Med 212

Calculus with Analytic Geometry

Learning Outcomes

1. Plot points on the Cartesian plane and compute the distance between two points, between a
point and a line.
2. Identify and compute the slope of a line.
3. Determine the equation of a line given certain conditions.
4. Identify whether two lines are parallel or perpendicular through their slopes.

Introduction

Analytic Geometry is a branch of geometry that deals with geometric issues by translating them
into algebraic problems utilizing the coordinate system. Rene Descarte (1956 - 1650), a French
Philosopher and Mathematician, was the first to combine geometry with algebra. He proposed
exploring curves using algebraic operations and demonstrated that geometric issues may be
addressed using algebraic approaches. Analytic Geometry is a branch of mathematics that
combines algebra, calculus, and geometry. It covers two sorts of problems: (1) geometric
qualities of a curve when its equation is specified; and (2) geometric characteristics of a curve
when its equation is unknown.

Analytic Geometry is divided into two branches: (1) Plane Analytic Geometry, which deals with
the analysis of equations with two variables, and (2) Solid Analytic Geometry, which deals with
equations with three variables.

Calculus with Analytic Geometry is a course that teaches the fundamentals of calculus with
analytic geometry. The emphasis is on setting up and solving calculus problems, or how to use
calculus.

The Cartesian Coordinate System

A system used to graph a point or a set of points is the Cartesian coordinate system.
Example:

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Directed Distance

If two points lie on a line that is parallel to the x – axis, then the directed distance from the first
point A ( x 1 , y ) to the second point B ( x2 , y ) is denoted by AB and can be defined as x 2−x 1. Same
case for two points which lie on a line that is parallel to y – axis.

In this case, ABis positive if B lies on the right side of A , that is AB=10−2=8 while it is
negative when B lies at the left side of A , that is BA=2−10=−8. Note that when we say
directed distance it could be positive or negative but generally, when talking about the length of
a line segment, without regard to direction, we always need to consider what gives positive
values as results.

The Distance Formula

Distance Between Two Points

√ 2
d= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1)
2

Example 1: Find the distance of the line segment connecting the points A ( 4 , 6 ) and B ( 2, 8 ).

√
d= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1) ¿ √ ( 2−4 )2 + ( 8−6 )2¿ √ 8d=2 √ 2 units
2 2

The Midpoint Formula

Let P1 ( x1 , y 1 ) and P2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) be endpoints of a line segment, and let M ( x , y ) be the midpoint of

the P1 and P2. Then the midpoint is computed as

M ( x1 + x 2 y 1+ y2
2
,
2 )
Example 2: Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points ( 10 , 16 ) and (−4 ,−8 )

M ( 2
,
2 ) (
x1 + x 2 y 1+ y2
M
10+ (−4 ) 16+ (−8 )
2
,
2
M (3 , 4))
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Example 3: One endpoint of the diameter of a circle is at ( 2 , 16 ) and the center is the midpoint of
the diameter of a circle at (−8 , 4 ) . Find the coordinates of the other endpoint of the diameter.

Solution:

Let ( 2 , 16 ) be the one endpoint of the diameter of the circle denoted by ( x 1 , y 1 ). Since (−8 , 4 ) is
the midpoint of the diameter of the circle, then we can equate each coordinates into

M ( 2
,
2)
x1 + x 2 y 1+ y2 x +x
2
y +y
=(−8 , 4 ) 1 2 =−8 and 1 2 =4
2

,
( x2 , y2 )
Solving for

x1 + x 2 y 1+ y 2
=−8 x 1+ x2 =−162+ x 2=−16x 2=−18 =4 y 1 + y 2=816+ y 2 =8
2 2
y 2=−8

Therefore, (−18 ,−8 ) is the other endpoint of the diameter.

Applications of Distance Formula

Example 4: Find the length of the sides of the triangle with vertices at A ( 6 , 8 ) , B (16 ,8 ), and
C ( 11, 17 ) as shown in the figure below. Determine the perimeter and area of the triangle.

