Formulae and statistical tables

for A‑level Mathematics and

A‑level Further Mathematics
AS Mathematics (7356)
A‑level Mathematics (7357)
AS Further Mathematics (7366)
A‑level Further Mathematics (7367)

v1.5 Issued February 2018

For the new specifications for first teaching from September 2017.

This booklet of formulae and statistical tables is required for all AS and A‑level Further
Mathematics exams.
Students may also use this booklet in all AS and A‑level Mathematics exams. However, there is
a smaller booklet of formulae available for use in AS and A‑level Mathematics exams with only
the formulae required for those examinations included.

Page Bros/E12 FMFB16

 2

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 3

Contents
Page

Pure mathematics 4

Mechanics 10

Probability and statistics 11

Statistical tables
Table 1 Percentage points of the student’s t -distribution 12

Table 2 Percentage points of the χ 2 distribution 13

Table 3 Critical values of the product moment correlation coefficient 14

 4

Pure mathematics
Binomial series
 n  n  n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b2 + … +   a n − r b r + … + b n (n ∈ )
 1  2  r
 n n!
where   = n Cr =
 r r!(n − r )!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1) … (n − r + 1) r
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x +…+ x + … ( x < 1, n ∈ )
1.2 1.2… r

Arithmetic series
1 1
Sn = n (a + l) = n [2a + (n − 1)d]
2 2

Geometric series

a (1 − r n )
Sn =
1− r
a
S∞ = for | r | < 1
1− r

Trigonometry: small angles

For small angle θ, measured in radians:
sin θ ≈ θ
θ2
cos θ ≈ 1 −
2
tan θ ≈ θ

Trigonometric identities
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B 1
tan (A ± B) =    (A ± B ≠ (k + )π)
1  tan A tan B 2

A+ B A−B
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2
A+ B A−B
sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
2 2
A+ B A−B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
A+ B A−B
cos A − cos B = −2 sin sin
2 2
 5

Differentiation
f(x) f ′(x)
tan x sec2 x
cosec x −cosec x cot x
sec x sec x tan x
cot x −cosec2 x
1
sin−1 x
1 − x2
1
cos−1 x −
1 − x2
1
tan−1 x
1 + x2
tanh x sech2 x
1
sinh−1 x
1 + x2
1
cosh−1 x
x2 −1
1
tanh−1 x
1 − x2

f ( x) f ( x) g( x) − f ( x) g( x)
g( x) (g( x))2

Differentiation from first principles

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h→0 h
 6

Integration
dv du
∫ u
dx
dx = uv − v dx
dx ∫
f ( x)
∫ f ( x)
d x = ln | f ( x) | + c

f(x) ∫ f(x) dx
tan x ln | sec x | + c
cot x ln | sin x | + c

cosec x | ( )|
−ln | cosec x + cot x | = ln tan 1 x + c
2

sec x ln | sec x + tan x | = ln | tan ( x + π)| + c

1 1
2 4

sec2 x tan x + c

tanh x ln cosh x + c
1  x
sin−1   + c   (| x | < a)
a2 − x2  a
1 1  x
tan−1   + c
a2 + x2 a  a
1  x
cosh−1   or ln{x + x 2 − a 2 } + c   (x > a)
x2 − a2  a
1  x
sinh−1   or ln{x + x2 + a2 } + c
a2 + x2  a

a2
1
− x2
1
2a
ln | |
a+x
a−x
1
a
 x
= tanh−1   + c   (| x | < a)
 a

ln |
x+a |
1 1 x−a
+c
x2 − a2 2a

Numerical solution of equations

f ( xn )
The Newton-Raphson iteration for solving f (x) = 0: xn+1 = xn −
f ( xn )

Numerical integration
b 1 b−a
The trapezium rule: ∫a y dx ≈ 2
h{(y0 + yn) + 2(y1 + y2 + … + yn−1)}, where h =
n

Complex numbers
[r(cos θ + i sin θ)]n = r n(cos nθ + i sin nθ)
2 πki
The roots of zn = 1 are given by z = e n , for k = 0, 1, 2, … , n − 1
 7

Matrix transformations
cos θ −sin θ 
Anticlockwise rotation through θ about O: 
 sin θ cos θ 

cos2θ sin2θ 
Reflection in the line y = (tan θ) x: 
 sin2θ −cos2θ 
The matrices for rotations (in three dimensions) through an angle θ about one of the axes are:
1 0 0 
0 cos θ −sin θ  for the x-axis
 
