Section 6.

1: The TurboFan Propulsion Cycle

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 1

 Overview

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 2

 Overview (2)
• Turbofan engine is the most modern variation of the basic gas
turbine engine.
• As with other gas turbines, there is a core engine, whose parts and
operation are nearly identical to the turbojet operation.
• In the turbofan engine, the core engine is surrounded by a fan in
the front and an additional turbine at the rear.

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 3

 Overview (3)

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 4

 Overview(4)
• Turbofan engines power now all civil transports flying at
transonic speeds up to Mach 0.9.
• Several advantages to turbofan engines over both propeller-driven
and turbojet engines
• By enclosing fan inside a duct or cowling, aerodynamics are
better controlled.
• Fan is not as large as propeller, so increase of speeds along blade
is less, and there is less chance of tip stall and shock wave
development.
• Turbofan can suck in more total air massflow than a turbojet, thus
offer potential for generating more thrust.
• Turbofan has low fuel consumption compared with turbojet.

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 5

 Jet Engine Performance Efficiency (revisited)
Ratio of Power Developed from Engine (desired beneficial
Propulsive Efficiency output) Thrust to Change in Kinetic Energy of the Moving
Airstream (cost of propulsion)
Propulsive power

Kinetic energy
production rate

Maximum propulsive efficiency achieved by generating thrust

moving as much air as possible with as little a change in velocity
across the engine as possible.
6
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Jet Engine Performance Efficiency (2)
• Maximum propulsive efficiency achieved by generating thrust
moving as much air as possible with as little a change in velocity
across the engine as possible. .. Fan provides that function

7
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Jet Engine Performance Efficiency (3)
• Recall that optimal thrust level of a turbo jet is characterized by

1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛ γ ⎞⎟
( c )opt τ ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟⎟τλ
τ = ⋅
⎝
1+
⎠ (Πc )opt = ⎜⎜⎜⎜τ c γ−1 ⎟⎟⎟ =
r
⎝ ⎟⎠
opt

• As supersonic flight Mach become larger, compression goes down until

1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ f
1= ⋅ ⎜1+ ⎟⎟ τλ → τλ = τr 2
τ r ⎜⎝ f ⎟⎠ f +1
…. optimal solution gets rid of compressor all together, and best engine becomes a ramjet! 8
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Jet Engine Performance Efficiency (4)
• We are going to show that similar effect occurs as Mach drops
significantly below Mach 1

• Trend emerges that replaces turbojet with Turbofan at lower

Mach numbers

Decreasing Mach Number

9
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Classification of Turbofan Engines

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 10

 Classification of Turbofan Engines (2)
• Turbofan engines may be classified based on fan location as either
forward or aft fan.
• Based on a number of spools, engine may be classified as single,
double, or triple spools.
•Based on a bypass ratio, engine may be categorized as either low-
or high- bypass ratio.
• Fan may be geared or ungeared to its driving low-pressure
turbine.
• Mixed-flow types (where flow merges in nozzle) may be fitted
with afterburner.

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 11

 Classification of Turbofan Engines (3)
• High-bypass ratio turbofan (β > 5) achieves 75 % of thrust from
bypass air
- Ideal for subsonic transport aircraft. e.g.
- Rolls-Royce Trent series (Airbus A330, A340, A350, A380),
- Pratt & Whitney PW1000 G (geared) (Airbus A320neo, Bombardier
CSeries, Embraer E2, Mitsubishi Regional Jet MC-21)
- General Electric GE90 powering Boeing 777-300ER, 747.

• Low-bypass ratio turbofan β ~ 1 achieves approximately equal

thrust distribution between gas generator and bypass duct
- Well suited to high-speed military applications. e.g.
- Rolls-Royce RB199 in the Tornado
- Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 in F-16A/B and F-15
- EuroJet Turbo GmbH EJ200 powering the Typhoon Fighter

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 12

 Classification of Turbofan Engines (4)
• Unmixed Bypass Flow
Turbofan
2-Spool High-bypass turbofan
engine with a unmixed
exhaust, showing the fan
(pink) and core (red) exhaust
streams

• Mixed Bypass Flow

Turbofan
2-spool, low-bypass turbofan
engine with a mixed exhaust,
showing the low-pressure
(green) and high-pressure
(purple) spools.
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 13
 Classification of Turbofan Engines (5)

High Bypass Ratio

• Modern high bypass ratio engine designed for long distance cruise at subsonic
Mach numbers around 0.83.
• Fan uses a single stage composed of a large diameter fan (rotor) with wide chord
blades followed by a single nozzle stage (stator).
• Bypass ratio is ~6 and the fan pressure ratio is ~2.
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 14
 Classification of Turbofan Engines (6)

