe’ ^RTm Msf
RSRt c£ Riff’ (RifRRT RuR) -R#RR1 1JR1T RFdTfSR MfRRT RIW -
Rfcf’ ^ *[fMRT 3TR ZtMT fMRRT ^«T RhfT. SftFSR -Q^R tJTST ^
S^H RfidR^R ^jfw 37R ifa\ RTORf ¥«1 fRRK ^RR ^ffl
?m tf kf.'Qfr. 3t1?rr ^ fkRM-igter rtot rr onftef (r\rr Ri+ir)
^fw, %^f 37R HOIjR^f srfks R-cMlchK ^T. Rf. Rf. ^Rt 3fR 'dd'dldl^l
TTR T RTRf fRRFT RfRlR ^ fRRFIRRST ^RRf RRTdt Rl^cd R«TI
( R ) RifR xrfT5T? RRTf RR ^#131 ^ / fRRfR ^ R^Ri

3Tfft ^ 13T^-l§f^ 3RT ZFTf? Rffk RfTR? 3TR TsfRcfT RRTT^ diRl^' 'RRTRH ^
RtR Rr'r WTef %\ RRf R.^.ffT Rf, Rf RfRRT, RRfft, fk^RRTR RfffR
f TT5T, -£ -3tR Rf.tiR. sfczi ^ Rgf RRC ‘RRfgJRW’ ^ ^Ref ?fl Rifs

■Q^R ^M'il ^<slerl 'dl3cb - “ d'd^'erl §OrllH (R'cd ^f^) (dl-fl

RlftdghK) (^RTf Rlftd4iR 31R 0|Rf ^ WRI ^ RTfftd^R)
fkRfSTH RfRt, RRTR ^ ^ 3TR T3=FR Rf ROR ^ 3TPTT WIT 3<g^*>
 155

raifki 'ra m it ira-n cram tjihi k> wifeq k> raif?

k mt °fk eci^i cjdkt ^ra 'ram yifea <ra> dra? k> ■?jra (rara ^jrara)
mm, tkra?q mt^ dfa? m ^iHi^=t> ^jra <aifci< s^«ti raifii ?raR wst mi^<1
mjfa sra? ‘imr’ sir ‘gsnst’ <r?Rt MdRebi fra?idd im mra: k m^k
rafek* ^ raran i?i

(m )«H)^icH=h crl<g- rail ftk fa\qn ^jdi ^akdi^raftsrrara? dra ferine)

Id 1«T 37R fk^-fkj ^-MdR+K'gq^ Tld 11 dfck STfrai Rfra m TOt
3TFJ1T lR RR cT^STT ^s>t Rr dra fd^l^d R HI R Relist ‘Srad RPJ -q;. R?.
in rate? im dd mi rri inrar rait dra ‘raficT m ranra faFran’ mrat
kirara raRra mra lira? rast k did 111
Rt.tra. sttur ^ ^fr dra rarrai dran mmRrarai m Ararat tor
raficT 3tr rankm ri Rtran mR rakm mfkra^ rarara? mil RUdi*
ww\ HI
(w )n4lyimch kRsr kikt<*> fRrara-f fRra^H* mm Rd t, R mtrar
rnram kd h wr crar R dmi? ^Rt fmira m Rm dm mi mt-
(m) raRm rank mraki m Rrfkra Riejak m Rrir r.^. ^tti
(ra) rakm mra rr raftra i^rr Rk fa-^m Rt.tra ktHR m mi Rd mi
mk
ranm ^idNHi wr 3m Pi<ud1 mk t Rfmn to fmg MiR>dd ram
ti j^km rir Rrai era? tramff mfem fmmR mi w^\ i\ i& ^ mrdWdi
■qra? Trm f^3rar 'mi raei Ri
1. ‘rarrara? hto#i wft mk ram^i #ra?- rat-TRi. stTf^r (wftra
: mrargT mfraram Rrat 2011^ irnra^i m%i 2012)1
2. rakm eka^ Rramrarat m mraim 1990 k wkicri
3. ‘rarrar ^radi^firaT 'drarara m aim’, mram ■qkra?r^ ychiRw 20121
fkrak
■qin-'^s m mk wira? Remt R??d mq; -qk ik? rairai^mktm
mrra mrai^ k|qra? kt raiei w i\ qraq mrar ^ram ?i
aiidl-ddi m rap; mra?i m^qi R rai nm fdra rad
ii mt fdrad rad kcrar ftdra? •qm ra^i era cftmn mrc wnfra?d ^ wraki
rR ^i Traira? ktm: m ratrar-raTci sir rarara? mura? ratrai-mra k
156 <akc5l ’Him l^e) ( •3^C| l<e| fclcbHH )

nTOT-Rnn nrfi R 137ft 3nRfeT Rh^M n£R, fe infer 3TPTT MfelWI “fed
n? iTTfeRT din qra ^ifenn” R nTOSTOf 3?FJ fe fel