0 sin θ cos θ 

 cos θ 0 sin θ 
 0 1 0  for the y-axis
 
 −sin θ 0 cos θ 

cos θ −sin θ 0
 sin θ cos θ 0  for the z-axis
 
 0 0 1

Summations
n
∑ r2 = 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
r =1
n
∑ r3 = 1 n2(n + 1)2
4
r =1

Maclaurin’s series
x2 x r (r)
f (x) = f (0) + x f ′(0) + f ″(0) + … + f (0) + …
2! r!
x2 xr
ex = exp(x) = 1 + x + +…+ + …    for all x
2! r!
x2 x3 xr
ln(1 + x) = x − + − … + (−1)r+1 + …   (−1 < x  1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sin x = x − + − … + (−1)r + …    for all x
3! 5! (2r + 1)!
x2 x4 x2r
cos x = 1 − + − … + (−1)r + …    for all x
2! 4! (2r )!
 8

Vectors
a.b
The resolved part of a in the direction of b is
b
i a1 b1  a2b3 − a3b2 
Vector product: a × b = | a || b | sin θ n̂ = j a2 b2 =  a3b1 − a1b3 

k a3 b3  a1b2 − a2b1 

If A is the point with position vector a = a1i + a2 j + a3k, then

• the straight line through A with direction vector b = b1i + b2j + b3k has equation
x − a1 y − a2 z − a3
= = =λ (Cartesian form)
b1 b2 b3

or
(r − a) × b = 0 (vector product form)
• the plane through A and parallel to b and c has vector equation
r = a + sb + tc

Area of a sector

A = 1 ∫ r 2 dθ   (polar coordinates)

2

Hyperbolic functions
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2 x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x

cosh−1 x = ln{x + x 2 − 1}      (x  1)

sinh−1 x = ln{x + x 2 + 1}
1+ x
tanh−1 x = 1 ln         (| x | < 1)
2 1− x

Conics

Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola

x2 y2 x2 y2
Standard form + =1 y 2 = 4ax − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
x = a cos θ x = at 2 x = a sec θ
Parametric form
y = b sin θ y = 2at y = b tan θ

x y
Asymptotes none none =±
a b
 9

Further numerical integration

b
The mid-ordinate rule: ∫a y dx » h( y 1
2
+ y3 +  + y
2
3
n− 2
+ y 1
n− 2
)

b−a
where h =
n

{( y0 + yn ) + 4 ( y1 + y3 +  + yn −1) + 2 ( y2 + y4 +  + yn − 2 )}
b 1
Simpson’s rule: ∫a y dx » 3
h

b−a
where h = and n is even
n

Numerical solution of differential equations

dy
For = f (x) and small h, recurrence relations are:
dx
Euler’s method: yn +1 = yn + hf (xn),   xn +1 = xn + h
dy
For = f (x, y):
dx
Euler’s method: yr +1 = yr + hf (xr, yr),   xr +1 = xr + h
Improved Euler method: yr +1 = yr–1 + 2hf (xr, yr),   xr +1 = xr + h

Arc length
2
 dy
s= ∫ 1 +   dx
 dx
(Cartesian coordinates)

2 2
 dx  dy 
s= ∫   +   dt
dt dt
(parametric form)

Surface area of revolution

2
 dy 
Sx = 2π ∫ y 1 +   dx (Cartesian coordinates)
 dx 

2 2
 dx   dy 
Sx = 2π ∫ y   +   dt (parametric form)
 dt   dt 
 10

Mechanics
Constant acceleration

s = ut + 1 at2 s = u t + 1 at 2
2 2

s = vt − 1 at2 s = v t − 1 at 2
2 2

v = u + at v = u + at

s = 1 (u + v)t s = 1 (u + v)t
2 2

v2 = u2 + 2as

Centres of mass

For uniform bodies:

2
Triangular lamina: along median from vertex
3

3
Solid hemisphere, radius r: r from centre
8

Hemispherical shell, radius r: 1 r from centre

2
r sin α
Circular arc, radius r, angle at centre 2α: from centre
α
2r sin α
Sector of circle, radius r, angle at centre 2α: from centre
3α

Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 1 h above the base on the line from centre of base
4
to vertex

1
Conical shell of height h: h above the base on the line from centre of base to vertex
3
 11

Probability and statistics

Probability
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B | A)

Standard deviation

Σ( x − x)2 Σ x2
= − x2
n n

Discrete distributions

Distribution of X P(X = x) Mean Variance

 n x n−x
Binomial B(n, p)  x p (1 − p) np np(1 − p)

λx
Poisson Po(λ) e−λ λ λ
x!