Low Bypass Ratio

• Military turbofan designed for high performance at supersonic Mach numbers

in the range of 1.1 to 1.5.
• Fan has three stages with an overall pressure ratio of about 6 and a bypass ratio
of only about 0.6.
• Let’s investigate to understand why these engines look so different due to the
the differences in the design flight condition.
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 15
 Classification of Turbofan Engines (7)

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 16

 Thrust of a TurboFan Engine

m! a
fan m! a Vexit
fan
fan

m! a m! core Vexit
core core

m! a Vexit
m! a fan
fan
fan

• 4-Primary Components of TurboFan Thrust

o Bypass Momentum Thrust
o Core Momentum Thrust
o Fan Pressure Thrust
o Core Pressure Thrust 17
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Thrust of a TurboFan Engine (2)

m! a
fan m! a Vexit
fan
fan

m! a m! core Vexit
core core

m! a Vexit
m! a fan
fan fan

⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜
Fthrust = m! a ⋅⎜Vexit −V∞ ⎟⎟ + m! fuel ⋅Vexit + m! a ⋅⎜Vexit −V∞ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ pexit − p∞ ⎟⎟ ⋅ Aexit + ⎜ pexit − p∞ ⎟⎟ ⋅ Aexit
core ⎜ ⎟⎠ fan ⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ core ⎟⎠ core ⎜⎝ fan ⎟⎠ fan
⎝ core core ⎝ fan
Core Momentum Bypass Momentum Core Pressure Bypass Pressure
Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust

18
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Thrust of a TurboFan Engine (3)
Air −to− fuel Ratio
m!
f= a
m! fuel
Bypass Ratio
Total Air Massflow
→ m! a B
m! a = m! a + m! a β = fan =
core fan
m! a 1− B
core

Bypass Fraction
m! a β
B = fan =
m! a 1+ β

⎡ m! ⎛ ⎞⎟ m! fuel m! a ⎛ ⎞⎟⎤⎥
Fthrust = m! a ⎢⎢ core ⎜ ⎜
⋅⎜Vexit −V∞ ⎟⎟⎥ + ( pexit − p∞ ) ⋅ Aexit + ( p1exit − p∞ ) ⋅ Aexit
a
⎟
⋅⎜Vexit −V∞ ⎟ + ⋅Vexit + fan
⎢⎣ m! a ⎜⎝ core ⎟⎠ m! a core m! a ⎜⎝ fan ⎟⎠⎥ fan
⎦

m! a m! a 1 1
core
= core
= =
m! a m! a + m! a m! a 1+ β ⎡ 1 ⎛ ⎞⎟ 1 ⎞⎟⎤
⎢ ⎜ β ⎛⎜
1+ ⋅⎜Vexit −V∞ ⎟⎟⎥⎥ +
fan
⎟
core fan
!
Fthrust = ma ⎢ ⋅⎜Vexit −V∞ ⎟ + ⋅Vexit +
m! a ⎜
1+ β ⎝ core ⎠ f core 1+ β ⎜⎝ fan
⎟ ⎟⎠
core
→ ⎣ ⎦
m! a m! a − m! a ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= fan
= 1− B ⎜⎜ p − p ⎟⎟ ⋅ A + ⎜⎜ p − p ⎟⎟ ⋅ A
∞⎟ ∞⎟
core

m! a m! a ⎜⎝ exit
core ⎟⎠ exit
core
⎜⎝ exit
fan ⎟⎠ exit
fan

m! a β m! fuel 1
fan
= B=, = 19
m! a 6530 -1+
MAE β m! a Systems
Propulsion f II
 Thrust of a TurboFan Engine (4)

• Similar to the Previous Discussion

for the TurboJet, Normalized Thrust is

⎡ Vexit Vexit ⎤ ⎛p Aexit pexit Aexit Aexit + Aexit ⎞⎟

F m ⎢
! V 1+ f + β core β ⎥ ⎜
⎜ exit ⎟
fan ⎟
(T)turbofan = pthrust
A
= a ∞⎢
p A
⋅
⎢ f (1+ β ) V
+
1+ β
⋅ fan −1⎥ + ⎜⎜ core ⋅ core + fan fan − core
V ⎥ ⎜⎜ p A p A A
⎟⎟ =
⎟⎟
∞ 0 ∞ 0 ⎢ ∞ ∞ ⎥ ⎜⎝ ∞ 0 ∞ 0 0 ⎟⎠
⎣ ⎦