isfiidl fl'fmui filled

fiife Rr nrer ferr: ifemn

nro infenr fei sn^ffe IF nr?n=F> iff nrnf fnnrnr ferra fet to, R
iRf-M srm ffe nror str Rn infer Rfe tot? fer £1 w R WRn
infer srfirR fer men fen mr£ tor wron toR fero ife R fer £?i
ifenr infer R fe Rter-RR arm fe R tortoi nro fe
inqpi fe ?3TO TOCT fe| feRH TOR TOT + TOTOT R TO TOI i ifefRr
ifed, fe fe £ - ‘TOnfe fe'^ronr’ton fe Rgffer nrR, to nrn?3nn
ton infenr fnnrnr f irnn R nrn 'v^cf<H nr? R fete fe £, R RTR
fete nsm nr win m RtR froa Rn?n / nnRr nr RfR tort (nrnt) fe
iTOT TOTT? ^<3-1 §-MI^ TOd^dl* STJ^jfd 3TR RdVIl R iR •§$«! R 3R3i
fe, fet d<2$< ^TT? 3TR TOT dldl$d R Rfedl 3JR sr^sjfn R ellJl
eft ‘iteror’ infer R ite' totr *rr?i
RR 3nfet RR nror nwn nT Rra> R ?nT?n fe Rm Rfer fsm fe
nr Rrfei wife fei nrronr fer imro fe ^nrr: nror, win nr Rfer nT
fen fnfe, fnfnn nr w fenr feti nm ^r Rtortt TOiTteifn nr rttot
(nTOsnrar) fe Rnrorar TOnranr to fe str fefe infetnr niR nm? nRi
Rr^r ^n£ R nro infer Rranr ni«RT -j^n t£ £1 ^rnt fem (^R
fen) R ifR-ifn snnn R rrrtrr wf fer£i 3tr snnnt R nror nfe
■nR £1 nfefe fesmr srtfenr nror nR? R sr^nn nRt-£, ir?R ^
cRin nr^ i£ nRi armn ifenr 3tr sr^fe R to nfe nsei ^1
‘feft’ R fe?R R feci wtf R nfe fen -Rrfe R fe Rn fe
RfeRi fen fef feR R Rnron if? fn ‘wr£’ ^r^jfn R Rnroni ^
rddiuiirdd, RR fei -Hfen R fn^nn im nnRi Rfet infen R ^rr?£
TO5M feni ■gnr tor mnRr R ^ Rfe nr^i RtRfR 3TP5R nfror fer £
R iRron infe fRfe RRn RnRr nr nfrn R nR n^nr RrR mifn nr nro
R nfet fer £1 R Rrn nror nr mror R snis^ nr?i R fferoi iRRRn R
Rfet nfe hmci fRni 1 to ^ nrror niTf nR R Rt£ RnRr nr nftn R fe
 qpfe.SR qfe#?t3 157

fd73d TOM ^ftorat 7##+ 77313 3?3 dT £| ##f WM # 1F-1F

#3# 7Hp?fl eio-l <*)?d 7jff| 317 iHsH «hHI #73 3T <^«hfd #

■Titer fcRfteS f#3T3 377d 3TT?I

#761 fl'fMJUl -JTTfte^T

731731 f7773 7Tlfp3 TJ733 W37T ##' 11 #77# ##7 #777#! 377#
#73T 3 -Hif%d<=b ftej-fq^ 3717 t^ttt f#n^fd73i--33T 7j^ #r pi?i 3 3733
"51^ 7# ##3 #t ## dT3 7p7?d?l 3P -Hlfed eh^g-fl # 9<3d3 7JF #7
■?df 1 sth PdTs# ## srjqTd «iidNH 31^ 7p, 3T ^#7 ##' wr
3 3T 313371 77#t 37f#n ^tp 3713 f#n 373137 3dd3 #761^^7 q#' #1?
- #71# ■qf^r 737113 qqojj
7771373 yifea Ip# qife# p7 q# tjtp #7 % 77?d fp# 77if#37
77373' qdqpn #731 77rfpr terro fqqrf f#p-qf7qq fadd TTfq 3# #
377# 377 qte %\ 7ff#7i37 ppt' #qd qi? # #731 raw 3%#' 331? ^377
^ qi?-3?dif 3i3d qif # 373 3ifi
#731 7777373 #7 3IJ3T SWp# #3 7?q# 37P£ 1988 # 7#731 3P-3P
thirf, 3P# f#q#' #37p#i i f#qiq ^qf 777737 *?3d %\ "pf #137
3eiqT 7p 3d37 qT7f” 3717 "TOI 314^13, 377sT? qtel” qffd 7771373 3lf#q
qpft ‘qq#’, #37 7133?, Phi# # tiidi 3377 3 ft# # 3raq?qq7T
d<a=ti 33137*3 qq f#iqd d^3> # Tara pnq 37R 3-1 <a< <s#la3>, [#<Ri3)
q# ‘qiorjq’ #t 3 3733 q77d pti ^ q# rra 7771373 #7 qzp7 i#i
177374 # <k<=hi Tfqqrd #fq qi7q ^7 Pd^d qnqi q^7 q #731 ^
aqfq #q ‘ aTiPdcim qi^TT’ ^ TFt ^ qd qr yi^Pd+ ^3 ^

q# qTqs§37T qT^' ^733 ^7d PTI ^ 7777373 qqqfq# qiq ^#7 37?7 f#37
7#qTcn 7J73#I
^ #3 q?7 f# 337 73773T 7777373 77lf%3 37F3T3T3T 7773333737 (d3T37

