LIGHT(Class 10)

Lecture by :- Amit Ojha

Sir
Reflection is the phenomenon of bouncing back of light into
the same medium on striking the surface of any object.
#Spherical mirrors are of two types:
o Convex mirrors or diverging mirrors in which the reflecting surface is curved outwards.
o Concave mirrors or converging mirrors in which the reflecting surface is curved inwards.
# Some terms related to spherical mirrors:
o The centre of curvature (C) of a spherical mirror is the centre of the hollow sphere of glass, of
which the spherical mirror is a part.
o The radius of curvature (R) of a spherical mirror is the radius of the hollow sphere of glass, of
which the spherical mirror is a part.
o The pole (P) of a spherical mirror is the centre of the mirror.
o The principal axis of a spherical mirror is a straight line passing through the centre of curvature C
and pole P of the spherical mirror.
o The principal focus (F) of a concave mirror is a point on the principal axis at which the rays of
light incident on the mirror, in a direction parallel to the principal axis, actually meet after reflection
from the mirror.
o The principal focus (F) of a convex mirror is a point on the principal axis from which the rays of
light incident on the mirror, in a direction parallel to the principal axis, appear to diverge after
reflection from the mirror.
o The focal length (f) of a mirror is the distance between its pole (P) and principal focus (F).
o For spherical mirrors of small aperture, R = 2f.
# Sign Conventions for Spherical Mirrors
According to New Cartesian Sign Conventions,
o All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror.
o The distances measured in the direction of incidence of light are taken as positive and vice
versa.
o The heights above the principal axis are taken as positive and vice versa.
# Rules for tracing images formed by spherical mirrors
Rule 1: A ray which is parallel to the principal axis after reflection passes through the principal
focus in
case of a concave mirror or appears to diverge from the principal focus in case of a convex
mirror.
Rule 2: A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray which is directed
towards the principal focus of a convex mirror emerges parallel to the principal axis after
reflection.
Rule 3: A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or directed towards
the
centre of curvature of a convex mirror is reflected back along the same path
Rule 4: A ray incident obliquely towards the pole of a concave mirror or a convex mirror is
reflected
obliquely as per the laws of reflection
Q. 1. A 3 cm tall object is placed 18 cm in front of a concave
mirror of focal length 12 cm. At what distance from the mirror
should a screen be placed to see a sharp image of the object
on the screen. Also calculate the height of the image formed.
U [Delhi, 2017,Set-2]
Q. 2. The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm
from a mirror is formed on a screen placed in front of the mirror at a
distance of 60 cm from its pole. What is the nature of the mirror ?
Find its focal length. If the height of the flame is 2.4 cm, find the
height of its image. State whether the image formed is erect or
inverted. A [Delhi 31/1/3 2017]
Q. 3. A 5 cm tall object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a
convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position, size and
nature of the image formed. A [Comptt. Delhi, 2018]
Q. 4. Define the magnification as referred to spherical mirrors.
If a concave mirror forms a real image 40 cm from the mirror,
when the object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from its pole,
find the focal length of the mirror. R [Delhi Comptt. 31/1/1 2017]
Q. 5. The image formed by a spherical mirror is real, inverted and
is of magnification – 2. If the image is at a distance of 30 cm from
the mirror, where is the object placed ? Find the focal length of the
mirror. List two characteristics of the image formed if the object is
moved 10 cm towards the mirror. A [OD 2016,Set -3]
Q. 6. A security mirror used in a big showroom has radius of curvature 5 m.
If a customer is standing at a distance of 20 m from the cash counter, find
the position, nature and size of the image formed in the security mirror. (b)
Neha visited a dentist in his clinic. She observed that the dentist was
holding an instrument fitted with a mirror. State the nature of this mirror
and reason for its use in the instrument used by dentist. [CBSE OD Set-
1,2020]
Q. 7. A 6 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a
concave mirror of focal length 30 cm. The distance of the object from the
mirror is 45 cm. Use mirror formula to determine the position, nature and size
of the image formed. Also, draw labelled ray diagram to show the image
formation in this case. A [Board Outside Delhi, Set- III, 2019]
Q. 8. A student has focussed the image of a candle flame on a white screen
using a concave mirror. The situation is as given below: Length of the flame =
1.5 cm Focal length of the mirror = 12 cm Distance of flame from the mirror =
18 cm If the flame is perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror, then
calculate the following: (i) Distance of the image from the mirror Length of the
image (ii) If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm,
then what would be observed on the screen ? Draw ray diagram to justify your
answer for this situation. AE [Board Term II Foreign Set I, 2015]
Q. 9. It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of
focal length of 12 cm. (i) What should be the range of distance of an object
placed in front of the mirror ? (ii) Will the image be smaller or larger than the
object ? Draw ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case. (iii) Where
will the image of this object be, if it is placed 24 cm in front of the mirror ? Draw
ray diagram for this situation also to justify your answer. Show the positions of
pole, principal focus and the centre of curvature in the above ray diagrams. U
[Board Term II, O.D. Set I, 2016]
Q. 10. (a) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays which are so chosen that it is
easy to know their directions after reflection from the mirror. List two such rays and
state the path of these rays after reflection in case of concave mirrors. Use these
two rays and draw ray diagram to locate the image of an object placed between
pole and focus of a concave mirror. (b) A concave mirror produces three times
magnified image on a screen. If the object is placed 20 cm in front of the mirror,
how far is the screen from the object? A [Delhi 31/1/1 2017]
Q. 11. A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 80 cm in front
of a mirror by keeping the candle flame at a distance of 20 cm from its pole. (i) Which
type of mirror should the student use ? (ii) Find the magnification of the image produced.