! aV∞ ρ∞ ⋅ A0 ⋅V∞ ⋅V∞

m γV∞ 2 2
= = = γ ⋅ M∞
p∞ A0 p∞ A0 γ ⋅ Rg ⋅T∞ I sp ⋅ g0 f
(I)turbofan = c∞
= (T)turbofan ⋅
γ ⋅ M∞
Aexit + Aexit = Aexit →
core fan

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 1+ (1+ β ) Vexit Vexit ⎥ ⎛
⎜ Aexit pexit Aexit ⎞⎟
⎢ β ⎥ ⎛ A ⎜p ⎞ ⎟
(T)turbofan = γ ⋅ M ∞2 ⎢⎢ f ⋅ core + ⋅ fan −1⎥ + ⎜⎜⎜ exit ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ exit ⋅ core + fan fan −1⎟⎟⎟
⎢
(1+ β ) V∞ 1+ β V∞ ⎥⎥ ⎜⎝ A0 ⎟⎠⎜⎜⎜⎝ p∞ Aexit p∞ Aexit ⎟⎟⎟⎠ 20
MAE 6530 - Propulsion ⎢⎣ Systems II ⎥⎦
 Thrust of a TurboFan Engine (5)
• Fully expanded nozzle & f >> 1
• Inlet, fan, compressor, turbine, and fan /core nozzles are isentropic
• Combustor heat addition is as constant pressure and Low Mach
pexit = pexit = p∞ → πd = πb = πn = πn = 1
core
fan core fan
γ γ
⎛ ⎞⎟ γ−1 ⎛ ⎞⎟ γ−1 γ
⎜
πc = ⎜τ c ⎟⎟ ⎜
,πc = ⎜τ c ⎟⎟ ,πt = (τ t ) γ−1 .
core
⎜⎝ core ⎟⎠ fan
⎜⎝ fan ⎟⎠
⎡ Vexit Vexit ⎤
⎢ ⎛
2 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎞ core ⎛ β ⎞⎟ fan ⎥
(Toptimal )turbofan = γ ⋅ M∞ ⎢⎢⎜⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎟⎟⎠⋅ V + ⎜⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎟⎟⎠⋅ V −1⎥⎥ =
⎜
⎢ ∞ ∞ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛V ⎞⎟ ⎛V ⎞⎟⎤
⎢ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜
⎟⎟ ⎜ β ⎟ ⎜ fan ⎟⎟⎥
2 ⎢⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜
exit exit
= γ ⋅ M ∞ ⎢⎜ ⎜
⎟⎟ ⋅⎜ core
−1⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟⎥⎥
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ V∞ ⎟⎟
⎢⎝1+ β ⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ V∞ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎦

f
(Ioptimal )turbofan = (Toptimal )turbofan ⋅ γ ⋅ M
∞
21
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle
• Too lengthy to analyze all types of turbofan engines. So, only a
simple single spool fan, compressor, turbine cycle will be analyzed

• Look at Fan Bypass Flow Stream

V∞ m! a V
fan exit
fan

Vexit M exit Texit

• Look at by pass velocity ratio fan fan fan
= ⋅
V∞ M∞ T∞

• First calculate bypass exit stagnation pressure

P0
P0 P0 P0 exit P0 P0
→ P0 = ∞
⋅ 1
⋅ 2
⋅ fan
⋅ p∞ → ideal cycle → πd = 1
⋅ 2
=1
exit
fan p∞ P0 P0 P0 P0 P0
∞ 1 2 ∞ 1

γ
⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟ γ−1
→ P0 = πr ⋅πc ⋅ p∞ = pexit ⋅⎜⎜1+ M exit ⎟⎟ 22
exit
MAE 6530 - Propulsion
fan Systems
fan II ⎜
fan ⎝ 2 fan ⎟ ⎠
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (2)
• Look at Fan Bypass Flow Stream

V∞ m! a Vexit
fan fan

γ
⎧⎪⎪ ⎫⎪⎪ ⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟γ−1
fully expanded nozzle → ⎨ pexit = p∞ ⎬ → πr ⋅πc = ⎜⎜1+ M exit ⎟⎟
⎪⎪⎩ fan ⎪⎪⎭ fan
⎜
⎝ 2 fan ⎟ ⎠
γ
⎛ ⎞⎟ γ−1 ⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟
Isentropic fan → πc = ⎜⎜τ c ⎟⎟ → τ r ⋅τ c = ⎜⎜1+ M exit ⎟⎟
fan
⎜⎝ fan ⎟⎠ fan
⎜
⎝ 2 fan ⎟ ⎠
T0 ⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞ γ +1 2
τ r = ∞ ⎜⎜1+ M ∞ ⎟⎟⎟ → M ∞ = τ r −1
T ⎜⎝
∞
2 ⎟⎠ 2