TF3T3 313#??, 37?773 ^33 P ^ 73) 311773 3737Td 37T| #Tf I qtTTqf 7#

37T7 753d 373733) 3T3R 3lf qi31-pi 33^ Pd ^ 21#' 7Tf337 2004 ^-

‘^371#’ qf#7lf d3T# 31731# oqfqq fdfed 3# 7777373 ^3t PI | 7777373

d #73137 33pd3)l 371^ 3lf3 #3# 713 37 fd73d #T PI i 77773#

158 4aU<3l Rldi l*e| ^llfgry ( if^dd |i_d ictehm )

fdddft wi ^ofdR$d 4id^di RR R?g ^ fii fRR3R,

RFT-RIRFT, IdiPildd R^ RTdRT WIT i RRRRt 31sHdd ^\ R? % ? RRRRT

R ^Rt RTRR RT%cT ^ Rf^TSF k3T %\

RR^ 2004 ^RRf TJRTdt MPddd^ RRR RWdfer ‘RR ^ RlddisUd-l RR

TJRRT RTdR’ RliUd. 3 T37Tt RRWT WTR #1 R=f RRd> i RRRl3 RRR Rfdt
# rcf rrIrrt wraro^ arm RRt «p '4rr shrr^ toi RTfif^di rtr}'
RRTJRRT WZZ' <£ RR ^ R1RRT didld. RRTR RRR ?R| i RRRT <TT RRRTR
RT%R R^' RTR Pddd.d R^TRRF RSRT RR M R1RR RTf Rltl
RTHTT RRRTR ( RTRT RRTWT )
RRRTR yifedq. "OTTl RR Ikk ^1lcl<l fdTRRTI RTRTT IdTdlc) d<3d> RTfRR

RTTTRT RRRR R? ?k R RR^jfd RTSd? <£ RRRRT <# *gf RTRI RT3RT RIRTR TRRT

$ R^-R^t WT d£ ^ ^ RTRR RTRTT Wk RRIR tl RT#RT RTR RRTR ^

pRRR diHH -jiw<i RTftcT 'Jiidil fRTcTTR T37TT RR ^1 RRR ©ISI >dld<ld>
fRRR kfaR RRR R^TF RTRR ^ RTRTT R|fo?f RTf RRI

MT3T ^TTcRT Pd idl'd. ^ RRT RR?T RR RT? dt 'STfad ^ TRJT3 dTf Rt

RTRTT1WR RRtR fa^tl RRR RftR 1989 R ^9R ‘RfR-RIR M?’ %dR
tf. R^R RTfdT fdRIRT ‘RnMRR 3TTT WtdT RTRTT’, RTrRT fdTdTR Rlf^dT

RRRfT RR ^T3R RT^I RRR ^ kf. RTj| Rt RTRR fdRTR ^ fRfRRTRf R^RT RR
RRR RRMRR RR W^RT RTdRRJ Rl^n RR "gR3 RTRR RRR ^«TI R^R

■cf ^ WRRT RTdfWdRT ^ OT a^lddi RRfRR RRR RR ?f I

RRR RgRT ^t.RR. RT?RR # fRTsTR WRTR^tRT ^dldld ‘%W’ ^

RTcRT Sidl'd fl f TRRT^Rft Hd^l^cF ‘yidoPdcF ^RT’ 3TR ^3TT ^ %T
dRRi 3TR RFi: ^ ^ IRdT ^ RPd<*>R WTT RRTR ?RI RS^-R^
RffeRT 31PJ 3TTRT RfRR i -^RRIT RRTS Rf RT tl R^RR RRRT PdIdl'd. ^ RJlt

■^Rk 'RffT %\

RR_ 2000 fRRf fdddil RfRRTT^ ‘RRRt RRtRT RTTt5R’ RIR R iRTRRTST
RRlfRRT Rki RrHacl RTdR fRRTTd R RR ^l t RTcRT fd<dl^ PlRFse Pd<nid>
R^Tt RfRRT RRTR ^Rt-RdTftdi RTTRRT R^R cJd.rfR 3dfR RR^RT
1^F?T-%dT IsJNI^' RRR RRlfRdT RtdT R^RRH dldlld. RRTT ^1 Pddldd.
RRR di^-di^ d-^l +Hdld RTRT ^ RR di^-d.^ <rl<dd.<. <rl<3di ^JR2 'ftRtfRT'
W$l i! RR RTfR ^R #1 ^ | RRR Pdidl'd RRTfRRT RtdT MRt R^ftl
 159

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f^ran^cT ri rri stirr RTsfaRRi rrti #rhi sir ?r? #1 rrt didfa i$fa

?TfRI ^RcT-^ 3)1#r<fiW fa Sfffa 3TK R? STTfa f# RTRR7 RRT

•HlHlPl<*>-R?*Hffa*Ri<* iJcrR fa RTR1, R1?T, faRT-failT RMI faRRffarfRRRR fa

MTcRiRT, WRj^I R?-R? R# SIR ^13 fa M3 R? #1 Rc7

Wtl Rfai Rift ^PSTCR # fa fafal RlfR SIR RRR RTRT Rfafa# fa£ Rft

RF^ Rfa RR5 %5R <aifd< fan? RT?, #71? Rl?l HptH RR? Rl? fa 7R1R

^R?R-R?RRR Rlfa' RTS facl R7fa fa R#T fa *Rf#F ^lfa fa fa RRR? Rlt

RcfRRT RfRT, faff, faTReT-RFJRT RTIR=f> cffi R? W7 fRRRffafaRRRR fa T#

?<dAd RHdl#+ R# fa RftfT fa RRR? fal Rcll fa iRRT RTfal, 1#RRIR

?fafa 7M, ffaRRTR RFR, RRRM RRcft, faiT facTRRRT ST# 3TR RifafR fa
facR fa# f#Rt RFRT 3T#|

