Unit 5

Block Chain Use Cases

Supply Chain Management

Supply chains underpin the macroeconomy and global markets. Enterprise Ethereum
provides next-generation solutions to achieve the interoperable exchange of transaction
information, transaction history, and transaction statements in compliance with industry
standards.

Blockchain is the technology created to support bitcoin transactions, and it has the
potential to speed up the profitability of most businesses. Its cheerleaders say that it
also improves the effectiveness of companies. They add that this boost happens most
often with companies in the financial sector. It may even upend business as we know it.
The early adopters also say businesses that ignore Blockchain do so at their peril.

A product has an intriguing life cycle. It goes through various hands before reaching the
final consumer. A system of people and organizations transport a product from a
supplier to the customer. This system, which includes business information, resources,
and activities, is the "supply chain." To keep the chain affordable and functioning, it
needs active management.

Trying to manage supply chains today is a complicated task. Depending on the product
type, a supply chain can go through various stages, pass through multiple geographical
locations, and go on for several months. Due to this complexity, there is an interest in
blockchain technology. Businesses will transform the supply chain industry

Blockchain in Supply Chain Examples

There are several examples of management systems in any company. Most cases deal
with a contract technology used to automate the entire process. Such contracts can run
on the Blockchain. We need them when a severe event happens. Those contracts are
mechanisms for a completely new automated supply chain operation. Some examples
of using blockchain operations in supply chains are:

1. Managing inventory
Businesses lose track of their stock. They need to keep track of goods and know how
many are for sale, on what shelf, how much storage room they have. When these
measures are not in place, it makes room for poor data analytics and fraudulent
behavior from employees. The use of the distributed ledger is to manage goods in
various locations. It is also useful for distributing the data to multiple parties.

2. Provenance tracking

Big companies find it challenging to keep track of every record. Keeping track is
particularly hard when the operation involves various countries. Failure to keep track
can harm the reputation and reliability of the organization. Blockchain offers solutions
for provenance tracking. This type of monitoring makes it easier to access goods and
information immediately. It uses RFID tags and embedded sensors to track any product
from its origin to any point of the chain.

3. Identity verification

Blockchain is a well-known technology in the field of identity verification. With

Blockchain, there is no need for a third-party to verify foreign enterprises. Parties can
feel free to enter contracts. It's easy to check to see if other parties are whom they claim
to be. A considerable part of the supply chain is not for verifying products, but also
persons. You can use an immutable ledger to authenticate identity.

Benefits of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management

Blockchain technology coupled with the ability to program business logic with the use of
smart contractsenables the following:

​ Transparency into the provenance of consumer goods— from the source point to
end consumption
​ Accurate asset tracking
​ Enhanced licensing of services, products, and software

Even in today’s technologically advanced world, supply chains could dramatically

improve efficiency, audible tracking, and limit exploitative behaviors. In the container
industry, paperwork can account for half the cost of transport. A nationwide study
conducted in the U.S. from 2010 to 2012 by the international ocean advocacy
organization Oceana revealed that seafood is mislabeled up to 87% of the time. Mica,
which is present in makeup, electronics, and automobile paint is often sourced from
illegal mines by child laborers.

Furthermore, consumer goods, especially electronics, pharmaceuticals, and luxury

brands, are susceptible to counterfeiting and fraud. In fact, a report from PwC claims
that more than 2% of global economic output results from counterfeiting revenues.

The implementation of public, private, and hybrid blockchains will bring traceability,
transparency, and accountability to the movement of goods and commodities. The
technology can be applied to logistics to make business processes more efficient and to
cut costs from supply chain infrastructure.
 Finance

The finance industry has been facing many challenges for a very long time. The
incredible advancements in technology have led to solving numerous problems, but
some new technologies have created new issues in the process. There are multiple
fintech solutions available today, making it very confusing for financial service providers
to decide which solution will suit them best. Hence, they look for an all-in-one solution
that can help solve all of the major challenges being faced.

Blockchain in financial services is highly promising and can solve significant

challenges faced by the industry.

Security and Transparency

Financial services all across the globe are still centralized and multi-layered. Financial
data is mostly stored in centralized databases, and it has to go through multiple
intermediaries such as the front office, back office, etc. There is a severe lack of
transparency in the system, with the safety of the data being solely dependent on the
intermediaries and database security. Even if the databases have maximum protection,
there are still very high chances of data breaches and servers’ hacking.

