GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 5 Modal verbs Form We use modal verbs like must, cam and should with the infinitive without fo. We use the same form for all persons (I, you, he/she/it, etc.) and we don’t need to use a form of do to make questions or negatives. ‘You can leave your bag here. You mustn’t leave your bug here. Should i leave my bag here? Have to and be allowed fo have similar meanings to modal verbs, but they do not have the same grammar. We use a form of do to make questions and negatives with have to Do we have to sit here? You don’t have to come. With be alioaved to, we make questions and negatives in the same way as other forms with be. Are we allowed to core in? You aren't allowed to make pore cals in here. Use Obligation ‘To say there is an obligation, we use must or have to, ‘You have to leroe everything in the oven for two hours Restaurants must make their prices clear. We do not normally ask questions about obligation with must. We use have to instead. Do Ihave to take my shoes off? (not Maat Haband oP) ‘There is no past form of must to talk about obligation, ‘We use /tad fo to talk about obligation in the past. We had to be at work at six o‘lock this morning! ‘Tosay there is no obligation, we use don‘yédoesn't have to. We don’t have to be there until 8 pn Prohibition and permission To talk about prohibition (to say ‘don’t do it’), we use musta’t You mustn't talk here. To give permission, we use om. You can pay for your drinks when you Tenve. ‘To say somebody doesn’t have permission, we use can't or cannot, You can’t sit in ths part of the restaurant. (or You camo! sit in.) We also use allowed to and not allowed toto talk about permission, “Are we allowed fo take our foot outside? You're not allowed to park there. Advice and recommendation ‘Should doesn’t express a rule. We use should and shouldn't to give advice and recommendations. ‘You should try to ext some fruit every day, You shouldn't eat too much before you go to bed. must and have to ‘The modal verbs must and have to have very similar meanings. We normally prefer to use fave to in spoke English to talk about obligation. In formal, writien, English, we prefer to use must. But mustn't and don't hace to have very different meanings. Mustn't expresses a rule ~ we use mustn't to say “don’t do this’. Don’t have to doesn’t express a rule — we use don't have foto say “it's not necessary to do this’ Customers must not enter the kitchen. (= Don't do this! Th rot sag Yeu don’t ae fo nc al (= This isn’t necessary.) » Exercises 1,2 and 3 First conditional We use the first conditional to talk about future possibility and things which are generally true, The form is usually: If + present simple, + will /won't Uf Thave time, HU call you tonight. (= future possibility) If you don’t eat healthily, you won't feet good. (© generally true) Note that we never use a future form in the if clause. If it's a nice day tomorrow, we'll go for a picnic (not ibe bece dey —) Conditional sentences have two parts: the ifelause and the main clause. The main clause describes the result of the situation in the ifclause. IF yow're Laie, we'll go without you. (we'll g0 = main clause = result) When the if clause comes first, we use a comma between the two clauses. When the main clause comes before the jfclause, we don’t add a comma between the two clauses. Af you're late, wel go without you. Weil go without you if you're late » Exercise 4 when, as soon as, unless, until, before We also use when, as sooi as, unless, nll andl before to talk about the future. We always use a present tense, nota fature form, after these expressions, We often use the expressions ina sentence with will, When | finish my work, I'l get someting to ent Tavon't eat there again unless they start using less sal As soon as we arrive, I'll give you a call. You won't lose weight rntil you improve your die. TU hutve a shower before we go out As with the first conditional, we put a comma when the clause with the time expression comes first. > Exercises 5 and 6Exercises 1 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. She hasn't to go to work today Tcan to make you a drink Do I should come back later? Hias he to go to the meeting” ‘We aren't allowed park here. ‘You don’t must use your phone here. ‘You mustn't help me with the dishes. Lean do them myself. 8 He shouldn't has salt on his food. Nousene Read the signs. Complete the sentences with the correct modal form, Write all the possible answers, | TICKETS NEEDED BEFORE ENTRY You / buy a ticket before you enter. 2 TABLETS AND PHONES ALLOWED ON THIS FLIGHT You switch off your tablets or phones on this flight 3 NO PARKING You t / ____ park here. 4 THIS FILM IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR CHILDREN Children see this film. 5 EXAM IN PROGRESS: BE QUIET! You 7 speak quietly. 6 SERVICE INCLUDED: TIP NOT NECESSARY You leave a tip in this restaurant 7 NO ENTRY EXCEPT FOR CYCLISTS You / / ride your bicycle here. Complete the text with modal verbs and the ver in brackets. Use affirmative and negative forms of the modal verbs. School dinners are very popular in the UK. Most children" (pay) for school dinners, but they don’t cost a lot. However, poorer families a (pay) ~ the school dinners are free. There are strict rules about school dinners. For example, every meal = __.... include) meat or fish, fruit and vegetables and bread, potatoes and other cereals. Another rule is that school canteens* (cell) food and drinks with a lot of sugar and salt Children® (cat) school dinners if they don’t want to. They * (bring) ‘packed lunch’ from home. There are many recommendations for the types of food to give children in their packed lunches. For example, children? (eat) fruit every day and they* Ghave) junk food like crisps and chocolate. 4 Choose the correct aptiom to complete the first conditional sentences 1. Ifhe does / will do more exercise, he gets / he'll gel fitter, 2 Te the train doese't /wou't arrive soon, I'm being / Fil be late for work. 3. You feel / You'll fel better if you eat / you'll eat healthier food 4 They don’t go /won't go on holiday if they don’t find / won't find cheap plane tickets. 5 ‘Do you/ Will you come out tonight if you finish / you Tl finish your homework? 6 Ifyou have /wit! have enough money, do / wit! you buy some new shoes? 5 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1-6) with the endings (a-f). Then complete the endings of the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Tf she doesn’t leave soon, 2. They'll havea picnic in the park next to their house 3. You can’t goout 4 You'll feel sick 5 Can you call me 6 Tthink he'll drive to the station a if there too much traffic. (not be) b until you all your homework. (finish) © as soon as you this message? (get) d she her bus. (miss) e ifyou all that chocolate! (eat) £ unless it (rain) 6 Complete the conversion with the correct form of these verbs. eat exercise follow go lose not do not feel not lose A: How are you? B: I’m fed up! I'm trying to lose weight, but nothing’s working! A: Well, I'm sure if you! food, you? need fo exercise too. B: [try to eat healthily, but Inever have time to healthy some weight. And you A: But you’ weight if you any exercise. B: Alright I'l go.on my exercise bike before I to bed this evening, ‘A: No, that’s the worst time todo exercise Ifyou inthe evening, you , sleepy afterwards. And sleep is also important for losing weight... (OK, 50 Il go for a run at lunchtime instead + Great, But remember ~ unless you a regular fitness programme, you'll never lose weight. ve