RRRTffa R#R fafa faPdciW RFJR fafa ijfRRJF^ ?RH RR "SRTsR

Rlfa R3 ffaiRRIR RTRT, ffa?°RTR faftfa RR, RRIRR RRRf, R#T fael RRTRf

iJR RR-RcTT R# RlffRR? ‘ofa fal 3TR R? ^R fa Rift R1R (S#^R) TRrlT
f#cRW RPR I

1957 #RT, fa RRI? fafa STIRRRRRfa RTTRRT R15T i Rfa (RI#t ST#)
RRRcT RRTI ‘fafa #71 RR’ 3TR *#R3l R#R RfR#’ 3TR Rfa #R faR31-R#R
fRTRR RRT TRRTI i R#f7 RRRT SURRRRTRt R# ^
RTRlffa ?# ?RT? TRsRI

RTRT 3TTT RR7IT RlffR- R# R1#R fafa RIRTfafa RR 3TR faTRU,^

■yTTfT # R1W #1 RIS # RFR Rfa RR RT^' ^STIR 1961 ^ RHcT Rl? RI^
^ R73R R?R> RRt %\ t i# RRRR ^ RRRI RRR W t RRRT i RR #3cT
RT? RR-
(RT)RRlRrt - 1961-1969 RRT # ##T1RT M?
(TR) R^d Midi - RRR ^=b RifaflR) RRT?I

(R) ■g^TRl Rl«7 - (fa? RR?R) RRTRRR fa RT^IR RTR Rfa fa fa#' SRR

ifafl
168 ■?tR3r^reTTT^Tff1|ry (■3^^-q^fgqhlW)

(R) WTTR F) RfTTF - Js^R ^ ‘^RTF’ -£ 7Rk3T ST^RTFI

O) #TR^I - FFR Rfa M?, R R7RF FR> m& FT^ t\
RR-lBldd-F, R7R - RRf-RRf R^’ RIRT-Rlfed ^ FR^’ ftlfet cte
fenj-fR^ RR-9Pdcbl^ FFFT F RRR Rf$ RHdl^F ^ iu*|fwd
sitrtr” qdR+i^ R7<*>ifed ^ cfe -5113 #1
(ROFfeRt fasK Rff dl«h RIRT Tsikdi- «H<n 7 ^F 1992
(73) tffZHFFJ* ^ R7 3HTR efft RTcft 73kFT *5RFT 8-15 TO7 1992
^l-SI $d7a« «+55'il 3TR Pfcdld <aUdl RlRIdi FRt %fet RlTHI-^ *5R7F

^ 'j|«h< ^ ‘ <9kcJI RTRT RTT clW -tflfecd-R^’ fa^-dd ” Ri FIR cfcl RTF RRI

dl4K FTTfeR STTT d<*i< U^fd- RfSTSTt FTR7 Rt fcMdl$F Rlfed-^F Ri

R7^ RF RIR FFTR FF3F FF73T dd^=h *5SI M Rife ^ ?JFT FFI W^R RFFR
FF R^RI RFTRt <5FTF, Rl^Pd* ^FTF SIR ifelR, RRFRIK F^ RTTRFT,

STTcRfFM ‘FTRlf'M'^rdd’ SfR #|7 91^=6 R3TF RF FF7 felRRI IslHIdll fefet

RTfF^RT <4I9MIF ‘FSJFT ^ Rfe 7J8R ^ iRFtF’ ^ ^TRT F7^ RFF^’ ^TRFT RTf
Rfe

Rife FRFT STRslt Rfal

FIR,
^FTIFT Rft' Rfe
dFF'*1 R^F F1F,
9>’$=h fet fRRF-RTcF

RFFR felt Rfe,

<ol$< 3RRF 77t
ddl§ fel^ Rlfel

STIFF* FRT dl$d "3FFT

R^-FF RIF
3ITFFT R^ foR "3*^
fRTRFT RTF Rfel
(cffe - 1966)
RFTFF* FIR RTRF RR
■£rf fesg %Tt,

^=6 RTF7 STtfF Ffe

 hmWIi 169

cite TTeTtl
RRit m ftr
F>FT Rte^, 'HI,
‘llddi =116cl-sited
?fR sb^K 3H|0ll
(F^' ^RcT - 1966)
frrf rr 4>r=idio( ij,=bfdtei RraTTRRRrfR rt^ R|R5T#i wn
ifar ‘ ’WFh*<Jdl’ 1^ «TTTt ^ t^7 ^ 37PJ ra^cl ^ Fife ^