γ +1 2 2
M exit τ r ⋅τ c −1 M exit τ r ⋅τ c −1
γ +1 2 2 fan fan fan fan
→ M exit = τ r ⋅τ c −1→ = → =
2 fan fan γ +1 2 τ r −1 M ∞2 τ r −1
M∞
2 23
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (3)
• Look at Fan Bypass Flow Stream

Substitute
Vexit M exit Texit ⎛ τ ⋅τ −1⎞⎟ T γ−1
⎜⎜ r c ⎟ exit ⎛ ⎞ γ
γ−1

⎟ ⎟
γ
fan
= fan
⋅ fan
= ⎜⎜ fan
⎟⎟ ⋅ fan ⎜
→ isentropic fan → ⎜ pexit ⎟⎟ = ( p∞ ) → Texit = T∞
V∞ M∞ T∞ ⎜⎜ τ r −1 ⎟⎟ T∞ ⎜⎝ fan ⎟⎠ fan
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2
⎛V ⎞⎟ ⎛ τ ⋅τ −1⎞⎟ Fan Thrust ⎡ ⎛V ⎞⎟⎤ ⎡ ⎛ τ ⋅τ −1 ⎞⎟⎤
⎜⎜ exit ⎟ ⎜⎜ r c ⎟ ⎢ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜⎜ exit ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜⎜ r c ⎟⎟⎥
⎜⎜ fan ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ → T = γ ⋅ M 2 ⎢⎜ β ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜ fan −1⎟⎟⎥ = γ ⋅ M 2 ⎢⎜⎜ β ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
fan
⎜⎜ V∞ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ τ r −1 ⎟⎟⎟ ( ) ∞ ⎜ ⎟
⎢⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎠ ⎜ V⎜ ⎟
⎟ ⎥ ∞ ⎢ ⎜ β ⎟
⎟ ⎜⎜ τ
fan

−1
−1 ⎟⎟⎥
fan
⎢ ⎜⎜ ∞ ⎟⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎝ 1+ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎜
⎝
r
⎠⎥⎦

24
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (4)
• Look at Fan Bypass Flow Stream

⎛ τ ⋅τ −1⎞⎟ T γ−1
⎜⎜ r c ⎟⎟ exit ⎛ ⎞⎟ γ
γ−1
γ
⎜⎜ fan
⎟⎟ ⋅ fan
→ isentropic fan → ⎜⎜ pexit ⎟⎟ = ( p∞ ) → Texit = T∞
⎜⎜ τ r −1 ⎟⎟ T∞ ⎜⎝ fan ⎟⎠ fan
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
• Fan Thrust
⎡ ⎛V ⎞⎟⎤ ⎡ ⎛ τ ⋅τ −1 ⎞⎟⎤
⎢ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎛ ⎞ ⎜⎜ r c ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎢⎜ β ⎟ ⎜
exit
⎟ 2 ⎢⎜ β ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
→ (T) fan = γ ⋅ M ∞ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ fan
⎟ ⎥
−1⎟⎥ = γ ⋅ M ∞ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜⎜ fan
−1⎟⎟⎥
⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ V ⎟⎟ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝1+ β ⎠ ⎜⎜ τ r −1 ⎟⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜ ∞ ⎥
⎟⎠⎥ ⎟⎠⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝
⎦

25
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (5)
• Now look at Core Flow Stream

m! core Vexit
core

• Look at by core velocity ratio

Vexit M exit Texit
core core core
= ⋅
V∞ M∞ T∞
• First calculate core exit stagnation pressure P0 P0
πd = 1
⋅ 2
=1
P0 P0 P0 P0 P0
P0 P0 P0 3 4 5
∞ 1

→ P0 = ∞
⋅ 1
⋅ 2
⋅ core
⋅ core
⋅ core
p∞ → ideal cycle → πb = 1
exit
core p∞ P0 P0 P0 P0 P0
∞ 1 2 3
core
4
core pexit = p∞
core 26
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (6)
• Now look at Core Flow Stream

Vexit
core

Substitute
γ
⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟ γ−1
→ P0 = πr ⋅πc ⋅πt ⋅ p∞ = pexit ⋅⎜⎜1+ M exit ⎟⎟
exit
core core ⎝
⎜ 2 core ⎟⎠
γ ⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟
Isentropic compressor → πc = (τ c ) γ−1 → τ r ⋅τ c ⋅τ t = ⎜⎜1+ M exit ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 2 core ⎟⎠
T0 ⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞ γ +1 2
τ r = ∞ ⎜⎜1+ M ∞ ⎟⎟⎟ → M ∞ = τ r −1
T ⎝ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎠ 2
∞
27
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (7)
• Now look at Core Flow Stream