A B

Solution:

Getting the distances of each points to determine the measurement of each side, we have

AB=√ ( 16−6 ) + ( 8−8 ) =10 units

2 2

BC= √ ( 11−16 ) + ( 17−8 ) = √106 units ≈10.30

2 2

AC= √ ( 11−6 ) + ( 17−8 ) = √ 106 units

2 2

Solving for the perimeter,

Perimeter: P=10+ 2 √ 106 units, P ≈ 30.59units

To solve the area, we need to solve for height. Let the height be side a, segment BC be side c,
and segment BM be side b. Using Pythagorean theorem to solve for h, we have

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 C

a c= √106 units

M B
b=5 units
2 2 2
c −b =a

√
h=a=√ c2 −b2h= ( √ 106 ) −52h=9 units
2

Solving for the area of the triangle,

1 1
A= b h A= ( 10units ) ( 9units ) A=45 square units
2 2

Example 5: Determine the length of the diagonals, perimeter, and the area of a parallelogram
ABCD with vertices at ( 2 , 3 ), ( 10 , 3 ), ( 4 , 6 ) and ( 12 , 6 ).

D C

A B

Solution:

Getting the distances of each points to determine the measurement of each side, we have

AB=√ ( 10−2 ) + ( 3−3 ) =8 unitsBC= √ ( 12−10 ) + ( 6−3 ) =√ 13 units

2 2 2 2

CD=√ ( 4−12 ) + ( 6−6 ) =8 units

2 2

AD=√ ( 4−2 ) + ( 6−3 ) =√ 13 units

2 2

Now, getting also the measurement of each diagonal,

BD=√ ( 10−4 ) + ( 3−6 ) = √ 45=√ 9 ⋅ √ 5=3 √ 5 units AC= √ ( 12−2 ) + ( 6−3 ) =√ 109 units
2 2 2 2

Solving for the perimeter and area,

P=16 +2 √ 13 units ≈ 23.21 units

A=b h= ( 8 units )( 3 units ) =24 square units

Slope of a Line

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 The slope of a line is a number that measures its “steepness” and it is usually denoted by m .
rise y 2− y 1
m= =
run x 2−x 1

Example: Find the slope of a line connecting

the points P1 ( 3 ,8 ) and P2 ( 5 ,−6 )

y 2− y 1 −6−8
m= m= m=−7
x 2−x 1 5−3

Example: Find the slope of a line connecting the points P1 ( 3 ,2 ) and P2 ( 3 ,6 )

y 2− y 1 6−2
m= m= m=undefined
x 2−x 1 3−3

Equations of a Line

A line is defined as a series of points in the Cartesian coordinate system. The equation of a line is
a formula that describes a series of any value of x that can be assigned in the equation so that
there is a corresponding value of y. Linear equation is an equation in which both variables x and
y have exponent one. The general equation of the line is

Ax+ By+ C=0

while the standard form is

Ax+ By=C .

Two – point Form

y 2− y 1
y− y 1=
x2− x1
( x−x 1 )

Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the points (−4 , 3 ) and ( 2 , 5 ).

Solution:

y 2− y 1 5−3
y− y 1= ( x−x 1 ) y− (3 )= ( x−(−4 ) ) y−3= 1 ( x +4 )3 y−9=x +4 x−3 y +13=0
x2− x1 2− ( −4 ) 3

Point – Slope Form

y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 )

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Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the points ( 5 , 2 ) and with a slope of −6 .

Solution

y−2=−6 ( x−5 )6 x + y−32=0

Slope – Intercept Form

y=mx+b

Example: Find the equation of the line with a slope of 5 and y – intercept of 3.

Solution:

y=mx+b y=5 x +35 x− y +3=0

Intercept Form
x y
+ =1
a b
Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the points (−5 , 0 ) and ( 0 , 3 ) .
Solution:

x y x y
+ =1 + =1−15
a b −5 3
x y
[
+ =1 −153 x−5 y=−15
−5 3 ]
Parallel Lines

Parallel lines are lines that do not intersect with each other, even when you extend them in both
directions. Two lines are parallel if they have the same slope.

Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the point ( 3 , 2 ) and parallel to the line
6 x−2 y−8=0.

Solution:

Let m1 be the slope of the line ( l 1 ) 6 x−2 y−8=0 .

Let m2 be the slope of the line ( l 2 ) passing through the point ( 3 , 2 ) that is parallel to
6 x−2 y−8=0 .