The lack of transparency in the system fosters security threats as nobody can know
what is happening until things go wrong or data gets breached. Though understandably,
everyone does not want their financial records to be transparent, having a certain
degree of transparency in the system is beneficial and essential for both financial
service providers and their clients.

Solution: With blockchain in financial services, transparency and security can be

ensured simultaneously.

● Immutability: As blockchain is immutable, no data can be altered. It ensures that

all data is secure, authentic and correct.
● Privacy:There are two security keys – a public key and a private key. The public
key is available to all users in the network. The private key, however, is only
shared between the stakeholders of the transaction. Hence, the transaction will
 be visible to all users in the network with the public key’s help, whereas the
stakeholders’ and transaction details will only be visible to those who have the
private key. It ensures that transparency is maintained in the system while
securing the confidential financial information of the stakeholders.
● Zero-Knowledge Proof Technology: Several blockchain networks support the
zeroknowledge proof technology as a privacy solution for their blockchains. It
allows verification of the financial data without disclosure.

Reduced Costs

Given that the financial sector is mostly centralized, it invests a lot of money in:

● purchasing central databases

● bookkeeping
● maintenance of databases
● labor costs
● security of databases
● intermediaries’ commissions
● value transfer systems

These costs are recurring, which means money has to be invested in them at regular
time intervals. All these additional costs make the system more expensive without the
guarantee that data breaches won’t occur.

Solution: With blockchain in finance, many costs can be reduced. According to a study,
DLT can reduce the cost of financial services infrastructure up to USD 15 Billion – USD
20 Billion per annum by 2022. Blockchain technology is a form of DLT, which can help
increase transparency and reduce costs while ensuring security. Financial service
providers like banks can also implement smart contracts in their systems to reduce the
costs of:

● intermediaries
● value transfers
● bookkeeping
Hence, blockchain in financial services can substantially save costs.

Effectively Control Risks

Financial service providers face a lot of risk in providing services like loans, such as:

● the counterparty not being able to meet its obligations.

● credit risk due to information asymmetry.
● trusting intermediaries.

In the case of commercial banks, emphasizing on the monitoring and tracking of the
loan usage is also not very reliable and effective as the trust has to be ultimately placed
in an intermediary. Hence, the risk is significant as the providers will face substantial
expenses if anything goes wrong.

Solution: With blockchain in financial services, every stakeholder is treated as a node.

Hence:

● peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions can be enabled, which eliminates the need for
intermediaries.
● fund management risks and credit risks are reduced as all transactions are
recorded on the network.
● smart contracts help to settle transactions quickly.
● data immutability improves reliability.

Blockchain in finance makes it easier for financial service providers to handle all risks.

Instant Settlements

In the current financial system, some payments can take up to a week to finally settle.
The reason behind it is mainly the presence of multiple intermediaries in the system.
Our current financial system is multi-layered, which means that every transaction has to
go through at least a couple of intermediaries in order to settle. Sometimes these
intermediaries are front and back offices of a bank, while other times, these are third
parties like currency exchangers in case of cross-border payments. The presence of
numerous intermediaries is a way to ensure security and authenticity in a centralized
system, but it leads to multiple problems like long settlement times and increased costs.

Solution: With blockchain in finance, peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions are possible. It

implies the elimination of intermediaries as smart contracts will be able to manage
transactions successfully. As the “layers” of the system will be reduced, instant
settlements of payments will be facilitated. Blockchain payment systems can also be
implemented so that cross-border payments can also occur instantaneously.

Hence, blockchain in financial services can facilitate instant settlements.

Better Auditing

Auditing is a very long and expensive process. In the present centralized system, there
is no transparency. Hence, accountants and compliance officials working for financial
service providers have the freedom to show specific pieces of information at the time of
audits. It facilitates unethical behavior, dishonesty, irregular compliance and long
auditing time periods.

Solution: With blockchain in financial services, the auditing process can be

streamlined. Blockchain records are immutable, so the auditors can check them to
ensure if the compliances are being correctly met and what is exactly going on in that
finance organization.

