Pre-calculus Common Core State Standards

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NUMBER AND QUANTITY
Domain THE COMPLEX NUMBER SYSTEM
Cluster Perform arithmetic operations with
complex numbers.
N-CN 3. (+) Find the conjugate of a complex number;
use conjugates to find moduli and quotients
of complex numbers.
Cluster Represent complex numbers and their
operations on the complex plane.
N-CN 4. (+) Represent complex numbers on the
complex plane in rectangular and polar
form (including real and imaginary
numbers), and explain why the rectangular
and polar forms of a given complex number
represent the same number.
N-CN 5. (+) Represent addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and conjugation of complex
numbers geometrically on the complex
plane; use properties of this representation
for computation. For example, (–1 + √3 i)3 =
8 because (–1 + √3 i) has modulus 2 and
argument 120°.
N-CN 6. (+) Calculate the distance between numbers
in the complex plane as the modulus of the
difference, and the midpoint of a segment

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as the average of the numbers at its
endpoints.
Domain VECTOR AND MATRIX QUANTITIES
Cluster Represent and model with vector
quantities.
N-VM 1. (+) Recognize vector quantities as having
both magnitude and direction. Represent
vector quantities by directed line segments,
and use appropriate symbols for vectors
and their magnitudes (e.g., v, |v|, ||v||, v).
N-VM 2. (+) Find the components of a vector by
subtracting the coordinates of an initial
point from the coordinates of a terminal
point.
N-VM 3. (+) Solve problems involving velocity and
other quantities that can be represented by
vectors.
Cluster Perform operations on vectors.
N-VM 4a. (+) Add and subtract vectors. Add vectors
end-to-end, component-wise, and by the
parallelogram rule. Understand that the
magnitude of a sum of two vectors is
typically not the sum of the magnitudes.
N-VM 4b. (+) Add and subtract vectors. Given two
vectors in magnitude and direction form,
determine the magnitude and direction of
their sum.
N-VM 4c. (+) Add and subtract vectors. Understand

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vector subtraction v – w as v + (–w), where
–w is the additive inverse of w, with the
same magnitude as w and pointing in the
opposite direction. Represent vector
subtraction graphically by connecting the
tips in the appropriate order, and perform
vector subtraction component-wise.
N-VM 5a. (+) Multiply a vector by a scalar. Represent
scalar multiplication graphically by scaling
vectors and possibly reversing their
direction; perform scalar multiplication
component-wise, e.g., as c(vx, vy) = (cvx, cvy).
N-VM 5b. (+) Multiply a vector by a scalar. Compute
the magnitude of a scalar multiple cv using
||cv|| = |c|v. Compute the direction of cv
knowing that when |c|v ≠ 0, the direction
of cv is either along v (for c > 0) or against v
(for c < 0).
Cluster Perform operations on matrices and use
matrices in applications.
N-VM 6. (+) Use matrices to represent and
manipulate data, e.g., to represent payoffs
or incidence relationships in a network.
N-VM 7. (+) Multiply matrices by scalars to produce
new matrices, e.g., as when all of the
payoffs in a game are doubled.
N-VM 8. (+) Add, subtract, and multiply matrices of
appropriate dimensions.

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N-VM 9. (+) Understand that, unlike multiplication of
numbers, matrix multiplication for square
matrices is not a commutative operation,
but still satisfies the associative and
distributive properties.
N-VM 10. (+) Understand that the zero and identity
matrices play a role in matrix addition and
multiplication similar to the role of 0 and 1
in the real numbers. The determinant of a
square matrix is nonzero if and only if the
matrix has a multiplicative inverse.
N-VM 11. (+) Multiply a vector (regarded as a matrix
with one column) by a matrix of suitable
dimensions to produce another vector.
Work with matrices as transformations of
vectors.
N-VM 12. (+) Work with 2 × 2 matrices as
transformations of the plane, and interpret
the absolute value of the determinant in
terms of area.
ALGEBRA
Domain SEEING STRUCTURE IN EXPRESSIONS
Cluster Interpret the structure of expressions.
A-SSE 1a. Interpret expressions that represent a
quantity in terms of its context. Interpret
parts of an expression, such as terms,
factors, and coefficients.
A-SEE 1b. Interpret expressions that represent a

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quantity in terms of its context. Interpret
complicated expressions by viewing one or
more of their parts as a single entity. For
example, interpret P(1+r)n as the product of
P and a factor not depending on P.
A-SEE 2. Use the structure of an expression to
identify ways to rewrite it. For example, see
x4 – y4 as (x2)2 – (y2)2, thus recognizing it as a
difference of squares that can be factored as
(x2 – y2)(x2 + y2).
Domain ARITHMETIC WITH POLYNOMIALS AND
RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Cluster Rewrite rational expressions.
A-APR 6. Rewrite simple rational expressions in
different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form
q(x) + r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and
r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x)
less than the degree of b(x), using
inspection, long division, or, for the more
complicated examples, a computer algebra
system.
A-APR 7. (+) Understand that rational expressions
form a system analogous to the rational
numbers, closed under addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division by a
nonzero rational expression; add, subtract,
multiply, and divide rational expressions.
Domain CREATING EQUATIONS