RraT? ^ R^FTR RTF ^ RSJRTR F^R FRR SRJRTF IFRcFR WRR FR RSflfa FTR
SRJRTF FR-FRI 3TFJ FFR FR RFTRRF ^ RTF fH ^ rafter # STM}'
TTrfr T3F FRF5? ‘^dFRIR’ fcRFcT FRI RfcTFRTTF, FRF#Fr FF^;' tnfr
H'+)dl5d-'sihi5d TFFT Ff ^ <akdl<b 3TfR=i<bid isiHldi Fi «idicil F SIR <a)<di
RT%F RRftR FTR tl
f RTF =bl$d RRT BTR FTF FRf R dtel F?-
R^JFT FH d'kl FF RlRFt
Ft3!, ^ RFt RJcT—■'JcT,
fr fM' W
FR-RTR t Fj^T Fi^dl
rat rat ^ 'bid dl-3^ FT
FR #F FTFT Ft ^fsFcTI
lira *RFT RRfF ■RT«Tt
ft?F FgR W - fRFTI
F RRF^ RFJlt Rfr FR^FT £«RfR R3IRRR R5 -£ faraFR-
RR^RRi HI Id F^, Hlfd<b Rtcff FTF ‘'R

ftf Ifstift FrtFT 9d=b raicF^ rtti

RS RRFi FFR W STR13FFT RRfRSTT ^ ^ FR-mSl R? FT FR
SIR Mdjfd Fi SIR 3TTRF H<t<b FFifF F>RT Fi 4l)d RT FR-
STrFR-fFFR ®tes FTR
FFT-^IFl
TtRF> 'Slidl'^'si^ FFR
?RT FfcT STFcRtl
170 TltTST ’TOT 'fHfgdT ( ddpT Tji fddTO )

#fddi dTOT TOT Tffei TO?dT TRT? ^ RFT ^ ^dl^' dT^t dfdi ?dT3T
dd^d ehl^eb dTddRTO d^Jd! ff I M,d>M ’TO TOT iTdjRl ^ y'RS di
fiki ?drdr ^ «fr «fo di^i dPR TfteT toto f Tdlid dr? i i Rp t^Rst
■Qjft TRlfTOT ’TOT TOT TOR STf’TidTfd tMcTT TOdTd ¥?l dTdTOft TdkdT
di TOT ^ ksldd ^S!T i T§kTOT %i TOT dT^I

dFR Wf??r cfc TO^sRId R^Rdl-

• d=TO ’TO ^ dTfddTI

• jftdldT+dl iddT TRfi «T5 fTOydll ‘TO dTfddT ^ 7$ dTdf % ’Tfi TOdT

to? dki

• TO TOT Wd RdidT TT?t TOdRT

• ^ #nro toRtoi ^ dRRRT isTOi Rttto? Rr ??i
• TOTOKt TO?d TT^TOT WT TTTTOTTOT ?TTOT? ?dT3T TO?i'l
• ?d7§T TORRT c[fdTO?dT dkif ’TOTdT dTRidT ^ dTdi i^T? dRl
• VslkcJId. 3Tf’#oFfc( tMcTOT dTTR i ?dT°R TO?i'!

#T3T ^rmr wPgcta tour tot

TOtif TTTTf dkr ^ Rt?dT (%0) ^ TTTOT (TOdd TOT) TdST dRdT TO?
dTTOT di i 3TRFR 3TTTO, dTdT, TOd, TOTOT, dTR, 3Tte, dlit, dte 3TTfd TOT
TOR TOT?, ^TTOTf, dldT? ■yTO 3TTfd dh TT? TORT dTRif ’TOT ^ TTTfid ^
TTTOT (TOdd TOT) TOgT dRdT TO? dTdTR TOt f? dtdT ’TOT dlR<}d> TORT,
TOiRnkr 3tr tottItot, TOR^fror, TOrfror, TOTfrofror dfrid =d id i to}
TOT i\\
TOtTdT ’TOT ^ RTfdfTOT TORT ^ ^3TTd R?TOR TO 170 i ^ dRR

?*TI R# TORT ^ df?R did TOTO TOT d) RTTO) dM ^ TOTT TOTTO? 3TR

TOTOT RTOTTO ‘tRTOm’, TO?d ‘TORRTTO’, ‘TOT TOTO’ TOT ‘dtfTORtfTO

TOTfTd’ 3TTfd ^ TOTdld> dfTOT iTOS TTrfMTOT TORT RRR ’kl tl TOR %

TOTTTTF ^ TOdTT) dlfw TOTORT TOTdT TORT ‘TOfd-TORT TOT T?dlM^VI ^

T$d 3T^Td', TORTO Tot 4{d< fro 3TTT TOTTO TORT ‘f*T3TR ’g’TOR’

id id TOdRT TOR fd# f?l ^ Tri TTTfifTOT TOdT TOfcT TTTddT TOT TOdR
’Tdfd fdTT?i ??l TOTTOT TOdt 3TR TOT ’TTTTTdT TOTTO ??l ^ TO?TT Ta|<d|o^
? rr %raR w ^r ^ rr^ rr? Tnfeft' RnfR rtr ^ rkusPa str
^ T?? SlHJMd ^ RRRI 3T?TR cgRRT ^ TsflWI^ RlP6d=bH RfR 7TR ^

7TTR% %R) 7TT%R ^ ‘ RT3R’ ftct STR ^ RRR Rt RlRT?}' TRtTRT^ STRRt, RR

RRRR RRfR 3TR RTR RTRRTR RTRT R?R t|R ?R 7T#' WlWIR TRRT^ TRRT
?R?R ftRI STRRt, RR ^ R^TRTR ^ STtw 1 ?R Rlt % 3 Rft STRRt,

sRT WR RRtR 3TR RTR RTRRTR RTRT RcRT % ?R R?3 WTT3TR TRRT^

3TRRt STR RR ^ RfTRTR ??, Wt STRfRR TRRT RT^ FR?I STR i -Hlfefdch
TfRRT Reft ?? RtR-Rffe T3RT RR R15T 33r Rl^ RFfRlfeTR ^ HTHlk