Sampling distributions
For a random sample X1, X2, …, Xn of n independent observations from a distribution
having mean μ and variance σ 2:
σ2
X is an unbiased estimator of μ, with Var (X ) =
n

∑ ( Xi − X )
2
S2 is an unbiased estimator of σ 2, where S2 =
n −1
For a random sample of n observations from N(μ, σ 2):

X −μ
~ N(0, 1)
σ
n

X −μ
~ tn−1
S
n

Distribution-free (non-parametric) tests

(Oi − Ei )2
Contingency tables: ∑ Ei
is approximately distributed as χ 2
 12

TABLE 1 Percentage points of the student’s t-distribution

p
The table gives the values of x satisfying P(X  x) = p, where X is a
random variable having the student’s t-distribution with v degrees of freedom.
0 x

p 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 p 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995
v v
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 31 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.453 2.744
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 32 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 33 1.308 1.692 2.035 2.445 2.733
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 34 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 36 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 37 1.305 1.687 2.026 2.431 2.715
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 38 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 39 1.304 1.685 2.023 2.426 2.708
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668
16 1.337 1.746 2.121 2.583 2.921 60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 65 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 75 1.293 1.665 1.992 2.377 2.643
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 85 1.292 1.663 1.998 2.371 2.635
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 95 1.291 1.661 1.985 2.366 2.629
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 125 1.288 1.657 1.979 2.357 2.616
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 150 1.287 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 200 1.286 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 ∞ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576
 13

TABLE 2 Percentage points of the χ 2 distribution

p
The table gives the values of x satisfying P(X  x) = p, where X is a
random variable having the χ 2 distribution with v degrees of freedom.

0 x

p 0.005 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 p
v v
1     0.00004   0.0002 0.001 0.004 0.016    2.706    3.841    5.024    6.635    7.879 1
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211    4.605    5.991    7.378    9.210 10.597 2
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584    6.251    7.815    9.348 11.345 12.838 3
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064    7.779    9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860 4
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610    9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750 5
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548 6
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278 7
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955 8
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589 9
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188 10
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757 11
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300 12
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819 13
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319 14
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801 15
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267 16
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718 17
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156 18
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582 19
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997 20
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401 21
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796 22
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181 23
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559 24
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928 25
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290 26
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645 27
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993 28
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336 29
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672 30
31 14.458 15.655 17.539 19.281 21.434 41.422 44.985 48.232 52.191 55.003 31
32 15.134 16.362 18.291 20.072 22.271 42.585 46.194 49.480 53.486 56.328 32
33 15.815 17.074 19.047 20.867 23.110 43.745 47.400 50.725 54.776 57.648 33
34 16.501 17.789 19.806 21.664 23.952 44.903 48.602 51.996 56.061 58.964 34
35 17.192 18.509 20.569 22.465 24.797 46.059 49.802 53.203 57.342 60.275 35
36 17.887 19.223 21.336 23.269 25.643 47.212 50.998 54.437 58.619 61.581 36
37 18.586 19.960 22.106 24.075 26.492 48.363 52.192 55.668 59.892 62.883 37
38 19.289 20.691 22.878 24.884 27.343 49.513 53.384 56.896 61.162 64.181 38
39 19.996 21.426 23.654 25.695 28.196 50.660 54.572 58.120 62.428 65.476 39
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766 40
45 24.311 25.901 28.366 30.612 33.350 57.505 61.656 65.410 69.957 73.166 45
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490 50
55 31.735 33.570 36.398 38.958 42.060 68.796 73.311 77.380 82.292 85.749 55
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952 60
65 39.383 41.444 44.603 47.450 50.883 79.973 84.821 89.177 94.422 98.105 65
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215 70
75 47.206 49.475 52.942 56.054 59.795 91.061 96.217 100.839 106.393 110.286 75
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321 80
85 55.170 57.634 61.389 64.749 68.777 102.079 107.522 112.393 118.236 122.325 85
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299 90
95 63.250 65.898 69.925 73.520 77.818 113.038 118.752 123.858 129.973 134.247 95
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169 100
 14

TABLE 3 Critical values of the product moment correlation coefficient

The table gives the critical values, for different significance levels, of the product moment correlation
coefficient, r, for varying sample sizes, n.

