I.INTRODUCTION II.

Properties of Construction Materials

Ancient construction materials Physical Properties
Density
A. Neolithic Construction - the New Stone Age from
Durability
9000 BC to 5000 BC
Specific Gravity
B. Copper Age and Bronze Age Construction - Bronze Porosity
is an alloy made when tin is added to copper, and brass is Chemical Properties
copper with zinc. 5,000 BC and bronze around 3,100 BC Chemical Resistance
Corrosion Resistance
C. Iron Age Construction - Iron is not much harder than Crystallization
bronze, but by adding carbon iron it becomes steel Optical Property
1200BC to 50 BC Acoustical Properties
Ancient Mesopotamia - large-scale buildings Sound Transmission
Ancient Egypt - Adobe (sun-baked mud brick) Sound Reflection
Ancient Greece – The most dramatic are the Greek Sound Absorption
Temples Thermal Properties
Roman Empire - hydraulic lime mortar called Roman Thermal Conductivity
cement Thermal Capacity
Thermal Resistivity
D. Middle Age - ox-drawn sledge Specific Heat
Fire Resistance
E. Renaissance - the invention of moveable type and the
Electrical Properties
Reformation changed the character of construction.
Electrical Resistivity
F. The Seventeenth Century - the birth of modern Electrical Conductivity
science Thermoelectricity
Dielectric Strength
G. The Eighteenth Century - development of many Mechanical Properties
ideas Strength
H. The Nineteenth Century: Industrial Revolution - new Elasticity
kinds of transportation installations, such as railways Plasticity
Fatigue
I. The Twentieth Century - Second Industrial Creep
Revolution in the early 20thcentury Impact Strength
Hardness
The Evolution of the Different Construction Materials
PRESENT TIMES (21 st Century) III. AGGREGATES
1. Transparent Wood - 5 times stronger and Aggregates are commonly used in construction as they
lighter than glass are a fundamental component of concrete, mortar, asphalt,
and other building materials.
2. Carbon Fiber - 75% lighter than iron and
30%lighter thanaluminum Classification of Aggregates (size)
3. Sensitiles
• Fine Aggregates
4. Self-Healing Concrete - the bacteria were
activated as soon as water hit. ❖ Fine aggregates are small particles of sand or
crushed stone
5. Aerogel - s ultralight material is derived from
a gel ❖ They are typically less than 4.75 millimeters in
size and are commonly known as sand.

• Coarse Aggregates
❖ Coarse aggregates - They are large-sized, ▪ Railroad ballast:
granular materials such as crushed stones and ▪ Building foundations:
gravel that are used in construction projects to ▪ Erosion control:
provide strength and stability to the concrete mix.
IMPORTANCE OF AGGREGATES IN
CONSTRUCTION
COMMON TYPES OF AGGREGATES
Aggregates are a crucial component of construction
materials and play an important role in the construction
• Sand
industry.
❖ Sand is a naturally occurring granular material
composed of finely divided rock and mineral Here are some of the key reasons why aggregates are
particles with a particle size range of 0.063 to 2 essential in construction:
mm.
• Gravel ➢ Strength and durability:
❖ Gravel is a coarse type of aggregate that refers to ➢ Stability:
a loose aggregation of small, rounded stones, ➢ Cost-effectiveness:
usually between 2 and 64 millimeters in diameter. ➢ Sustainability:
• Crushed Stone ➢ Aesthetics:
❖ Crushed stone is made by breaking down large ➢ Flexibility:
rocks and stones into smaller pieces. Types of Aggregates & Classifications:
• Recycled Aggregates 1) Based on Geological Origin: There are different types
❖ Recycled aggregates are made from reclaimed of Aggregates
materials such as crushed
Natural Aggregates:
SOURCES OF AGGREGATES
1. QUARRIES Artificial Aggregates:
• Quarries are large open-pit mines where
2) Based on Size: They can be classified as following
rocks, sand, and gravel are extracted. types of aggregates
• Quarries are often the primary source of
aggregates, particularly for construction Coarse Aggregate:
projects that require large amounts of Fine Aggregate:
material.
2. PITS Graded Aggregate.
• Pits are similar to quarries but are smaller in All-in-Aggregate:
size.
3) Based on Shape: They can be classified as
3. RIVERS AND STREAMS Rounded Aggregates
• Sand and gravel can be extracted from rivers
Irregular Aggregates
and streams by dredging or by using
equipment that scoops up the material from Angular Aggregates: These aggregates are rough, sharp,
the bottom of the waterway. and angular which provides a solid bond. So, these can be
recommended to use in the construction of pavements.
4. RECYCLED MATERIALS Flaky Aggregates: These aggregates are generally rough
• Aggregates can also be produced from and very sharp
recycled materials like crushed concrete or
asphalt.
APPLICATIONS OF AGGREGATES IN
IV. CEMENTS
CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
▪ Concrete production: Cement plays a key in the field of construction in
▪ Asphalt production: which it is a basic binder material used in
▪ Drainage systems: concrete for all types of construction.
▪ Road base and sub-base:
▪ Landscaping: PORTLAND CEMENT
 It was first developed by Joseph Aspdin, an calcareous material used in
enterprising 19th-century British stonemason, manufacturing cement.
who heated a mix of ground limestone and clay in
his kitchen stove, then pulverized the concoction Argillaceous Materials: Argillaceous
into a fine powder. Materials are mainly silica, alumina, and
oxides of iron. Clay and shale are the
Application of Portland Cement common argillaceous material used as
Paste. A mixture of cement and water. It cement ingredient in the process of
is use for surface finishing works manufacturing cement.
(plastering) and grouting or filling cavity
holes. Stage 2: Grinding, Proportioning, and
Blending
Mortar. A mixture of cement, water and Stage 3: Pre-Heating Raw Material
fine aggregate (sand) that must be less
than approximately 5 mm (0.2 inch) in Stage 4: Kiln Phase
size.
Stage 5: Cooling and Final Grinding
Concrete. A mixture of cement, water,
fine aggregate (sand) and coarse Stage 6: Packing and Shipping
aggregate (gravel) that for most purposes
is up to 19 to 25 mm (0.75 to 1 inch) in CLASSIFICATIONS OF CEMENT
size, Cement is mainly classified into two categories
depending on the hardening and setting
COMPOSITIONS OF CEMENT mechanism.
Lime (CaO). Controls strength & soundness. Its
deficiency reduces strength & setting time Non-hydraulic Cement
The non-hydraulic cement does not require water
Silica (SiO2). Gives strength. Excess of it causes to harden. It will not set when wet conditions
slow setting exist. Instead, all it needs are dry conditions and
the presence of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to set and
Alumina (Al2O3). Responsible for quick setting. cure.
if in excess, lowers strength Raw materials:
Lime, Gypsum Plasters, and Oxychlorides.
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3). Gives color & help in
fusion of different ingredients
Uses:
Magnesia (MgO). Imparts color & hardness. If Non-Hydraulic cement is used for making bricks
in excess causes cracks in mortar & concrete & and mortar.
unsoundness
Examples:
Calcium Sulphate. Responsible in increasing the • Slaked Lime
initial setting time of cement. • Non-hydraulic lim putty