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Cluster Create equations that describe numbers or
relationships.
A-CED 1. Create equations and inequalities in one
variable including ones with absolute value
and use them to solve problems. Include
equations arising from linear and quadratic
functions, and simple rational and
exponential functions. CA
A-CED 2. Create equations in two or more variables
to represent relationships between
quantities; graph equations on coordinate
axes with labels and scales.
A-CED 3. Represent constraints by equations or
inequalities, and by systems of equations
and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions
as viable or nonviable options in a modeling
context. For example, represent inequalities
describing nutritional and cost constraints
on combinations of different foods.
A-CED 4. Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity
of interest, using the same reasoning as in
solving equations. For example, rearrange
Ohm’s law V = IR to highlight resistance R.
Domain REASONING WITH EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
Cluster Solve systems of equations.
A-REI 8. (+) Represent a system of linear equations
as a single matrix equation in a vector

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variable.
A-REI 9. (+) Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists
and use it to solve systems of linear
equations (using technology for matrices of
dimension 3 × 3 or greater).
FUNCTIONS
Domain INTERPRETING FUNCTIONS
Cluster Interpret functions that arise in
applications in terms of the context.
F-IF 4. For a function that models a relationship
between two quantities, interpret key
features of graphs and tables in terms of
the quantities, and sketch graphs showing
key features given a verbal description of
the relationship. Key features include:
intercepts; intervals where the function is
increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative;
relative maximums and minimums;
symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.

F-IF 5. Relate the domain of a function to its graph

and, where applicable, to the quantitative
relationship it describes. For example, if the
function h gives the number of person-hours
it takes to assemble n engines in a factory,
then the positive integers would be an
appropriate domain for the function.
Cluster Analyze functions using different

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representations.
F-IF 7d. (+) Graph functions expressed symbolically
and show key features of the graph, by
hand in simple cases and using technology
for more complicated cases. Graph rational
functions, identifying zeros and asymptotes
when suitable factorizations are available,
and showing end behavior.
F-IF 7e. Graph functions expressed symbolically and
show key features of the graph, by hand in
simple cases and using technology for more
complicated cases. Graph exponential and
logarithmic functions, showing intercepts
and end behavior, and trigonometric
functions, showing period, midline, and
amplitude.
F-IF 10. (+) Demonstrate an understanding of
functions and equations defined
parametrically and graph them. CA
F-IF 11. (+) Demonstrate an understanding of
functions and equations defined
parametrically and graph them. CA
Domain BUILDING FUNCTIONS
Cluster Build new functions from existing
functions.
F-BF 3. Identify the effect on the graph of replacing
f(x) by f(x) + k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x + k) for
specific values of k (both positive and

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negative); find the value of k given the
graphs. Experiment with cases and illustrate
an explanation of the effects on the graph
using technology. Include recognizing even
and odd functions from their graphs and
algebraic expressions for them.
F-BF 4b. (+) Find inverse functions. Verify by
composition that one function is the inverse
of another.
F-BF 4c. (+) Find inverse functions. Read values of
an inverse function from a graph or a table,
given that the function has an inverse.
F-BF 4d. (+) Find inverse functions. Produce an
invertible function from a non-invertible
function by restricting the domain.
Domain TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Cluster Expand the domain of trigonometric
functions using a unit circle.
F-TF 4. (+) Use the unit circle to explain symmetry
(odd and even) and periodicity of
trigonometric functions.
Cluster Model periodic phenomena with
trigonometric functions.
F-TF 6. (+) Understand that restricting a
trigonometric function to a domain on
which it is always increasing or always
decreasing allows its inverse to be
constructed.

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F-TF 7. (+) Use inverse functions to solve
trigonometric equations that arise in
modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions
using technology, and interpret them in
terms of the context.
Cluster Prove and apply trigonometric identities.
F-TF 9. (+) Prove the addition and subtraction
formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and
use them to solve problems.
F-TF 10. (+) Prove the half angle and double angle
identities for sine and cosine and use them
to solve problems. CA
GEOMETRY
Domain SIMILARITY, RIGHT TRIANGLES, AND
TRIGONOMETRY
Cluster Apply trigonometry to general triangles.
G-SRT 9. (+) Derive the formula A = 1/2 ab sin(C) for
the area of a triangle by drawing an
auxiliary line from a vertex perpendicular to
the opposite side.
G-SRT 10. (+) Prove the Laws of Sines and Cosines and
use them to solve problems.
G-SRT 11. (+) Understand and apply the Law of Sines
and the Law of Cosines to find unknown
measurements in right and non-right
triangles (e.g., surveying problems,
resultant forces).
Domain EXPRESSING GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

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WITH EQUATIONS
Cluster Translate between the geometric
description and the equation for a conic
section.
G-GPE 3. (+) Derive the equations of ellipses and
hyperbolas given the foci, using the fact
that the sum or difference of distances from
the foci is constant.
G-GPE 3.1 Given a quadratic equation of the form
ax2 + by2 + cx + dy + e = 0, use the method
for completing the square to put the
equation into standard form; identify
whether the graph of the equation is a
circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola and
graph the equation. CA
MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES
MP 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in
solving them.
MP 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
MP 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the
reasoning of others.

MP 3.1 Students build proofs by induction and

proofs by contradiction. CA [for higher
mathematics only].
MP 4. Model with mathematics.
MP 5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
MP 6. Attend to precision.

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MP 7. Look for and make use of structure.

MP 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated
reasoning.

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