DR.

EMMANUEL KITCHER
Content

 Introduction to Computer Graphics;

 Overview of Computer Graphics Systems;

 Output Primitives;

 Attributes of Output Primitives.

Overview of Computer Graphics Systems

 Computer Graphics System;

 Computer Graphics Display Systems;

 Computer Graphics Devices;

 Computer Graphics Software.

Graphics Systems

 Multimedia is a combination of text, graphic, sound,

animation, and video that is delivered interactively to the
user by electronic or digitally manipulated means.
Computer Graphics Systems
 Graphics:
 Pictures as visuals in digital form used in multimedia
presentations are in two forms:
 Bitmap Graphics (Image Raster):
 Formed by pixels arranged in specific ways in a
matrix form;
 Vector Graphics:
 Formed by lines that follow mathematical equations
called vector.
Computer Graphics Systems
Computer Graphics Systems

 Bitmap Graphics:
A digital image is represented by a matrix of numeric
values each representing a quantized intensity value;
 When I is a two-dimensional matrix, then I(r,c) is the
intensity value at the position corresponding to row r and
column c of the matrix;
 The points at which an image is sampled are known as
picture elements, commonly abbreviated as pixels.
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 Bitmap Graphics:
 The pixel values of intensity images are called gray scale
levels (we encode as color of the image);
 The intensity at each pixel is represented by an integer

and is determined from the continuous image by averaging

over a small neighborhood around the pixel location:
 If two intensity values are used to store each pixel
value, they are called binary-valued images (i.e. black
and white) and represented by the numbers 0 and 1;
 If 8-bit integers are used to store each pixel value, the

gray levels range from 0 (black) to 255 (white).

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 A bitmap image:
 is a simple information matrix describing the individual dots
that are the smallest elements of resolution on a computer
screen or other display or printing device;
 A one-dimensional matrix is required for monochrome (black
and white);
 A greater depth (more bits of information) is required to
describe more than 16 million colors the picture elements may
have;
 The state of all the pixels on a computer screen make up the
image seen by the viewer, whether in combinations of black
and white or colored pixels.
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 How are bitmap images created?
 Can be made from:
 scratch with any drawing program such as Paint on
Windows;
a screen capture program, and then paste into any
application;
 a photo, artwork, or a television image using a scanner
or video capture device that digitizes the image;
 Once copied, a bitmap can be used in many creative ways.
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 Uses of bitmaps:
 photo-realistic images; and
 complex drawing requiring fine detail.

 Exercise 1:
 What other uses can bitmap images be put to?
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 Bitmap Software:
 The abilities and feature of image-editing programs for
both the Macintosh and Windows range from simple to
complex;
 The Macintosh does not ship with a painting tool, and
 Windows provides only the rudimentary Paint;
 You need to acquire the software separately:
 often bitmap editing or painting programs come as part
of a bundle when you purchase your computer, monitor,
or scanner.
Computer Graphics Systems

 Vector-images:
 are drawn using primitive objects such as:
 lines, boxes, circles, polygons, and other graphic shapes
that can be mathematically expressed in angles,
coordinates, and distances.
A drawn vector object can be filled with color and
patterns, and can be selected as a single object.
Computer Graphics Systems

 Vector-drawn objects:

 are described and drawn to the computer screen using a

fraction of the memory space required to describe and store
the same object in bitmap form.

 is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints:

A simple rectangle, for example, might be defined as
follows:
 RECT 0,0,200,200
Computer Graphics Systems
Computer Graphics Systems

 Vector graphics are:

 normally turned into bitmap graphics before we see them;
 stored as a series of bitmap files:
 All vector software will enable you to do this very easily
and is normally referred to as rendering.
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 Uses of Vector-images:
 Multimedia systems such as:
 content authoring, 3-D animation etc;

 Computer-aided design (CAD) programs use vector-drawn

object systems for creating the highly complex and
geometric rendering needed by architects and engineers;
 Graphic artists designing for print media use vector-drawn
objects because the same mathematics that put a
rectangle on your screen can also place that rectangle on
paper without jaggies.
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 Color:

 colors of the rainbow, are the ascending frequencies of the

visible light spectrum:
 red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

 Ultraviolet light, on the other hand, is beyond the higher end of

the visible spectrum and can be damaging to humans:
 The color white is a noisy mixture of all the color frequencies
in the visible spectrum.
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 Formation of colors on the eye:

 The cornea of the eye acts as a lens to focus light rays
onto the retina;
 The light rays stimulate many thousands of specialized
nerves called rods and cones that cover the surface of the
retina;
 The eye can differentiate among millions of colors, or hues,
consisting of combination of red, green, and blue.
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 Color models:

1. Additive Color:

 is created (as a result of transmitted light ) by

combining colored light sources in three primary
colors:
red, green and blue (RGB);
used in TV or computer monitors.
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Computer Graphics Systems
2. Subtractive Color:
 is created (as a result of reflected light) by combining
colored media suc h as paints or ink that absorb (or
subtract) some parts of the color spectrum of light and
reflect the others back to the eye;
 used to create color in printing;

 The printed page is made up of tiny halftone dots of three

primary colors, cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY).
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 The Two Most Common Color Models:

 There are several established color models used in
computer graphics, but the two most common are the:
 RGB model (Red-Green-Blue) for computer display:
 the convergence of the three primary additive colors
produces white.
 CMYK model (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-blacK) for printing:
 the convergence of the three primary subtractive
colors produces black.
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Computer Graphics Systems
 The RGB Color model:
 forms its gamut from the primary additive colors of red,
green and blue;

 Computers generally display RGB using 24-bit color:

 there are 256 variations for each of the additive colors of red,
green and blue;

 Therefore there are 16,777,216 possible colors (256 reds x

256 greens x 256 blues) in the 24-bit RGB color model.
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 The RGB color model:
 colors are represented by varying intensities of red, green
and blue light;
 the intensity of eac h of the red, green and blue
components are represented on a scale from 0 to 255 with
0 being the least intensity (no light emitted) to 255
(maximum intensity):
 For example in the RGB chart:
 the magenta color would be R=255 G=0 B=255;
 Black is: R=0 G=0 B=0 (total absence of light).
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 The CMYK printing method is also known as "four-color
process" or simply "process" color:
 All of the colors in the printable portion of the color
spectrum can be achieved by overlapping "tints" of cyan,
magenta, yellow and black inks.
A tint is:
 a screen of tiny dots appearing as a percentage of a
solid color;
 When various tints of the four colors are printed in
overlapping patterns it gives the illusion of continuous
tones - like a photograph.
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 The CMYK color model colors are:
 represented as percentages of cyan, magenta, yellow and
black.
 For example in a CMYK chart:
 the red color is composed of 14% cyan, 100% magenta,
99% yellow and 3% black.
 The White would be 0% cyan, 0% magenta, 0% yellow
and 0% black (a total absence of ink on white paper).
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 Color Palettes:
 represents the maximum number of colors that can be
produced by using all three combinations of red, green,
and blue available in the RGB color space;
 Physical palettes contain all of the colors supported by the
system‘s graphics hardware;
 Logical palettes contain only a fraction of the colors that
are available in the physical palette.
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 Color Palettes:
 When we design graphics, we select colors from the
system‘s physical color palette but render the objects using
the colors present in the logical palette;
 are containers that hold the colors with which we paint and
draw objects on the screen;
 were developed as a means of managing and specifying
small groups of colors within the hardware color space for
the benefit of developers.
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 Color palettes come in different sizes:

 Larger color palettes can hold more colors and in turn
allow graphic objects to be rendered with more color
fidelity;
 Smaller color palettes hold fewer colors and place
restrictions on the amount of colors that a given image can
contain;
 The actual size of a color palette is always determined by
the hardware capabilities of the system.
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 Advantages of color palettes:
 Universal compatibility with all display modes:
 those that use 16 or 256 colors, are a common
denominator among all display modes;
 High degree of compression:
 Images that use color palettes with small amounts of
color (i.e., less than 256) tend to require much less disk
space than those that contain thousands or millions of
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 Advantages:
 Cross-platform compatibility:
 virtually all platforms can display images with 16 or 256
colors in them.
 Ease of manipulation:
 Color palettes are relatively easy to manage and
manipulate from both a creative and technical perspective;
 Good color rendition:
 can provide sufficient level of color fidelity for most arcade
style games.
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 Advantages:
 Support for special effects:
 support special effects such as color cycling and color fades.

 Color Palette Organization:

 facilitates selection of colors, color palettes are
organized as an array of palette entries or color
indexes.
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 Image File Formats:
 There are many file formats used to store bitmaps and vectored drawing:
 Microsoft Windows DIB
 .bmp .dib .rle, Microsoft Palette
 .pal
 Autocad format 2D
 .dxf
 JPEG
 .jpg
 Windows Meta file
 .wmf
 Portable network graphic
 .png
 Compuserve gif
 .gif
 Apple Macintosh
 .pict .pic .pct
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Computer Graphics Systems
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 There are 5 major elements in our system

 Processor, Memory, Frame Buffer, Input Devices, Output
Devices.
Thank You