•k<d4'i 1797 d^Rl

RT^ RRfRTfRR ^ RRRRT 3 wl 4^^“WT^T ^ ^ ^ ^
RRlRR STR RTRT # WI ^Rt ¥?l | RHfRR SIR RTRT Rt TJfTR H5<P«Kpfl fR,
RRRT ^ RfRR SIR 3T?R-3TRTR R^RI TT? TRlfTR RRRf <alRIHft, R1RRR,

Rl^PddlT RTRT RIR RRfSTT, RRR?3|T STR RRR?3TT RR% R^ RTR ^?l RRSTT,
«RR?3TT =£ RtflR fRR? ?R, TTRT-fRftRR R R^R STR TJR5 RtRTR RTRRI

R# RtRF i^ Rlt % 3 Rft ffRt RlftR ‘ (IRlchlcl ’ R Pd>M<SPd ¥R SIR

f|Rt * RtfR ’ RRf| TTRT-fRR^R TJR5 TrfteTTR RTRR T?) ?Rf I #TRTR TRRT
RtR-Rtzt Rfa fRRF^^R? SIR fsRT? WT? RRT-fRR^R fRRR-RRR Rt RTRRI

"^R 7T? RftR RlftlRR MTPhRi ^Rf ftfRR RTRRT <£ RTRRI 7T? RftR RfR
R^’ '?R8T - RTRpTfRTT, PH’R-Mdl, R^RRT R3R, ¥T^t RR, RTJ RRR, PlddTl

RR, RtRRt RRlt STRt-STRtl RRST RFfT RRRRR^R RRT RR RRFRT tW ^

^rft R9R fRRR ‘RpR fRRf’ STR ‘RtcTT RRtR ( 1902) ^ RRR fteft #1 RR^
Rk RTcl i I? fR STRRT STR RR RRT ^ RTRTR ^ #R R?TR TRfTRTR TRT
RFTRfl
%T STRTR ^R RT RT^ TRkRT RTf?R ^ RRR (%R) RRRTf Rltl "^R
RRR ZT RRRTI (^ftT) Rli STR RRRH RRfd, RR, RT, ^R
RRT-lRRT, '^RTfR, RfRRft, IrT f^R fRRlRR M^TTIdt STRt-STTRI R^R
Mrk RRfRT STR i R^f RRfRT RtcT RfRcTT^ RRTf RT^? RR RRfRT
tg^TR (STpRSRRT) ^Rl):i?RRU TT^^cTT^'R7ftf^RR^R^R?f;T“fR
SlfRR ^ 3 RRTRH ^ ^RH ^ RTRRT RT RRR RRt, RT? RT^l” RRT
RTfRR ^TRR RR fT.. RRt RTRT (R^) ^ STR R^ T^T3T TTTf?^ R?R fRR
TR ^RSTTR TCRt %\ TRt-R^t RRRTR RRfR, RRT RfRSTR, ^seildl SR RRRR
 172 FaUdl Fin gR (FgFRg# idchlW )

^ *r? *ni sfcR 3tr ■gF *Ff fti# gift fffft gn Wiwi "-Hif^d, ftsF sngPrer
IF fi# ^iHef ftt#i i gifar ^nfFcr ^ forg fit# - Fig, Fife, Frg^ sir

Hialoircni FTf##^ ftf FFf fit i?st ^fImki, gft^ 3ft#

#TF>l-#TFlt, «jm1, #IF3F, Ftg, i'llrlvj|IJ|, ^wgicji, ?ffopT .3TR ^3# MIF-dKI,

■grscfki, ftff ffi# ^ fesuf snr Rtf? % ^, FrafFFi ^t fR

fh^ft fti^ FTgi Ffedcb Rff? f? fuff #1# ftijf wfict =# ftff?3tf

-15^1 #t 3TF??F FFT FfifaT ftrfFF F# UPTcl-f^^d FIT Fcd*T 3TTT 3#

^T?f# fij^i ^ FTdFt, m^Rr* ftfif fer? iiteT gif#?fi g# gtFi?f' g^7 ftf
?TF '^ft diStf f>*T-

^ftf# F>fadl IFF# RfiFFT-TdlFfc FTFF,

^ttg ftRfff in# g?uPiR, cffar #fFFigr ftff

f# wf ?#' Ffer FFgi

TKlPcMPd WF ^ F?F t^F# Figi FFF ^ felFIF FFFFF

^FF#I ^FFF ^ Figi FfcF 3TF??T ?FKTsF^ FIT, ife ##' gFR #^T ?F?F #fJsl ^
WF ggr FFdt ‘FFTF’ FT?eI FF-