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3). Makes cement sound Hydraulic Cement

The hydraulic cement is an inorganic mineral
Alkalis. These are residues & if in excess causes material that reacts with water under ambient
effloroscence & cracking conditions forming a hardened and water-
resistant product. The cement hardens by
hydration in the presence of water.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING CEMENT Raw materials:
Stage 1: Raw Material Extraction/Quarry Limestone, Clay, and Gypsum.

Calcareous Materials: Calcareous TYPES OF CEMENT

Materials are compounds of calcium and
magnesium. Limestones are a common There are several types of cement used in the
construction industry, each with its unique
 properties and applications. The most common Proportions of materials in mixture
types of cement are: Mixing
Pouring and compaction
Hydraulic Cements: Curing
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): Storage
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC): Transportation
Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC):
Selection and quality control
Low Heat Cement (LHC):
Sulphate Resistant Cement (SRC): Construction
White Cement: Earthquake and typhoon resistance
Colored Cement: Maintenance
Blended Cement:.
BRICKS
Non-Hydraulic Cement:
Lime-based cements: - a standard building block in the construction
Gypsum-based cements: world after
Pozzolanic cements:
Geopolymer cements: Applications

PROPERTIES • Construction of exterior and interior walls,

Strength and durability: partitions, and boundary walls
Versatility: • Construction of footings
Fire resistance: • Construction of miscellaneous load-bearing
Low cost: structures
Availability:
Sustainability: Types
TO MAKE A STRUCTURE DURABLE WITH
CEMENT, THERE ARE A FEW KEY STEPS TO Sun-Dried or Unburnt Clay Bricks - Are less
FOLLOW: durable
Burnt Clay Bricks - are good quality bricks
Ensure proper mixing of cement:
Use good quality cement: Fly Ash Bricks - Are manufactured using fly
Properly compact the cement: ash and water
Reinforce with steel: Concrete Bricks - uses concrete with
Cure the cement properly ingredients such as cement, sand, coarse aggregates, and
Use waterproofing additives: water
Ensure proper maintenance: Engineering Bricks - high compressive strength
and are used in special applications
Sand Lime or Calcium Silicate Bricks - are
V.Concrete Hollow Blocks and Bricks made of sand and lime
- are one of the most extensively used walling
Advantages
materials. very weak against lateral loads.
● Resilience
Types
Solid Concrete Blocks - They are very strong ● Low Maintenance
and provide good stability to the structures ● Fireproof
Hollow concrete Blocks - They are lightweight ● Design Flexibility
blocks and easy to install. ● Noise Cancelling
Advantages ● Durable
Readily available product ● Energy Efficient
Good thermal and sound resistance ● Natural.
High fire resistance
Can be reinforced to increase lateral resistance PAINTS AND ADHESIVE
20+ years lifespan
Recommendations for better CHB Paints - are coatings of fluid materials which are
Selection of raw materials applied as a final finish to surfaces
Essential Ingredients of Paint • Easy to clean
• Should not reveal brush mark
Pigment - Real coloring substance. • Attractive Appearance
Application of Paint
Solvent - in which the pigment is dissolved.
Knotting – this is simply a treatment of knots
Drier - necessary to quicken the process of
evaporation. Primary Treatment – This is also known as priming.
It is the most important step
Types of Paints
Stopping – Its aim is to remove any irregularities yet
Oil paints - usually use white lead as their base
remaining after the first coat
and are usually applied in 3 coatings primer,
undercoat, and finish coat Defects Found in Painting