Vexit
core

Solve for exit Mach

γ +1 2 2
M exit M exit
γ +1 2 2 core τ ⋅τ ⋅τ −1 core τ r ⋅τ c ⋅τ t −1
→ M exit = τ r ⋅τ c ⋅τ t −1→ = r c t → =
2 core γ +1 2 τ r −1 M ∞2 τ r −1
M∞
2
Substitute
Vexit M exit Texit ⎛ τ ⋅τ ⋅τ −1⎞⎟ Texit
core
= core
⋅ core
= ⎜⎜⎜ r c t ⎟⎟ ⋅ core
V∞ M∞ T∞ ⎜⎝ τ r −1 ⎟⎠ T∞
28
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (8)
• Now look at Core Flow Stream

Vexit
core

Calculate exit Stagnation Temperature

⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ T T02 T03 T04 T05 T0exit ⎟⎟
Calculate → T0 = T∞ ⋅⎜⎜ ∞ ⋅ core ⋅ core ⋅ core ⋅ core ⋅ core ⎟⎟⎟ = T∞ ⋅(τ r ⋅τ d ⋅τ c ⋅τ t ⋅τ n )
0
exit ⎜⎜ T T T0 T0 T0 T0 ⎟⎟
core
⎜⎝ ∞ 0∞ 2
core
3
core
4
core
5
core ⎠
⎟
⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟
Isentropic nozzle → T0 = Texit ⋅⎜⎜1+ M exit ⎟⎟
exit ⎜
core ⎝ 2 core ⎟
⎠
→ T0 = Texit ⋅(τ r ⋅τ c ⋅τ t )
core

⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟ exit

From previous → ⎜⎜1+

core core
M exit ⎟⎟ = τ r ⋅τ c ⋅τ t
⎜⎝ 2 core ⎟
⎠ 29
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (9)
• Now look at Core Flow Stream

Vexit
core

Write in terms of maximum temperature ratio

⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟
Texit T0 ⎜⎜1+ M 4 ⎟⎟ Texit T0 T0 T0 T0
core
4 ⎜
core ⎝ 2 ⎟
core ⎠ core
4 2 T 4 2 T τ
= → M4 ≈ M3 ≈ 0 → = core
⋅ core
⋅ ∞
= core
⋅ core ⋅ ∞ = λ
T∞ ⎛ γ +1 2 ⎞⎟ T∞ T0 T0 T∞ T∞ T0 T0 τ c ⋅τ r
T0 ⎜⎜1+
core core
M 3 ⎟⎟ 3 ∞ 3 ∞
⎜
core ⎝
3
2 core ⎟
⎠
core core

2
Texit Vexit ⎛V ⎞⎟
τλ ⎛ τ ⋅τ ⋅τ −1⎞⎟ τλ ⎜⎜ exit ⎟ ⎛ τ ⋅τ ⋅τ −1⎞ ⎛ τ ⎞
core
= → core ⎜
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ → ⎜⎜ core ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ r c t ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜ λ ⎟⎟
r c t
⎜
T∞ τ c ⋅τ r V∞ ⎜⎝ τ r −1 ⎟⎠ τ c ⋅τ r ⎜⎜ V∞ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ τ r −1 ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ τ c ⋅τ r ⎟⎟⎠
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
30
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (10)
• Now look at Core Flow Stream
⎡ Vexit Vexit ⎤ ⎛⎜ pexit Aexit pexit Aexit Aexit + Aexi
Fthrust m! aV∞ ⎢ 1+ f + β core β ⎥ ⎜ core core
(T)turbofan = p A = p A ⎢ ⎢ ⋅ + ⋅ fan
−1⎥ + ⎜⎜ ⋅ + fan fan − core fa