Transparency will be maintained with blockchain, which will ensure that financial service
providers are honest and ethical. Any suspicious transaction activity can be easily
tracked. As all information will be quickly available, the time required for auditing
procedures will also be reduced.

Hence, blockchain in finance can also lead to better auditing.

Now that you understand how blockchain technology can solve the challenges faced by
the finance industry, let’s take a look at some of its use cases in financial services.

The use cases of blockchain in finance

Some use cases of blockchain in financial services are:

1. Cross Border Payments

2. Lending Platforms
3. Credit Score
4. Invoice Management and Billing Solution
5. Fund Investment
6. Government Expenses
7. Political Funds
8. Financial Record Keeping
9. Stock Exchange
10. Initial Public Offering (IPO)
Health Care

Blockchain in healthcare implies the application of blockchain technology in the

healthcare sector for numerous use cases. It is already being implemented due to
increasing awareness of its benefits among more and more institutions.
Blockchain technology has been able to provide robust solutions for a majority of
problems the healthcare sector was facing, such as data breaches and counterfeit
pharmaceuticals.
According to the 2020 Breach Barometer report, over 41 million patient records were
breached in 2020. The WHO estimates that 30% of medicines in parts of Africa and
Asia are counterfeit.
According to a report, the value of the blockchain market in the healthcare industry was
US $2.12 Billion in 2019 and estimated to reach US $3.49 Billion by 2025.
Such high numbers call for desperate actions to help the industry overcome these
problems and find solutions for these loopholes. This is where blockchain technology
steps in. Let’s look at some blockchain in healthcare use cases and real-world
examples to determine how blockchain can help the industry solve these problems.

Use Cases of Blockchain in Healthcare?

There are numerous ways through which blockchain can help cover up the loopholes of
the healthcare industry today. Here, we have listed and explained four use cases of
blockchain in healthcare, along with their real-world examples.
1. Patient Data Management & Security
Security of data is a very significant issue in the healthcare industry. With the increasing
numbers of data breaches every year, data security has become a massive concern for
patients worldwide. Luckily, ensuring data security is a general application of blockchain
healthcare today.
Blockchain technology is a decentralized, distributed, and immutable ledger of records.
Whatever information is stored on the blockchain becomes nearly impossible to hack or
change because of the technology’s high-security features. The transparency it offers
ensures that any changes to the information are clearly visible, and there is no scope of
tampering with the data. Hence, blockchain technology allows providers and patients to
quickly and safely exchange sensitive healthcare information, by providing privacy and
transparency through encryptions and complex protection codes.
Blockchain technology also eliminates risks linked to data centralization, hence makes it
very useful to manage patient data efficiently and securely. Today, patient information is
majorly stored in a centralized manner, making it prone to data hacks, breaches, and
theft. To tackle this problem, blockchain technology is an excellent solution as it
distributes the information among various nodes, making it impossible to hack or
tamper.

2. Genomics
Genomics is the study of complete sets of genes in organisms and incorporates
elements of genetics as well. The genomics industry in healthcare has developed
drastically, intending to improve human health’s future. It needs to safely store massive
amounts of genetic data points, where blockchain can be of great assistance. To
enhance the understanding of genomics and help scientists gather & store valuable
information safely, blockchain application is a great solution.

3. Improving Provider-Patient Communication

Miscommunication is a loophole that has a negative impact on every industry,
irrespective of what it stands for. Especially in a sector as sensitive as healthcare, it is
essential to ensure smooth and efficient communication as people’s lives are at stake.
Miscommunication among healthcare providers or between patients and providers can
cost a lot of money and even put patients’ well being at risk. Most of the
miscommunication that occurs is related to incorrect medical records or delays in
updates, as the process is very time-consuming.
Blockchain technology can be a beneficial solution to this problem. Blockchain solutions
are decentralized. Hence, instead of the information being stored in a single database, it
is stored on multiple nodes in a network. If a change or update is made to the
information in one node, it is updated in all network nodes. It makes it very easy to
share updated information with any doctor or healthcare provider quickly. The
information stored on a blockchain is authentic, updated, and timestamped, making it
very easy for the providers to go through it and act accordingly, especially in case of
emergencies. It also assists providers in providing more personalized treatment plans
and conducts faster diagnoses.

