PORT CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Math Presentation

Course Code: MATH 325

Course Title: Differential Equations & Fourier Analysis

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
TEAM: C
NAME: DR SYED ANAYET KARIM
PROGRAM: Bs. C. in CSE
DESIGNATION: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
BATCH NO: 29 B
DEPARTMENT: NATURAL SCIENCE
ID NO: CSE 029 07738, CSE 029 07746
PORT CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
CSE 029 07766, CSE 029 07778
CSE 079 07760

SUBMISSION DATE: 09-03-2024

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Differential Equations & Fourier Analysis

Introduction
In this presentation, we will explore various methods for solving differential equations, with a
focus on the variable separable method. Differential equations arise in many fields of
mathematics and science, and understanding how to solve them is crucial in various
applications.

Differential Equation
An equation which has differential coefficients or derivatives is called differential equation.
Example: ⅆ𝑦 = cos ⅆ𝑥, ⅆ𝑦 = cos ⅆ𝑥 etc.
There are two types of differential equations.
1. Ordinary Differential Equation

2. Partial Differential Equation.

Ordinary Differential Equation: An equation which involves single independent variable is

called Ordinary Differential Equation.
ⅆ𝑦
Example: + 7𝑦 = 0
ⅆ𝑥

Partial Differential Equation: An equation which involves with partial coefficients with
respect to more than one independent variable is called Ordinary Differential Equation.
ⅆ2𝑦 ⅆ2 𝑥
Example: 2
+ =0
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 2

Linear Differential Equation

ⅆ𝑦
A differential equation is in the form + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄, where P and Q are the function of ‘x’ or
ⅆ𝑥
constants is called Linear Differential Equation of first order.

To solve this linear differential equation, multiply both sides by ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 ,then it becomes
ⅆ𝑦
(ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 ) + 𝑝𝑦 ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 = 𝑄 ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ
or, 𝑦 ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 ₌ 𝑄 ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥

Integrating on both sides we get

𝑦 ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥₌ 𝑄 ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐 which is the general solution.

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Some Mathematical problems with solutions:

ⅆ𝒚 𝟐
Problem- 1: Solve + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆−𝒙
ⅆ𝒙
Solution: Given that,
ⅆ𝑦 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 2ⅇ −𝑥 ----------------------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equation is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where,
ⅆ𝑥
2
𝑃 = 2𝑥; 𝑄 = 2ⅇ−𝑥
2
∴Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝ⅆ𝑥 =ⅇ ∫ 2𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑥
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
2 ⅆ𝑦 2 2 2
ⅇ𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 ⅇ 𝑥 = 2ⅇ −𝑥 ⅇ 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ 2
or, (𝑦ⅇ 𝑥 ) = 2
ⅆ𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ 2
∫ (𝑦ⅇ 𝑥 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 2 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
2
or, ⅇ 𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + c
which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚 𝒚 𝒚𝟐
Problem- 2: Solve − =−
ⅆ𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
− =−
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2

ⅆ𝑦 1 𝑦2
or, − 𝑦=− -------------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where
ⅆ𝑥

1 𝑦2
P=− and Q= −
𝑥 𝑥2
1
1
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ ∫ −𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ − log 𝑥 =
𝑥

Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−

1 ⅆ𝑦 1 1 𝑦2 1
− 𝑦=−
𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
 3

ⅆ 𝑦 𝑦2
or, ( )=−
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ 𝑦 𝑦2
∫ ( ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ − ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3
ⅆ 𝑦
or, ∫ ( ) ⅆ𝑥 = −𝑦 2 ∫ 𝑥 −3 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 𝑥 −2
or, = −𝑦 2 +𝑐
𝑥 −2

𝑦 𝑦2
or, = +𝑐
𝑥 2𝑥 2

which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚
Problem- 3: Solve 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
ⅆ𝒙

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑦 1 2
or, + 𝑦= 𝑥+3+ --------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where
ⅆ𝑥
1 2
P= and Q= 𝑥 + 3 +
𝑥 𝑥
1
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 =ⅇ ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = x
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
ⅆ𝑦 1
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ
or, (xy) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
ⅆ𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ
∫ (𝑥𝑦)ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 )ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ
or, ∫ (𝑥𝑦)ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 + 3∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 + 2 ∫ ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥

𝑥3 3𝑥 𝑧
or, 𝑥𝑦 = + + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
3 2

which is the required solution.