Enamel paint - is characterized as durable and 1.Blistering 2. Fungus 3. Bleeding 4. Brush Marks 5.
stain-resistant paint Chalking 6. Cracking 7. Efflorescence 8. Peeling 9.
Sagging
Emulsion Paint - defined as a suspension of one
liquid within another liquid Adhesives - are non-metallic material used to join
surfaces permanently through an adhesive process
Aluminum Paint - is a type of paint coating that
is made by mixing aluminum particles or flakes with Types of Adhesives
oil/spirit varnish
POLYMER ADHESIVES - made from polymers
Synthetic Rubber Paint - These paints are and is considered to be stronger, more flexible, and has
prepared from resins. can be applied to surfaces greater impact resistance
that may not be completely dry
HOT MELT ADHESIVES - sold as solid cylindrical
Cement Paint - powder form which is mixed sticks of various diameters designed to be applied using
with water to achieve paint consistency a hot glue gun

Bituminous Paint - Characterized by a black, ACRYLIC ADHESIVES - high strength bonds that
tar-like appearance work well as an alternative to rivets

Anti-Corrosive Paint - Are ideal for metallic RESIN ADHESIVES - provides superior bonding
surfaces capabilities

Plastic Paint - gives a very plasticity look and ANAEROBIC ADHESIVES - are used for structural
feel bonds, such as metals and glass and to a lesser extent

Cellulose Paint - produced from celluloid sheets EPOXY ADHESIVES - wide variety of materials,
their high strength, their resistance to chemicals and
Characteristics of A Good Paint
environments
• Good hiding Power
• Permanent Color Surface Preparation
• Easy Application
• Drying up Capacity Clean - The adhesive should not stick to a dirty, dusty
• Can Resist Corrosion oily or polluted surface o
Sound and strong - The adhesives should have no loose TYPES OF CONCRETE
or weak particles o
Ready mixed concrete - concrete manufactured
in a factory
Dry - Any moisture in the substrates would not be
acceptable with solvent-based or hot melt adhesives o Self-compacting concrete (SCC) - nnovative
Flat - The two substrates will come in intimate contact concrete that does not require vibration for placing and
together and with the adhesive compaction
FRESH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Absorb the carrier (water or solvent) - To allow the
adhesive to dry Workability - determines the ease and
homogeneity in which it can be mixed, compacted, and
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY finished
Segregation - separating out of the ingredients
- deals with the study of properties of concrete of concrete mix
and its practical application. Bleeding - is sometimes referred to as water
gain.
Concrete Technology deals with
SLUMP TEST
• Ingredients of concrete and properties of
- is an on-the-spot test to determine the
concrete
consistency as well as workability of fresh
• Admixtures
concrete.
• Mix design
slump test equipment
• Different types of concrete
Mould: Shape of the mould is a frustum of a cone
COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE Base plate: Base plate may be made of Aluminum
Tamping rod - is made of steel
• Cement
Tape measure
• Aggregates
WATER CEMENT RATIO
• Water
• Air directly affects the strength of concrete. If we
• Admixtures use the limited amount of water for concrete then it will
decrease the workability of concrete and so it will cause
Two types of Air
honeycomb in concrete. If we add more water than
Entrained Air - is an admixture of tiny required then it may cause bleeding in concrete which
spherical shaped air bubbles that are approximately one reduces the strength of concrete in a bad manner. We
hundredth to one thousandth of an inch in size
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Entrapped Air - There will always be air in - makes concrete construction more economical
concrete. The entrapped air that remains in the mix
creates an air void. Required ratios of each component

Types of Admixtures Quality Concrete Mix

Water Reducing Admixtures - to minimize the water
Economical Concrete Mix:
Retarding Admixtures - slow down the rate of Desired Properties of Mix
hydration
Disadvantages of Concrete Mix Design
Accelerating admixtures - reduce the initial setting
time of concrete 1. It requires a high initial cost.
2. Also, require skilled labor.
Air Entraining Concrete Admixture - ncrease 3. Also, requires specific attention.
the durability of concrete under freezing and thawing
conditions.