∞ 0 ∞ 0 ⎢
f (1+ β ) V∞ 1+ β V∞ ⎥ ⎜⎜ p
⎥ ⎜⎝ ∞ A0 p∞ A0 A0
⎣ ⎦ V exit
core

m! aV∞ ρ∞ ⋅ A0 ⋅V∞ ⋅V∞ γV∞2

= = = γ ⋅ M ∞2
p∞ A0 p∞ A0 γ ⋅ Rg ⋅T∞

• Core
A +Thrust
A =A →
exit exit exit
core fan

⎡⎡ 1 ⎛ ⎤ ⎞ ⎤
⎢⎢1+⎛ (
1 ⎛
1+ β⎞) ⎜Vexit τ ⋅τ V⋅τ −1
⎥ ⎞
⎟ ⎛ ⎛ τ ⎞
Aexit pexit⎟⎥ Aexit ⎞⎟
⎟ core⎜ Aexit⎜⎟⎜⎜ pexitλ core⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟ fan −1⎟⎟⎟
( T) 22 ⎢ ⎜ f ⎜ r β c fan t ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ ⎞
⎟
exit
( )
T = γ =⋅ M
γ ⋅ M ∞ ⎢⎜
⎢ ⎟
⎟ ⋅⋅ ⎜+ ⋅ −1⎥ + ⎜ ⋅ ⎜
⎜⎜V ⎜ 1+ β V ⎥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟A ⎜⎟⎟⎜⎜ p A ⎟⎟ p ⎟⎟⎥ A ⎟⎟
⎟ ⋅ −1
+ fan
∞ ⎢⎢⎜ ( ) ⎟ ∞⎜ ⎝ ⎠ 0⎜
⎢ ⎝1+ β ⎠ ⎜ τ −1 ⎠⎜⎜τ ∞⋅τ exit⎠ ⎥
core turbofan 1+ β ⎝ ⎝
⎢⎣⎢⎣ ⎝ r
∞
⎥
⎥⎦
⎝ c r
∞⎟
⎠⎥⎦ exit ⎟⎟
⎠

31
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 The Ideal TurboFan Cycle (11)
Fan/Core/Pressure Thrust Summary
Texit ⎛ τ ⋅τ −1⎞⎟ T γ−1
⎜⎜ r c ⎟⎟ exit 2
⎛V ⎞⎟ ⎛ τ ⎜⋅τ −1 ⎛ ⎞ γ
⎞⎟
γ−1

⎟
γ
fan ⎜
= • ⎜Fan fan
⎟⎟ ⋅ fan
⎜⎜ exit ⎟fan ⎜⎜→r ⎜ pcexit ⎟⎟ ⎟ = ( p∞ ) → Texit = T∞
→ isentropic
T∞ ⎜⎜ τ r −1 ⎟⎟ T∞ ⎜⎜ fan ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎜⎝ fan
fan ⎟ ⎠ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ V∞ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ τ r −1 ⎟⎟⎟
fan
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎠
⎡ Vexit ⎡ Vexit ⎤⎥ ⎛⎛⎜ pexit Aexit pexit Aexit ⎞ ⎤ Aexit + Aexit ⎞⎟⎟
⋅τ c −1⎟⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ⎢ ⎞ ⎤ β ⎢⎛ fan ⎞⎥ ⎜⎜⎜⎜ τ
F⎢thrust m! aV⎜∞V1+ exit f + ⎟ β⎥ core corer ⋅τcore −1fan fan
⎟⎟⎥ core fan ⎟
⎟ ( T )
⎟⎟ → T = turbofan = ⎛ β
= ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎢ ⎟
⎟ ⋅ + 2 ⎢⎜ ⋅ β−1⎟ + ⎜ ⎜⎜ ⋅ c
+ ⎟⎟⎥ − ⎟⎟ =
fan
⎟ ( ) γ ⋅ M 2 ⎢⎜
p
∞ ⎢∞⎜⎜ 0
A p⎟
⎟
⎟
⋅A⎜
∞ ⎜0 ⎢ (
⎢ f 1+ β⎟)⎥ ∞
fan
−1 ⎟ ⎥ =V γ ⋅ M
1+ β
∞ ⎢⎜⎜
V ⎥
⎟
⎟
⎥
⎟
⋅ ⎜
⎜ ⎜
⎜
p A
fan
p −1A ⎟⎟0 ⎥ A ⎟⎟
⎟⎠
τ r −1 ⎟⎟ ⎝1+ β ⎠ ⎜⎜ V⎣ ∞ ⎟⎟ ∞ ∞ ∞
⎝1+ β ⎠⎦ ⎜⎜⎝ τ r −1
0 0
fan
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎟⎟⎥
⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠⎥
⎦ ⎦
m! aV∞ ρ∞ ⋅ A0 ⋅V∞ ⋅V∞ γV∞2
= 2= = γ ⋅ M ∞2
• Core p∞ A0 ⎛pV A ⎞ ⎟ γ ⋅ Rg ⋅T∞
⎜⎜ exit ⎟ ⎛ τ ⋅τ ⋅τ −1⎞ ⎛ τ ⎞
∞ 0

⎜⎜ core ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ r c t ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜ λ ⎟⎟
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
Aexit + Aexit =⎜Aexit ∞V →⎟ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ τ −1 ⎟ ⎜
⎠ ⎝ c r⎠τ ⋅τ
core fan ⎝ ⎜ ⎟
⎠ r