(iii) Find the distance between the object and its image. (iv) Draw a ray diagram to show
the image formation in this case and mark the distance between the object and its
image. C [Board Term II Foreign Set I, 2015]
Q.12. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the path of the
reflected ray corresponding to the ray which is directed towards
the principal focus of a convex mirror. Mark the angle of
incidence and angle of reflection on it. A [Delhi 2019]
Refraction of Light
The change in direction of light when it passes from one medium to another obliquely, is called refraction
of light. In other words, the bending of light when it goes from one medium to another obliquely is called
refraction of light
# Some terms related to spherical lenses:
o The central point of the lens is known as its optical centre (O).
o Each of the two spherical surfaces of a lens forms a part of a sphere. The
centres of these spheres
are called centres of curvature of the lens. These are represented as C1 and C2.
o The principal axis of a lens is a straight line passing through its two centres of
curvature.
o The principal focus of a convex lens is a point on its principal axis to which light
rays parallel to
the principal axis converge after passing through the lens.
o The principal focus of a concave lens is a point on its principal axis from which
light rays,
originally parallel to the principal axis appear to diverge after passing through
the lens.
o The focal length (f) of a lens is the distance of the principal focus from the
optical centre.
Q. 1. The absolute refractive index of Ruby is 1.7. Find
the speed of light in Ruby. The speed of light in
vacuum is 3 × 108
m/s. C [OD, 2019, Set-1]
Q. 2. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a concave
lens of focal length 15 cm. List four characteristics (nature,
position, etc.) of the image formed by the lens. R [Outside Delhi,
2017, set 1]
Q. 3. A 10 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis
of a convex lens of focal length 12 cm. The distance of the object
from the lens is 18 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the
image formed. A [Board Outside Delhi, Set-I, 2019]
Q. 4. An object of height 5 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal
axis of a concave lens of focal length 10 cm. If the distance of the
object from the optical centre of the lens is 20 cm, determine the
position, nature and size of the image formed using the lens formula.
A [Board Term II O.D. III, 2015]
Q. 5. Rishi went to a palmist to show his palm. The palmist used a
special lens for this purpose. (i) State the nature of the lens and reason
for its use. (ii) Where should the palmist place/hold the lens so as to
have a real and magnified image of an object ? (iii) If the focal length
of this lens is 10 cm and the lens is hold at a distance of 5 cm from the
palm, use lens formula to find the position and size of the image. A
[CBSE OD Set-1, 2020]
Q. 6. An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave
lens of focal length 30 cm. (i) Use lens formula to find the distance
of the image from the lens. (ii) List four characteristics of the
image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in
this case. (iii) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of part (ii). A
[CBSE Board Delhi, Set- I, 2019]
Q. 7. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a concave lens of focal
length 30 cm. (i) Use lens formula to determine the distance of the image from
the lens. (ii) List four characteristics of the image (nature position, size,
erect/inverted) in this case. (iii) Draw a labelled diagram to justify your answer
of part (ii). A [CBSE Board Delhi, Set- II, 2019]
Q. 8. A concave lens of focal length 60 cm is used to form an image of an
object of length 9 cm kept at a distance of 30 cm from it. Use lens formula
to determine the nature, position and length of the image formed. Also draw
labelled ray diagram to show the image formation in the above case. AE
[Delhi, 2019]
Q. 9. (a) Define focal length of a divergent lens. (b) A divergent lens of focal length
30 cm forms the image of an object of size 6 cm on the same side as the object at
a distance of 15 cm from its optical centre. Use lens formula to determine the
distance of the object from the lens and the size of the image formed. (c) Draw a
ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above situation. U [Board Term
II O.D. Set II, 2016]
Q. 10. (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a convex lens when an object
is placed in front of the lens between its optical centre and principal focus. (ii) In the above
ray diagram mark the object-distance (u) and the image-distance (v) with their proper signs
(+ve or – ve as per the new Cartesian sign convention) and state how these distances are
related to the focal length (f) of the convex lens in this case. (iii) Find the power of a convex
lens which forms a real, and inverted image of magnification –1 of an object placed at a
distance of 20 cm from its optical centre. A [Board Term II Delhi Set I, 2016]
Q. 11. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a concave lens
when an object is placed in front of it. (b) In the above diagram mark the object-
distance (u) and the image-distance (v) with their proper signs (+ve or –ve as per
the new Cartesian sign convention) and state how these distances are related to
the focal length (f) of the concave lens in this case. (c) Find the nature and power
of a lens which forms a real and inverted image of magnification –1 at a distance
of 40 cm from its optical centre. A [Delhi,Set-2, 2016]
Q. 12. (a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens. (b) A divergent lens has a focal
length of 20 cm. At what distance should an object of height 4 cm from the optical
centre of the lens be placed so that its image is formed 10 cm away from the lens.
Find the size of the image also. (c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
image in above situation. R [OD, Set-1, 2016]
Q. 13. (a) State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive
index of a medium and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in
vacuum. (b) The absolute refractive indices of two media 'A' and 'B' are 2.0 and 1.5
respectively. If the speed of light in medium 'B' is 2×108 m/s, calculate the speed of
light in: (i) vacuum, (ii) medium 'A' U [Board Term II Delhi Set II, 2015]