One tail 10% 5% 2.5% 1% 0.5% One tail

Two tail 20% 10% 5% 2% 1% Two tail
n n
4 0.8000 0.9000 0.9500 0.9800 0.9900 4
5 0.6870 0.8054 0.8783 0.9343 0.9587 5
6 0.6084 0.7293 0.8114 0.8822 0.9172 6
7 0.5509 0.6694 0.7545 0.8329 0.8745 7
8 0.5067 0.6215 0.7067 0.7887 0.8343 8
9 0.4716 0.5822 0.6664 0.7498 0.7977 9
10 0.4428 0.5494 0.6319 0.7155 0.7646 10
11 0.4187 0.5214 0.6021 0.6851 0.7348 11
12 0.3981 0.4973 0.5760 0.6581 0.7079 12
13 0.3802 0.4762 0.5529 0.6339 0.6835 13
14 0.3646 0.4575 0.5324 0.6120 0.6614 14
15 0.3507 0.4409 0.5140 0.5923 0.6411 15
16 0.3383 0.4259 0.4973 0.5742 0.6226 16
17 0.3271 0.4124 0.4821 0.5577 0.6055 17
18 0.3170 0.4000 0.4683 0.5425 0.5897 18
19 0.3077 0.3887 0.4555 0.5285 0.5751 19
20 0.2992 0.3783 0.4438 0.5155 0.5614 20
21 0.2914 0.3687 0.4329 0.5034 0.5487 21
22 0.2841 0.3598 0.4227 0.4921 0.5368 22
23 0.2774 0.3515 0.4132 0.4815 0.5256 23
24 0.2711 0.3438 0.4044 0.4716 0.5151 24
25 0.2653 0.3365 0.3961 0.4622 0.5052 25
26 0.2598 0.3297 0.3882 0.4534 0.4958 26
27 0.2546 0.3233 0.3809 0.4451 0.4869 27
28 0.2497 0.3172 0.3739 0.4372 0.4785 28
29 0.2451 0.3115 0.3673 0.4297 0.4705 29
30 0.2407 0.3061 0.3610 0.4226 0.4629 30
31 0.2366 0.3009 0.3550 0.4158 0.4556 31
32 0.2327 0.2960 0.3494 0.4093 0.4487 32
33 0.2289 0.2913 0.3440 0.4032 0.4421 33
34 0.2254 0.2869 0.3388 0.3972 0.4357 34
35 0.2220 0.2826 0.3338 0.3916 0.4296 35
36 0.2187 0.2785 0.3291 0.3862 0.4238 36
37 0.2156 0.2746 0.3246 0.3810 0.4182 37
38 0.2126 0.2709 0.3202 0.3760 0.4128 38
39 0.2097 0.2673 0.3160 0.3712 0.4076 39
40 0.2070 0.2638 0.3120 0.3665 0.4026 40
41 0.2043 0.2605 0.3081 0.3621 0.3978 41
42 0.2018 0.2573 0.3044 0.3578 0.3932 42
43 0.1993 0.2542 0.3008 0.3536 0.3887 43
44 0.1970 0.2512 0.2973 0.3496 0.3843 44
45 0.1947 0.2483 0.2940 0.3457 0.3801 45
46 0.1925 0.2455 0.2907 0.3420 0.3761 46
47 0.1903 0.2429 0.2876 0.3384 0.3721 47
48 0.1883 0.2403 0.2845 0.3348 0.3683 48
49 0.1863 0.2377 0.2816 0.3314 0.3646 49
50 0.1843 0.2353 0.2787 0.3281 0.3610 50
60 0.1678 0.2144 0.2542 0.2997 0.3301 60
70 0.1550 0.1982 0.2352 0.2776 0.3060 70
80 0.1448 0.1852 0.2199 0.2597 0.2864 80
90 0.1364 0.1745 0.2072 0.2449 0.2702 90
100 0.1292 0.1654 0.1966 0.2324 0.2565 100

End of formulae
(FMFB16)