4. Pharmaceuticals Counterfeit Control

Pharmaceuticals counterfeiting is a very significant problem faced by the healthcare
industry. Since pharmaceutical supply chains are not transparent, there tends to be a lot
of tampering and counterfeiting.
Blockchain technology offers excellent solutions to tackle pharmaceuticals
counterfeiting as it provides system transparency and immutability. It offers complete,
end-to-end transparency to the supply chain. Blockchain in the pharmaceutical supply
chain can help providers:

● manage inventory
● reduce counterfeiting issues
● reduce theft issues.
In the global health domain, it can also help organizations like Red Cross, USAID, or the
Global Fund trace back the distribution of donated medications across different
countries while ensuring the pharmaceuticals’ origination, authenticity, and integrity.

Internet of Thing(IoT)

Blockchain empowers the IoT devices to enhance security and bring transparency in
IoT ecosystems.

Blockchain offers a scalable and decentralized environment to IoT devices, platforms,

and applications.
Banks and Financial institutes like ING, Deutsche Bank, and HSBC are doing PoC to
validate the blockchain technology. Apart from financial institutes, a wide range of
companies have planned to experience the blockchain’s potential. On the other hand,
the Internet of Things (IoT) opens up countless opportunities for businesses to run
smart operations. Every device around us is now equipped with sensors, sending data
to the cloud. Therefore, combining these two technologies can make the systems
efficient.

Here are a few Blockchain Enterprise use cases on how combining IoT with
Blockchain can have a significant impact across multiple industries:
 ● Supply Chain and Logistics
● Automotive Industry
● Smart Homes
● Sharing Economy
● Pharmacy Industry
● Agriculture
● Water Management

Let’s discuss each of them in detail.

1. Supply Chain and Logistics

A global supply chain network involves many stakeholders, such as:

● Brokers
● Raw material providers, etc.

It complicates the end-to-end visibility. The supply chain can also extend over months of
time and consist of many payments and invoices. Due to the involvement of multiple
stakeholders, delivery delays have become the biggest challenge.

Therefore, companies are working on making the vehicles IoT-enabled to track the
movement throughout the shipment process. Due to the lack of transparency and
complications in the current supply chain and logistics, Blockchain and IoT combined
can enhance the network’s reliability and traceability.

Crisp details about shipments’ status can be provided by IoT sensors, like:

● Motion sensors
● GPS
● Temperature sensors
● Vehicle information
● Connected devices, etc.
Sensor information is then stored in the blockchain. Once the data is saved on the
Blockchain, stakeholders listed in the Smart Contracts get access to the information in
real-time. Supply chain participants can accordingly prepare for transshipment and run
cross-border transactions.

Golden State Foods(GSF) is a diversified supplier, well-known for manufacturing and

distributing food products. Serving more than 125,000 restaurants, GSF is aimed at
producing and delivering high-quality products.

GSF is working with IBM to optimize business processes using Blockchain and IoT.
Sensors data collected on the blockchain ensure the issues are addressed and reported
automatically before they create serious problems.

With blockchain’s help, GSF can create a secure, immutable, and visible ledger
accessible by different stakeholders to improve:

● Accountability
● Transparency

2. Automotive Industry

Nowadays, digitization is a competitive demand. Automotive industries are using

IoT-enabled sensors to develop fully automated vehicles.

Connecting Industrial IoT solutions in the automotive sector with the decentralized
network enables multiple users to exchange crucial information easily and quickly.

The automotive industry is an exciting blockchain IoT use case, where the combined
technology can disrupt:

● Automated fuel payment

● Autonomous cars
● Smart parking
● Automated traffic control
3. Smart Homes

Smart IoT-enabled devices play a crucial role in our day-to-day lives. IoT blockchain
enables the home security system to be managed remotely from the smartphone.

But the traditional centralized approach to exchange information generated by IoT

devices lacks the security standards and ownership of data.

Blockchain could elevate the smart home to the next level by:

● Solving security issues

● Removing centralized infrastructure

4. Sharing Economy
The sharing economy has become a widely adopted concept around the world.
Blockchain could help create decentralized, shared economy applications to earn
considerable revenue by sharing the goods seamlessly.
Can you imagine an Airbnb apartment that leases itself? Slock.it is doing it precisely by
using Blockchain IoT.