FIF g?3T? FTF# TRlt FIhRf. ^F igni

## g^Ridi, #goraf fff Tsnfer #giFii

^ifRr fft^f ^ ggrtFr «ki«t?< «tff Rff? stt^h ftftPtft Fit fit ^SI¬
FT Ffe #F FFF, FT af#F Flft cT#P,
PwT'iH k1 FlffFT FFT 3FFF T#

cd6< 3FHT, TdFT 3TTFT #1

3FFg F>?T FTFlfFFT Fft F^ F*T-

#t #tf ggFigr ggi fR, R ##' Ffe Figr Ff,

FfeFT ##t ^ ^ RRI

g1# '^PddK g#Nt Fit ^f-f«i-

Figg %91-si # TFTFrf, Fig =# Wts,

siT^ft Ft# siTR #, ing#F7 #tg gi^ii

##FF Tf#gFF«F #ifR ^ iftcT I TFt®FR FFT iJigTF, Rigg ^ #tg

Fig ^ Fggtn # ism TFifl#'i

g# #nggigft Fff ‘FFgfFTF APh'+wV ^ ‘gite iftFi’ i ?sr 3tr

■R3# ^fFipTFt F# TFFTFig ^pFdig FFsKI^ # ?«FI ## FIFFTF FF #elf Tgtldl

TTlfpT ^ ‘5^ TRTI g? TOI R UlfeddiK g.Rp gr Rt ^R RTT R^--^

fRRTg‘*HcTK %RT’ 3 TRRT- ‘TflfpT RT TRTTR Mwi’, ‘RHg

RT R^’, ‘R^R gp’, ‘WRI^R TTTgfR fWT’ 3TTfc-3TTfR tl

T^R TftZI RTRRTR TsfRRT Wf%?T R <[RT m=7TR,K RtfRRTTT Rigrt 3RT R.
R’’. ITT 3TTRR >jmcji<{1 Act'll Tt RTTt TTRifcia «b<d FRI k,<sM ^ d>Wl TRRT, ^
R^f fRRTg Pdtell^d # RT fRM? TFR %, RddKt %TRT 3 TO1 ?l g#
RTPTrg%RRTR RTRTfRR, y?ddK rr; rtt, w ggrr Rpit ‘ w?’, fRfTR
Rt dlTRIH), Wl TTBcft, fRFR RhmPui, RRtdld RRt, Rffd RTTR Rffc
fag-fag rtfr fRRig ftpi tfr fri
3^R TitTRT TTTfFR TT$ Tt?TTR RT 3RRR dd^R, RT 3TTRR R%R gTF

TRTfdT Rig TF? ^ fRRRTR TTRTR R RRTIR, dTTRTR RT? TT1RT-RTRT R? ?tR?
TTTfFRI TTTfFR ^ RR? TTRfaR fRfRRTRI TTRTR R TTTffT TTTRfRRT, TK'HRRT,

RRTTfRSTT TTR^R TTI?t3r RTR ^ RTfpT R| TRtTRT TTfF^ gt RRRTRt TTHlfRRi

%RT RTTT <& Wt ?Tim^ ‘ 3TfRRT’ 3TTT ‘gr4'K«l’ Rt gT ^ TT*t Rfa #1

RF RRT?T Rgtt RT RF FR-

3TT??T Rt Rt dil^R PR RTTT RTR pit

Rt^R RTRT gF R?T HR FRtll

‘t'tdi 3TTR TTfRTT3TTR TTRTRRR <dlRH 3TTRt RiT 6dl I did dljjTdi cildi

RtTT WRR f^ RTg 3T?Rtl

?ll«aF TI?R <Hd'l ^R RT Rg Takdl TTT%RR gT RRRIRt STTRRt F?

RrddH difd 3RT crfR3TT?R 3TTT RTTRTI TT?R RTR RT 3TPJ TTfTTfRTRTR

3TfTRcTT 3TR TT^TR, SRRR iRRTTT R iRR^ TRT T?f TTTfpT Rl ^TTTR^ STR7!

TTfR R^R 3Tig <sT|<c5I RTTTg ?HI«3S glRT R TTRftlR R5T| RSR RT PT

3TR RR ?TTT^5 TT?R SRR ^R TTRT % WT TRT3T RTTTg TRTR ^ PTTR

fRprmrg Tnfpr tRTR? tpt it ^tttrr str rttr tomt, ttfttTrr

^t^t, ^#R, ‘gyrpR’, rrt anf^ -qRT ^ rt tr^r rrt

TTlfpfR R1R-R?R TT^ fRRig R? TPT # gTRTI

■^R TRtTHT TTlfpfR RRT STT^PTR RTR RT RTdHH TTR? RRRRt %R,
TTRTR ^ 3RJ RRR?3TT RPR ^cRT R TRR ¥R?I

pTW^ RT 3R RTTTIR TTTfpT 3TTT TsTRRT TTTfpT ^ gRRT-

RiFR "^R ^ R?T^TT ^RTT RR TTR^ R?Z RPT ^ eft R TTTipT RTp
174 yU<JI RRT TTR -HiIgrM (3RRR TiR fetch I ^ )

#i 3# ^r rt? ^ Rta ^Kisf^eb1 #trr nkmlfci t# trtr ?? ^

'Hlfgcl'b *KF"h) RT 3#R37J 7# W? 1?3r> RTfFI *7P*H 37?7R ‘JTT-'JTr ?? 'TT^I

t^R7 <°Tl<cil ■dlfec) R'lRIgl ^RT RcRT RK<7K, RfRSTlfR RT R# ?? STfTRT

RFFJTt, RTTRTRt, WTTRfRRT 37T7 373T# RT7TT TJRTRr ^TTf^cf RT^RRF? I i 3TTRT
RR^ fR> «t»Wf ■*HI'HI<=h Tflfed Ri =hWl ft R>W) ftft> 37FR f«Hk, 37FR ^fft,
37R3 #RT 3 RTRlft W 37T§R RR frr-^ # ^ 7RTR fgrft 7TTftcT ^