⎡⎡⎢⎛1+ 1 1+ β⎞ ⎛V ⎛ ⎤
⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞⎟A⎤ ⎞
(
2 2 ⎢⎢⎜ f1 ⎟ ⎜
) V ⋅τ −1 ⎞⎟⎜⎜⎜ p τλ exit
exit τ ⋅τ exit
⎥
r β c fan t ⎥ ⎛⎜ A⎟
⎛ A
⎟ pexit ⎥exit
⎟ ⎟⎟
core⎜
(T)core(T=)turbofanγ ⋅=Mγ⋅M ∞∞⎢⎢⎢⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟ ⋅⋅⎜ ⎜⎜+ ⋅ −1⎥ + ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜⎜ ⋅ ⎟+−1⎟⎟⎥ −1⎟⎟⎟
exit exit core ⎟ fan fan

⎢⎢⎜⎝1+(1+ ββ) ⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝V∞⎜⎝ 1+ βτ rV−1 ⎥ ⎜⎝ A⎟

⎥ ⎠0 ⎠
⎟⎜⎜⎜ τp ⋅τ
⎝ ⎜
Aexit ⎟
⎠ p∞ ⎟ ⎟A⎥exit ⎟⎟
⎠⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
⎢⎣⎢⎣ ∞
⎥⎦
⎝ ∞
c r

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 32

 Turbine-Compressor-Fan Work Matching

• Work taken from flow by high and low pressure turbine drives both compressor and fan,

( core
)(
W! turbine = m! a + m! fuel ⋅ h0 − h0 = m! a
4 5
) ( core
) ⋅( h
03 2
) (
− h0 + m! a
fan
) ⋅( h
03
fan
− h0
2
)
Approximating Cp ≈ const, factoring out m! aC pT∞
•
⎡ ⎛ T −T ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ T −T ⎞⎟⎤⎥
⎢⎛⎜ m! a !
m ⎟⎜ 0 ⎞ ⎛ T −T ⎞ ⎛ !
m ⎞ ⎜ !
m
⎟⎟ ⎜ a fan ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 03 fan
⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ acore ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜⎜ core
0 0
05 ⎟ 02 ⎟
3 2

m! aC pT∞ ⎢⎢⎜⎜ core + fuel ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎟
⎟ + ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
m! a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ T∞ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ m! a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ T∞ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎝ m! a ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ T∞ ⎟⎟⎥
⎢⎜⎝ m! a ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎦ 33
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Turbine-Compressor-Fan Work Matching (2)
→ Simplify
⎛T ⎞⎟ ⎛ T ⎞⎟ ⎛ T ⎞⎟
⎛ ⎞ T T ⎜ T T ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ T T
⎜⎜1− B + 1 ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜ 04 − 05 04 ⎟⎟ = (1− B) ⋅⎜⎜⎜ 02 core − 02 ⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ β ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜⎜ 02 fan − 02 ⎟⎟⎟
03 0 3

⎜
⎜⎝ f ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ T∞ T0 T∞ ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ T∞ T0 T∞ ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ T∞ T0 T∞ ⎟⎟⎟
4 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
→ Substitute
⎡ T0 T005 T0 T0 ⎤⎥
⎢
⎢ λτ = 4
τ t
= 4
τr = ∞ = 2 ⎥
⎢ T∞ T∞04 T∞ T∞ ⎥ ⎛
⎢ ⎥ → ⎜1− B + 1 ⎞⎟⎟ ⋅ τ − τ τ = 1− B ⋅⎛⎜τ τ − τ ⎞⎟⎟ + ⎛⎜ β ⎞⎟⎟ ⋅⎛⎜τ τ − τ ⎞⎟⎟
⎢ T0 T0 ⎥ ⎜⎜
⎝ f ⎟⎟⎠ ( λ t λ) ( ) ⎜⎜ r c r⎟
⎟ ⎜⎜
⎝ 1+ β ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ r c r⎟
⎟⎠
⎢ 3 3 ⎥ ⎝ core ⎠ ⎝ fan
⎢ core
= τc fan
= τc ⎥
⎢ T T0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 02 core
2
fan
⎥⎦