Getting the slope of line 6 x−2 y−8=0 by transforming the equation into slope – intercept form
y=mx+b ,

6 x−8 2 y
6 x−2 y−8=06 x−8=2 y = 3 x−4= y y=3 x−4
2 2

so
m1=3

Alternative method in solving the slope

−A −6
m 1= m 1= =3
B −2

Now, since the equation of the l 2 is parallel to l 1, then m2=m1. Hence m2=3 .

Solving the equation of the l 2 that passes through the point ( 3 , 2 ), we have

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 y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 ) y−2=3 ( x−3 ) y−2=3 x−93 x− y−7=0

Therefore, 3 x− y−7=0 is the line that passes through the point ( 3 , 2 ) and is parallel to
6 x−2 y−8=0 .

Perpendicular lines

Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect with each other forming a right angle, even when you
extend them in both directions. Two lines are perpendicular if the slope of one line is equal to the
negative reciprocal of the other line.

Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the point (−2 , 5 ) and perpendicular to the
line 4 x+ 2 y +10=0.

Solution:

Let m1 be the slope of the line ( l 1 ) 4 x+ 2 y +10=0.

Let m2 be the slope of the line ( l 2 ) passing through the point (−2 , 5 ) that is perpendicular to
4 x+ 2 y +10=0 .

Getting the slope of line 4 x+ 2 y +10=0 by transforming the equation into slope – intercept form
y=mx+b ,

2 y −4 x−10
4 x+ 2 y +10=02 y=−4 x−10 = y=−2 x−5
2 2

so m1=−2

−A −4
Alternative method in solving the slope, m1= = =−2
B 2

−1
Now, since the equation of the l 2 is perpendicular to l 1, then m2= (negative reciprocal).
m1
−1 1
Hence m2= = .
−2 2

Solving the equation of the l 2that passes through the point (−2 , 5 ), we have

1 1
y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 ) y−5= ( x−(−2 ) ) y−5= ( x+ 2 )2 y−10=x+ 2x−2 y +12=0
2 2

Therefore, x−2 y +12=0 is the line that passes through the point (−2 , 5 ) and is perpendicular to
4 x+ 2 y +10=0.

Distance from a Line to a Point

Theorem: The signed distance from the line Ax+ By+ C=0 to the point P(x 1 , y 1 ) is given by the
formula

A x 1+ B y 1 +C
d=
± √ A +B
2 2

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Example: The distance from the point (−2 , 1) to the line 3 x+ 4 y −12=0 is

A x 1+ B y 1 +C
d=
± √ A +B
2 2

3 (−2 ) + 4 ( 1 )−12 −14

d= =
± √ 32 +4 2 5

College of Teacher Education

Med 212 – Calculus with Analytic Geometry
Activity 1
Name:
SR Code:

Plot the given points and find the distance between them.

1. ( 4 , 5 ) ; (−7 ,1 )

2. (−1 ,−4 ) ; (−7 , 1 )

3. Show that the points A ( 2 ,3 ), B ( 4 , 9 ), and C (−2 , 7 ) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
Determine the perimeter and area of the triangle. Plot and show the triangle.

4. Find the area of a rectangular garden with vertices at A ( 3 , 4 ), B ( 3 ,−2 ), C ( 8 , 4 ) and D ( 8 ,−2 ).
Plot and show the rectangular figure.

5. Find the perimeter and area of a trapezoid with vertices at A ( 2 ,3 ), B ( 6 ,3 ), C ( 0 ,−1 ) and
D ( 8 ,−1 ) . Plot and show the trapezoid.

5. Find the slope of the line connecting the given pairs of points.

(−6 , 3 ) ; ( 8 ,−7 )

6. Find the equation of the line passing through the points (−2 , 4 ) and ( 5 ,−3 ).

2
7. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (−6 ,−3 ) and with a slope of .
7

3 4
8. Find the equation of the line with a slope of and a y – intercept of .
8 5

9. Find the equation of the line passing through ( 6 , 10 ) and is parallel to the line
16 x +10 y+ 12=20.

10. Find the equation of the line passing through ( 6 , 0 ) and is perpendicular to the line connecting
the points (−4 ,−1 ) and (−1 , 4 ).

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