37TRT# RRTRk R7TTR 7I?[R 77#RTPR, RRTR^s ftTTRT STTft RfTFt

#T3T ^ TTRp ^T 3717 RFJTt 37793 ftj| RRRT^t ^cRT 3717 3 R7RTfRR

R77R R*T 3TR f 77R 371^ TTTflR ft MR'HWIS RRfR ^R R*7 fft ^7Tf%Tr RftftR
ft 77TR3 37^, flpRRTR 7737R ft 337lft RRRlft ft 7T73T-R33T RT ftR3TT7 R3?l

Rfft3 arrit rtttt^ Rift rtr3 -jri tfT 3T? tfr rri rrt
WRRfRn, R>THIdl 3777 TjSTTf 97RRf ftlOT RfT3Tg ft R7RIR ^ TpR 37^

RT7R R«7I 77? TOT 33^737 7TTfftT 97R3f 3# 1JRT Rf7RT77F^ R

Rli%d97 ’JTdT ‘3ftr’ 3 fRTRR RT? 7?R %\

TT ft. ?7T 3TTI fttT3T W TTTfftT

STIRTf^ HRcfk 3T7T19 fg^'O R>7 ‘SFJRRR’, 7fi|R 77T7RtRTTR3 ft

‘RTRTRTTt’ (■spOTT^R), 37IRT?4 RTRRR ft ‘tt\ RTlft| ftt?R3ft RT7TT

3TO 7TTf?7ft 3^3 ft73T, RFR 'fRftSTlft 37l?~Wl!R ft ‘RRI 37R

t®rfq37R Rl^ RRRRR ^ T^Hldl ’, f A^I<-=hl<H< 'R’7 HT Ri RTR

■q;.^. UTI RlRT-RTf^R ^RRFRR RTRtR^ ^ #73 RR7T
771%cf RRfRftfcT 37T#R ^ # R# ^ #131 RRT 77l1%3 qRphftfcf 37#R3

^ 37Tq3 Rf«TT^33I?R ^ TJ^ RRf3 Rfel-iM RR# R75f7 3RT #7 f«i71?R,

f5R TJTRTfR, fRR «7TR7R T?RI 37R T# #R7 ^R cR7 RgRT? #fRII

37TW 7^731 RTTTRtRT 1# 7R R 77RR, 7R ^ R177T

fR tR3 7R fRRR{ 7TT%3 fR7RR RFT 7FR %, fRYRfRinRR 37^RR 37#R,

W&Z eft^F ^RT 37TRIR RfTR 777*71^ RTfRRI RIRR %, ^HTTsf^T H#T
7IRRT77T ^ RRf fRRR t 7^737 ^ eft f TJ^iTR 7i#. ^T ^ 73Rt3R7 R#'| -#T3T

RT77T-RT%3 ^ 3371^-3RRT1^, $^ R# RRRR ^ #7R <& 1975 ^ 2000

RRT R> 7lJ73T 77lf#R7 R>IR ^ ^ 7TT3R RT? eftf R# ‘ 37fcT#tlR3 ’ 31^
 175

^ TSTfRT RiRTR ^tR RRI

RRRR ?WR (RFTRT RlfR), (rM -Hlf^d=hK), R^ff (RRTt

WlfldRVR) 3TK Rf^T ■HIRTnRWd ^ RRTR ^ UlfedR>R R/R. ??T, ^ RTR-?R

1% TTlff?d Hd'k'-Jld Ri RTRR RT^ <Hlf%cl TJTTT ohm fRfRRTR ^Ri, RRTR °F <<Hd

6°b RR l4<*>< ^ +IHM R^ 3(Ml SSIHI 4(sid<ft 'dl^l I ?TT RlRT RR - *Rit IT?
RT R^t RlR R? RTRR RTR TpTTR TTlfed ^ RTfl? 4 R>t RT^ FR?|’

gei4kl<H 7RTR ■Hiftd RR> dI«♦>«♦> R^RT TJTR <3lfd< (TRTR ^<=Tn) RT^fRRRjR

Rlt RTf^FRl TJTR Wf^TT RRRT RI?tl 3TTC fogTR ^ ^T Rft 1960 3 ^

RR> RTRTfR RlfRR ^ RRTRfRTRR RRR^ 3TT?eT RRI 3TTRR fegl-R R RtR Rf

^ RRRR[ RTRRt ^ RRlTRdT RT^ RR-RRI HI Rf Rlf^Ri fR^-fR^ fRRT -

RRfRRTR (R?1-RTO), RTZR7 (RRRRRft RT RRR1R), RifRRT (R?RRT TRRt),

RfR (R|^R> TRSt), RTTfR (RRT^Ri RRJR fRR^R) RIcTTRRT (RTRT

Rk*fd ^ M*FT RSejaff RT fRRR) ^3TTRTTR (TRRBT RRIRt R1RTR) R3TTRTTR)

RTRT fRfRRTTR (TlftRT RTRT f^RSTTR), RITT3T TR, 3TRTRRT 3TTR-3RTt

fRTRTR %TRRT RRI RTR ?TT TsfTTRTRT RfMRfR Mdfl+I ‘fcTcTRft’ ^ TJfTR

R*RKR> RR RRT?R RRI

ITT 4)«h RR RTffR ^lAoSTTeft' (RTTRRlRRi), RiTRTRfcTSTT (3TRfRRRTTT),

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