5. Pharmacy Industry
The issue of counterfeit medicines in the pharmaceutical sector is increasing with every
passing day. The pharmacy industry is responsible for:

● Developing drugs
● Manufacturing drugs
● Distributing drugs
Therefore, tracking drugs’ complete journey is difficult.
The blockchain technology’s transparent and traceable nature can help monitor the
shipment of drugs from its origin to the supply chain destination.
Let’s discuss one potential IoT blockchain application based on the healthcare industry.
Mediledger is a blockchain IoT use case designed to track the legal change of
prescription medicines’ ownership. Transparency and traceability are essential when it
comes to monitoring sensitive healthcare products.
The data stored on the distributed ledger is immutable and timestamped, accessible to:

● Manufacturers
 ● Wholesalers
● Dispensers
● End-customers
Mediledger is a blockchain based platform, offering:

● Simplified payment processes

● Controlling users access
● Stopping counterfeit drugs from invading the supply chain
6. Agriculture
For maximum customer satisfaction, it is essential to grow more food for the increased
population while:

● Minimizing environmental footprints

● Ensuring transparency across the supply chain
Blockchain, coupled with IoT, has the potential to reshape the food production industry-
from farm to grocery to home. Installing IoT sensors in the farms and sending its data
directly to the blockchain can help enhance the food supply chain to a greater extent.
Let us explore one application that is using IoT blockchain to improve the agricultural
supply chain.

7. Water Management
Leaking water fixtures can result in one trillion gallons of wasted water per year in the
USA. Aquai has built Puck, a smart water sensor that can:

● Track how much water you use

● Automate water shutdown if any leak is detected
Using NetObjex’s IoT and blockchain services, it can monitor and store the data.
There’s one more project that has been proposed to measure river contamination via
blockchain and IoT. Two companies, Libelium and Airalab, have teamed up to create a
project, “Drone on the Volga.” It uses a drone equipped with IoT sensors and blockchain
technology to gather water contamination levels autonomously. The drone collects
water readings of the Kuybyshev Reservoir in the Volga River and publishes the
Ethereum Blockchain data in real-time.
Using IoT, the drone can understand where and when readings were taken, helping
scientists discover where contamination has come from.

Voting and Election

The remote voting system is Blockchain-based distributed system developed to enable

migrants and other in-service voters posted at different locations to cast their votes from
their place of work (Host Constituency) without commuting to their Parent
constituencies, thereby saving time and money, and enabling higher voter turnout. A
Proof of Concept (PoC) was developed as per the directions of Election Commission of
India and demonstrated.

The system enables secured storage of details of remote votes, ballots, and encrypted
vote in the Blockchain. The returning officer of the parent Constituency only would be
authorised to download all encrypted votes from the Blockchain on the day of counting
and decrypt the same to count the votes.

E-Voting: A voting method that uses electronic devices to record, cast, or count votes. In
general, e-voting systems can be divided into four subcategories, as follows:
● Punch-card: Developed in the 1960s, utilized modified Hollerith cards where
voters used a stylus to punch out chads corresponding to their candidate
choices. After voting, the punched card was deposited in a ballot box. These
cards were later counted using a card reader [2].
● Direct Recording Electronic (DRE): An electronic system that presents ballots
and records voter selections directly into computer memory. Voters interact with
DREs using push-buttons, touchscreens, or dials. Some DREs feature Voter
Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) printers, allowing voters to confirm their
choices on a paper record, which can be used for post-election audits or
recounts [5].
● Optical scanning systems: Specialized computer hardware and software are
used to read and interpret votes. Voters mark their choices on machine-readable
ballots by filling in symbols next to their preferred candidates. Once marked,
these ballots can either be scanned directly at the polling place or collected and
scanned at a central location [6].
 ● Ballot-Marking Devices (BMDs): Presents ballots electronically, lets voters make
selections, and then produces a human-readable paper ballot without storing the
vote electronically. Introduced after the Help America Vote Act of 2002 to aid
voters with disabilities, BMDs can either mark pre-existing ballots or print
summaries, sometimes with barcodes or QR codes. From 2016 onwards, some
areas expanded BMD usage to all voters, becoming more common in 2020 [7].
● I-voting: Internet voting denotes a subset of e-voting methodologies wherein
ballots are transmitted and registered via the Internet [8,9]. Terms such as
“remote e-voting”, “mobile voting”, and “online voting” are often used in the
literature to describe these systems. All of the terms outlined above are,
however, grouped under the broader conceptual framework of i-voting systems,
which is itself an instance of an e-voting paradigm. Furthermore,
Blockchain-based e-voting systems are a type of i-voting that relies on the
internet by using a peer-to-peer computer network that employs blockchain
technology to cast and count votes in an election
Go Green(Renewable Energy)