→ Solve for τ t
τ r ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎛ β ⎞⎟ τ ⎛
r ⎜
⎞⎟
(1− B)⋅ τ ⋅⎜⎜τ c −1⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜1+ β ⎟⎟⎟⋅ τ ⋅⎜⎜τ c −1⎟⎟⎟
⎜
λ ⎝ core ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ λ ⎝ fan ⎠
τ t = 1−
⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜1− B + 1 ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ f ⎟⎟⎠
34
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Turbine-Compressor-Fan Work Matching (3)
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜1− β ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜τ −1⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ β ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜τ − τ ⎟⎟
β ⎛ τ ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝ 1+ β ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ccore ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ cfan r⎟
⎟⎠
→ let B = → τ t = 1−⎜⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟
1+ β ⎜⎝ τλ ⎟⎠ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜1− β + 1 ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 1+ β f ⎟⎟⎠
→ Simplify
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ β ⎞⎟ τ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜⎜τ c −1⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ r ⋅⎜⎜τ c −1⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜τ −1⎟⎟ + β ⋅⎜⎜τ −1⎟⎟
⎛ τ ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ core ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝1+ β ⎟⎠ τ ⎜⎝ fan ⎟⎠ ⎛ τ ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝ ccore ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ cfan ⎟⎟⎠
⎜
τ t = 1−⎜⎜ ⎟ r⎟ λ ⎜
= 1−⎜⎜ ⎟ r⎟
⎜⎝ τλ ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1
⎜⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝ τλ ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1+ β ⎞⎟
⎜⎜1+
+ ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎝1+ β f ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ f ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜τ −1⎟⎟ + β ⋅⎜⎜τ −1⎟⎟
⎛ τ ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝ ccore ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ cfan ⎟⎟⎠
⎜
τ t = 1−⎜⎜ ⎟ r⎟
⎜⎝ τλ ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1+ β ⎞⎟
⎜⎜1+ ⎟
⎜⎝ f ⎟⎟⎠

1 ⎛⎛ττ ⎞⎟⎞ ⎡⎛⎡⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎟⎞⎟⎤ ⎤⎥

→ for m! air >> m! fuel → = 0 → τtt = 1− ⎜ ⎜ r r⎟⎟ ⎢⎜⎢⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎜ τ r⎟⎟⎟⎟⎥ ⎥
1−⎜⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟⎟⋅ ⋅⎢⎜⎜⎢⎜ττc c −1 −1 β ⋅β⎜τ⋅⎜r τ cc −
⎟⎟ + ⎜ −1
f ⎜⎝⎜⎝ττλλ⎠⎟⎠ ⎣⎝⎣⎜⎝ core ⎟ ⎟
⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ fan ⎜ ⎟⎠⎟⎠⎥
core fan ⎦⎦
35
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Air to Fuel Ratio
→ Rearrange

( ) (
m! fuel ⋅ h fuel − h0 = m! a ⋅ h0 − h0
4 core 4 3core
)
→ factor out m! aC p ⋅T∞
⎡ ⎛T ⎞⎤
⎢ m! fuel ⎛⎜ h fuel T0 ⎞⎟ m! a ⎜⎜ 04 T02core T03core ⎟⎟⎥
m! aC p ⋅T∞ ⎢ ⋅⎜⎜ − 4 ⎟⎟⎟ = core ⋅⎜ − ⋅ ⎟⎟⎥
⎢ m! a ⎜⎝ C p ⋅T∞ T∞ ⎟⎠ m! a ⎜⎜ T T∞ T0 ⎟⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ∞ 2core ⎠⎥
⎦
→ Simplify
⎛ τ − τ ⋅τ ⎞⎟
1 1 ⎜⎜⎜ λ r c ⎟
core ⎟
= ⋅⎜ ⎟⎟
f 1+ β ⎜⎜ τ fuel − τλ ⎟⎟
1 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
⋅(τ fuel − τλ ) = ⋅⎜τλ − τ r ⋅τ c ⎟⎟ →
f 1+ β ⎜⎝ core ⎟⎠ ⎛
⎜⎜ τ − τ ⎟⎟
⎞
λ ⎟
f = (1+ β ) ⋅⎜⎜ fuel ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ τ − τ ⋅τ ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ λ r c
core ⎠
⎟ 36
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II
 Collected TurboFan Matching Equations
⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞⎟
⎜⎜τ −1⎟ + β ⋅⎜⎜τ −1⎟
⎛ τ ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝ ccore ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ cfan ⎟⎟⎠
• Turbine Work τ t = 1−⎜⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ τλ ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1+ β ⎞⎟
⎜⎜1+ ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ f ⎟⎠
⎛ τ − τ ⋅τ ⎞⎟
1 1 ⎜⎜⎜ λ r c ⎟
core ⎟
= ⋅⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
f 1+ β ⎜ τ fuel − τλ ⎟⎟
• Fuel/Air Flow ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ m! a
f=
⎛ ⎞ m! fuel
⎜⎜ τ − τ ⎟⎟
λ ⎟
f = (1+ β ) ⋅⎜⎜ fuel ⎟
⎜⎜ τ − τ ⋅τ ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎝ λ r c
core ⎠
⎟
If the bypass ratio goes to zero the matching
condition reduces to the usual turbojet formula.
MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 37
 Questions??

MAE 6530 - Propulsion Systems II 38