 4

ⅆ𝒚 𝝅
Problem-4: Solve if + 𝟐𝒚 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 and if y = 0 when x =
ⅆ𝒙 𝟑
express y in terms of x.
Solution: Given that,
ⅆ𝑦
+ 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 --------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where,
ⅆ𝑥

P = 2 tan x; Q = sin x
2
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.)= ⅇ ∫ 𝑃 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ ∫ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ 2 (log sec x) = ⅇ log sec 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
ⅆ𝑦
sec 2 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ
or, (𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ
∫ (𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ 1
or, ∫ (𝑦 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝑥 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . dx
ⅆ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
ⅆ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
or, ∫ (𝑦 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝑥 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ dx
ⅆ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
ⅆ
or, ∫ (𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 sec 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥

or, y sec 2 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐 -------------------------(ii)

𝜋
Given that y=0 when x=
3
𝜋 𝜋
0 (sec 2 ) = 𝑠ec +𝑐
3 3

or, 0 = 2 + c
or, c = −2
∴ Putting the value of ‘c’ into equation(ii)−
y sec 2 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 2
which is required solution.
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ⅆ𝒚
Problem- 5: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝟑𝒙
ⅆ𝒙

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦
+ 3𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 ⅇ −3𝑥 -------------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥

ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where,
ⅆ𝑥

P = 3 and Q= 3𝑥 2 ⅇ −3𝑥

∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 =ⅇ ∫ 3 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ 3𝑥

Then multiply I.F of both sides of equation (i)−
ⅆ𝑦
ⅇ 3𝑥 + 3𝑦ⅇ 3𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 ⅇ −3𝑥 ⅇ 3𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ
or, (𝑦ⅇ 3𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2
ⅆ𝑥

Now integrating we get,

ⅆ
∫ (𝑦ⅇ 3𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥

or, 𝑦ⅇ 3𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚 𝒚
Problem- 6: Solve + = 𝒙𝟐 given that 𝒚 = 𝟏 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
ⅆ𝒙 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦 𝑦
+ = 𝑥2
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ𝑦 1
or, + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ----------------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where
ⅆ𝑥
1
P= and Q= 𝑥 2
𝑥
1
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 =ⅇ ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = x
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
ⅆ𝑦 1
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥2
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ
or, (𝑦𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3
ⅆ𝑥
 6

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ
∫ (𝑦𝑥 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐
ⅆ𝑥

𝑥4
or, 𝑥𝑦 = + c ---------------------------------------(ii)
4

Given that, y = 1 when x = 1,

∴ Putting the value of ‘x’ and ‘y’ into (ii)−
14
1⋅1= +𝑐
4
3
∴𝑐=
4

∴ Putting the value of ‘c’ into (ii)−

𝑥4 3
𝑥𝑦 = +
4 4

which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚
Problem- 7: Solve (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐
ⅆ𝒙
Solution: Given that,
ⅆ𝑦
(𝑥 2 + 1) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥 2
ⅆ𝑥

ⅆ𝑦 2𝑥 4𝑥 2
or, + 𝑦= ---------------------------(i) [dividing by (𝑥 2 + 1)]
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 2 +1
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where
ⅆ𝑥

2𝑥 4𝑥 2
P= and Q=
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2+1
2𝑥
∫ ⅆ𝑥 2 +1)
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑥2 +1 = ⅇ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
ⅆ𝑦 2𝑥 4𝑥 2
(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑦= (𝑥 2 + 1)
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2+1
ⅆ
or, {𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1)} = 4𝑥 2
ⅆ𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ
∫ {𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1)}ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐
ⅆ𝑥

𝑥3
or, 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1) = 4 +𝑐
3
 7

which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚 𝝅
Problem- 8: Solve − 𝟑𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 given that y = 2 when x =
ⅆ𝒙 𝟐