Green blockchain integrates blockchain technology into environmental and sustainability

initiatives to create transparent, secure, and efficient solutions. It aims to revolutionize
the way we approach eco-conscious practices, providing a decentralized framework for
monitoring, verifying, and enhancing various environmental processes.

The need for green blockchain arises from the urgent global call for sustainable
practices. Traditional systems often lack transparency and traceability, making it
challenging to ensure the authenticity of environmental efforts. Green blockchain
addresses these concerns by introducing decentralized ledgers offering transparency,
immutability, and security, fostering trust in environmental initiatives.

As we navigate the complexities of environmental control, green blockchain emerges as

a versatile and impactful tool. These use cases illustrate the technology's ability to drive
positive change, fostering a world where environmental consciousness is seamlessly
woven into the fabric of our daily lives. Enfold the possibilities of a decentralized,
sustainable future.

Biodiversity Conservation
Green blockchain facilitates real-time monitoring of biodiversity conservation efforts.
Recording and verifying data on the blockchain ensures the effectiveness of initiatives,
promotes data integrity, and encourages collaboration among environmental
organizations.

Community-Led Environmental Initiatives

Empowering local communities, green blockchain enables transparent management of
community-led environmental projects. Decentralization ensures that decision-making
processes are inclusive, fostering a sense of ownership and accountability.

Eco-Friendly Transportation
In the realm of transportation, the green blockchain validates and incentivizes
eco-friendly practices. From electric vehicles to sustainable fuel sources, the technology
promotes reducing carbon emissions, contributing to a cleaner and greener future.

Circular Economy Management

Green blockchain introduces transparency in circular economy practices, ensuring the
traceability of resources within closed-loop systems. This fosters responsible resource
management, reduces waste, and supports sustainable consumption patterns.

Climate Data Repositories

Blockchain establishes secure climate data repositories, safeguarding critical
information for climate research. Immutability ensures that historical climate data
remains intact, aiding scientists and policymakers in understanding and mitigating
climate change.

Blockchain For Reforestation

Monitoring and verifying reforestation efforts are crucial in combating deforestation.
Green blockchain provides a tamper-proof ledger to track tree-planting initiatives, verify
their impact, and encourage sustainable forestry practices.

Wildlife Protection & Anti-Poaching

The fight against illegal wildlife activities benefits from green blockchain, which helps
track and prevent poaching. Immutable records assist in identifying and penalizing
illegal trade, thereby safeguarding endangered species.

Green Real Estate

Green blockchain ensures adherence to green building standards in the real estate
sector. This use case verifies environmentally friendly construction practices, promoting
sustainable infrastructure development.

Smart Agriculture Contracts

Smart contracts on the blockchain enhance transparency in agriculture. Farmers can
engage in contracts that promote sustainable farming practices, ensuring fair
compensation for eco-friendly approaches.
Oceans & Water Conservation
Green blockchain contributes to the protection of oceans and water resources. Through
transparent monitoring, it aids in preventing pollution, overfishing, and unsustainable
practices, promoting responsible water management.

Tracking Carbon Offset & Trading

Transparent tracking and trading of carbon credits become possible with green
blockchain. This ensures that organizations are accountable for their carbon footprint
and incentivizes the development of carbon offset projects.

Supply Chain Transparency

Blockchain enhances transparency in supply chains, particularly in verifying eco-friendly
sourcing. Consumers can make informed choices, supporting businesses committed to
sustainable and ethical practices.

Renewable Energy Trading

Decentralized energy trading through green blockchain allows peer-to-peer transactions
of renewable energy. This democratizes the energy market, encouraging the adoption
and distribution of clean energy sources.

Environmental Impact Monitoring

Industries can use green blockchains to monitor and measure their environmental
impact. Providing transparent records encourages businesses to adopt eco-friendly
practices and minimize their ecological footprint.

Green Certification & Standards

Green blockchain validates adherence to green certifications and environmental
standards. This ensures that products and services claiming to be environmentally
friendly meet established criteria, fostering consumer trust.

Waste Management
Optimizing waste management processes, green blockchain encourages recycling and
reduces waste. Transparent tracking of waste disposal ensures responsible handling
and promotes a circular economy.

Environmental Causes DAOs

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) driven by green blockchain empower
communities to fund and manage environmental projects collectively. This decentralized
governance model fosters inclusivity and shared responsibility.

Environmental Agreements Smart Contracts

Smart contracts automate and enforce environmental agreements on the blockchain.
This ensures that all parties involved adhere to their commitments, providing a trustless
and efficient way to execute agreements.

Water Management
Efficient water resource management is promoted through green blockchain.
Transparently recording water usage and conservation efforts contributes to sustainable
and smart agriculture, industry, and household practices.

Green Financing
Green blockchain creates a transparent platform for green financing initiatives. Investors
can ensure their funds are allocated to eco-friendly projects, fostering the growth of
sustainable businesses and innovations.

Land Records
As compared to other data, Land records data need to be accurately stored in the
blockchain. The existing history of transactions on a piece of land first needs to be
inserted into the blockchain after approval by Revenue functionaries in the State. The
approved data will be digitally signed and stored. This will be a starting point for any
mutation.

The certificates issued by the Revenue Department will be stored in the blockchain and
can be used by the other agencies like the bank for any of the verification process
during a transaction on the land parcel / farmer.

The transactions related to change of ownership through sale, loan, mortgage, release
of mortgage, crop updation is initiated by other departments. During the initiation of
above mentioned transactions, the verification of the details need to be done using the
blockchain data. After the approval of transaction in the respective database such as
completion of deed registration / approval of loan by the bank, the transaction details
should be stored in the blockchain.

Specifically, the registration department will fetch details w.r.t a survey number from the
blockchain and ensure that the ownership of the land parcel indeed rests with the
prospective seller before initiating a sale. After obtaining the signature of the purchaser
and seller in the sale deed, the scanned document should be moved in to Blockchain
Network to create a block. Once the block is created it cannot be edited or tampered.
Likewise the chain of block is created every time the property title is changed from one
person to another.

By implementing smart contracts, certain events such as registration of the land can
automatically initiate the mutation request in the land record, the approval of loan by the
bank can update the rights and liabilities, crop details updation can trigger the updation
of cultivators and crop details in RTC. Smart contracts can also facilitate the payment of
subsidy to farmers on failure of crops. In cases when the entitlement is only for certain
types of farmers, the eligibility can be ascertained from the blockchain.

Benefits
● The availability of data in a central location that can be accessed by all
departments would enable faster disposal of requests for subsidy, mutation,
● There would be no need for trusted authority like notaries to provide attested
copies of documents.
● The farmers will be assured that their land ownership cannot be changed by
spurious persons.
● The farmers can obtain loans quickly. The updation of the details related to
liabilityin the Record of Rights can be done as soon as the farmer repays the
loan. This is facilitate the farmer to avail other benefits / services.
● The facilities provided to the farmer from the agriculture / Horticulture
departments / Animal Husbandry department when recorded in the blockchain
will facilitate these departments to ensure that same benefit / multiple benefits do
not reach the same farmer multiple times or might not receive multiple benefits
as per the terms & conditions laid down.
● Blockchain data of the property registration will be made available in the work
flow system of the Registration software as well as the public for verification. This
will provide the complete details of the property chain right from the first
purchaser to latest one. The Purchaser need not depend on any non-reliable
personnel/agency to verify the authenticity of the document provided by the
seller.
● A repository of a transparent, trusted and a tamper proof Property Registration
documents would be available for use by citizens & the registration department.
● Citizens can verify the ownership details & complete history of the property
before going in for purchase of the property
● The availability of document chain will eliminate registration based on bogus