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦
− 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equation is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where,
ⅆ𝑥

P = − 3 cot x; Q = sin 2x
1
3𝑥 log
∴Integrating factor (I.F) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ ∫ −3 cot 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
= ⅇ −3 log sin 𝑥 = ⅇ − log sin =ⅇ sin3 𝑥
1
=
sin3 𝑥

Now multiply I.F both sides of equation(1) –

1 ⅆ𝑦 1 1
. − 3𝑦 cot 𝑥 . = sin 2𝑥 .
sin3 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 sin3 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
ⅆ 1 1
or, (𝑦 . ) = sin 2𝑥 .
ⅆ𝑥 sin3 𝑥 sin3 𝑥

Now integrating we get −

ⅆ 1 1
∫ ⅆ𝑥 (𝑦 . sin3 𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 . sin3 𝑥 dx
ⅆ 1 1
or,∫ (𝑦 . ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . dx
ⅆ𝑥 sin3 𝑥 sin3 𝑥

ⅆ 1 1 cos 𝑥
or,∫ (𝑦 . ) ⅆ𝑥 = 2∫ . ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 sin3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
or , 𝑦 . = −2 cosec x + c -----------------(ii)
sin3 𝑥
𝜋
Given that y=2 when x=
2

∴ Putting the value of ‘x’ and ‘y’ into equation(ii) −

1
2( ) = −2.1 + 𝑐
1

∴𝑐=4
∴ Putting the value of ‘c’ into equation(ii)−
1
𝑦. = −2 cosec x + 4
sin3 𝑥

which is the required solution

 8

ⅆ𝒚 𝒚 𝟑
Problem- 9: Solve + = given that 𝒚 = 𝟐 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
ⅆ𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦 𝑦 3
+ =
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
ⅆ𝑦 1 3
or, + 𝑦= ---------------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where
ⅆ𝑥
1 3
P= and Q=
𝑥 𝑥2
1
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
= ⅇ log 𝑥 = 𝑥
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i),
ⅆ𝑦 1 3
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦= 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
ⅆ 3
or, (𝑦𝑥 ) =
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ 3
∫ (𝑦𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ 1
or, ∫ (𝑥𝑦) ⅆ𝑥 = 3∫ ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥

or, 𝑥𝑦 = 3 log 𝑥 + 𝑐 -----------------------------(ii)

Given that, y = 2 when x = 1,
∴ Putting the value of ‘x’ and ‘y’ into (ii)−
1 × 2 = 3 log 1 + 𝑐
or, 2 = (3 × 0) + 𝑐
∴𝑐=2
∴ Putting the value of ‘c’ into (ii)−
𝑥𝑦 = 3 log 𝑥 + 2
which is the required solution.
 9

ⅆ𝒚 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
Problem- 10: Solve + 𝟑
𝒚=
ⅆ𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟑
Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦 3𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
+ 3
𝑦= --------------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 1+𝑥 1+𝑥 3
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equation is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where ,
ⅆ𝑥

3𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2 )
P= ;𝑄 = ⅆ𝑥
1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3
3
∴Integrating factor (I.F) =ⅇ ∫ 𝑝ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ log(1+𝑥 ) = 1 + 𝑥 3
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i) −
ⅆ𝑦 3𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2)
(1 + 𝑥 3 ) . + 𝑦. (1 + 𝑥 3 ) = . (1 + 𝑥 3 )
ⅆ𝑥 1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3
ⅆ
or, {𝑦. (1 + 𝑥 3 )} = 1 + 𝑥 2
ⅆ𝑥

Now integrating we get −

ⅆ
∫ ⅆ𝑥 y(1 + 𝑥 3 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )ⅆ𝑥
𝑥3
or, y (1 + 𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑐
3

which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚
Problem- 11: Solve + 𝒚 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙
ⅆ𝒙
Solution: Given that,
ⅆ𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 ---------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equation is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where,
ⅆ𝑥

, P = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥; Q = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥

∴ Integrating factor(I.F) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ log sec 𝑥 = 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 𝑥

Now multiply I.F. both sides of equation (i),
ⅆ𝑦
𝑠ⅇ𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠ⅇ𝑐𝑥 = cos3 𝑥 𝑠ⅇ𝑐𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ
(𝑦 . 𝑠ⅇ𝑐𝑥 ) = cos3 𝑥 sec 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥

Now integrating we get,

 10

ⅆ
∫ y sec x dx = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 . sec 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ 1
or, ∫ y sec x dx = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 . ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 cos 𝑥
ⅆ
or, ∫ y sec x dx =∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ 1+cos 2𝑥
or, ∫ y sec x dx = ∫ ( ) ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 2
1 sin 2𝑥
or, y sec x = [𝑥 + ]+𝑐
2 2

which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚 𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐
Problem- 12: Solve = 𝟑
−( )𝒚
ⅆ𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟑

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦 1 3𝑥 2
= −( )𝑦
ⅆ𝑥 1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3

ⅆ𝑦 3𝑥 2 1
or, + ( )𝑦 = --------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3

The given differential equations is in the form of,

ⅆ𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where
ⅆ𝑥

3𝑥 2 1
P= and Q=
1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3
3𝑥2
∫ ⅆ𝑥 3)
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ 1+𝑥3 = ⅇ ln(1+𝑥 =1 + 𝑥 3
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
ⅆ𝑦 3𝑥 2 1
(1 + 𝑥 3 ) + (1 + 𝑥 3 ) ( )𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 3 )
ⅆ𝑥 1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3
ⅆ
or, {𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 3 )} = 1
ⅆ𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ
∫ {𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 3 )} ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 1 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐
ⅆ𝑥

or, 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
or, 𝑦 = +𝑐
1+𝑥 3

which is the required solution.

 11

ⅆ𝒚 𝒚
Problem- 13: Solve − =𝒙
ⅆ𝒙 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦 𝑦
− = 𝑥----------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where,
ⅆ𝑥
1
P=− and Q = x
𝑥
−1
∴ ∫ Pdx = − ∫ ⅆ𝑥 = − log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 −1
𝑥
1 1 −1 1
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑃 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ ∫ −𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ − log 𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 =
𝑥

Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−

1 ⅆ𝑦 1 𝑦 1
− =𝑥
𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ 𝑦
or, ( )=1
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ 𝑦
∫ ( ) ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 1 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
or, =𝑥+c
𝑥

which is required solution.

ⅆ𝒚
Problem- 14: Solve 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒
ⅆ𝒙

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 4
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑦 2
or, + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ------------------------------(i) [Divided by x]
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where,
ⅆ𝑥
2
P= and Q= 𝑥 3
𝑥
2 2
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 =ⅇ ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥= ⅇ 2 log 𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
ⅆ𝑦 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥2 𝑦 = 𝑥2 ⋅ 𝑥3
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
 12

ⅆ
or, (𝑦𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 5
ⅆ𝑥

Now Integrating we get,

ⅆ
∫ (𝑦𝑥 2 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 5 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐
ⅆ𝑥

𝑥6
or, 𝑥 2 𝑦 = +c
6

which is the required solution.

ⅆ𝒚 𝒚
Problem- 15: Solve + = 𝒙𝟑
ⅆ𝒙 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

ⅆ𝑦 𝑦
+ = 𝑥3
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ𝑦 1
or, + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ---------------------------------(i)
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
The given differential equations is in the form of + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where
ⅆ𝑥
1
P= and Q= 𝑥 3
𝑥
1
∴ Integrating factor (I.F.) = ⅇ ∫ 𝑝 ⅆ𝑥 =ⅇ ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = ⅇ log 𝑥 = x
Now multiply I.F. both sides of (i)−
ⅆ𝑦 1
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥3
ⅆ𝑥 𝑥
ⅆ
or, (𝑦𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4
ⅆ𝑥

Now Integrating we get

ⅆ
∫ (𝑦𝑥 )ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 4 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐
ⅆ𝑥

𝑥5
or, 𝑥𝑦 = +c
5

which is the required solution.

 13

Reference
1 Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Differential Equations, by Richard Bronson.
2. Differential Equations (Dr. Bhu Dev Sharma)