INDIAN POLITY By- RANDHEER SIR.

THE MANZIL BHARAT

 Historical Background of Constitution
1934
M.N.Roy

1935

1938

1940

1942

1946
MAKING OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
 MAKING OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

22 July 1947

May 1949

By- RANDHEER SIR.

THE MANZIL BHARAT
INDIAN CONSTITUTION

By- RANDHEER SIR.

THE MANZIL BHARAT
 By- RANDHEER SIR.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS THE MANZIL BHARAT

These rights are mentioned below:

 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Article 12 Article 13

By- RANDHEER SIR.

THE MANZIL BHARAT
Fundamental rights available only to citizens and not to Fundamental rights available to both
foreigners citizens & foreigners (except enemy aliens)

Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, Article 14: Equality before law and equal
caste, sex or place of birth. protection of laws.

Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for
offences.

Article 19: Protection of six rights regarding freedom of (speech Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty.
and expression, (ii) assembly (iii) association, (iv) movement (v) Article 21A: Right to elementary education.
residence and profession.

Article 29: Protection of language, script and culture of minorities. Article 22: Protection against arrest and
detention in certain cases.

Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer Article 23: Prohibition of traffic and human
educational institutions. beings and forced labour.

Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children

in factories etc.

Right To Freedom of Religion(Articles25-28)

 RIGHT TO EQUALITY (Article 14 to Article 18)

Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Laws (Article 14)

Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds (Article 15)

Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment (Article 16)

This provision guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment or appointment. It

prohibits discrimination in these matters only on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of
birth, or residence.

Abolition of Untouchability (Article 17)

This provision abolishes untouchability and prohibits its practice in any form. It recognizes untouchability as
a social evil and ensures the eradication of this discriminatory practice in Indian society.

Abolition of Titles (Article 18)

This provision prohibits the state from conferring titles, except military and academic distinctions, on
individuals. It also makes certain provisions regarding accepting any title, present, emolument, or office
from or under any foreign State.
 RIGHT TO FREEDOM (Article 19 to Article 22)

Protection of Six Rights (Article 19)

Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a))

Freedom of Assembly (Article 19(1)(b))

Freedom of Association (Article 19(1)(c))

Individuals have the right to form associations, unions, or cooperative societies, enabling them to collectively pursue
common interests or goals. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed in the interest of public order, morality, or the
sovereignty and integrity of India.

Freedom of Movement (Article 19(1)(d))

Every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the territory of India. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this
right on the grounds of the interests of the general public and the protection of the interests of any scheduled tribe.

Freedom of Residence (Article 19(1)(e))

Citizens have the freedom to reside and settle in any part of India, allowing for geographical mobility and the exercise of
individual choice in determining one’s place of residence.

Freedom of Profession (Article 19(1)(g))

Individuals have the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business of their choice, subject
to certain restrictions imposed in the interest of the general public.
 PROTECTION IN RESPECT OF CONVICTION FOR OFFENSES (Article 20)

Protection against Double Jeopardy (Article

20(2))

Protection against Retrospective Criminal Protection against Self-Incrimination (Article

Legislations (Article 20(1)) 20(3))
 Protection of Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)

Right to Education (Article 21A)

Right to Education (Article 21A)
Added this new Fundamental Right in Article 21A, which earlier was a DPSP under Article 45.

Changed the subject matter of Article 45 to direct that the state shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education
for all children until they complete the age of 6 years.

Added a new Fundamental Duty under Article 51A, which says that – it shall be the duty of every citizen to provide opportunity
for education to his child/ward between the ages of 6-14 years.

To implement the provision under Article 21A, the Parliament has enacted the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education (RTE) Act, 2009. It seeks to ensure that every child has a right to be provided with full-time elementary education

Protection Against Arrest and Detention (Article 22)

Article 22 provides safeguards for persons who are arrested or detained.
Detention is of 2 types:

Punitive Detention- to punish a person for an offense committed by him after trial and conviction in a court.

Preventive Detention- detention of a person without trial and conviction by a court. Its purpose is not to punish a person
for a past offense, but to prevent him from committing an offense in the near future.
RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION(ARTICLES 23-24)
Prohibition of Trafficking in Human Beings and Forced Labor (Article 23)
This Article prohibits trafficking in human beings, and all forms of forced labor such as begar, bonded labor, etc

This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens.

It protects the individuals not only against the actions of the State but also against the actions of private persons.

Traffic in Human Beings

selling and buying of men, women, and children as commodities.

immoral trafficking in women and children, including prostitution.

the practice of devadasis.

the practice of slavery, etc.

To punish these Acts, the Parliament has enacted the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956
 Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories, etc. (Article 24)

This Article prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories, mines, or other such hazardous
activities

Salient Features of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act of 2016.

It Prohibits employment of children up to 14 years in all occupations and processes, except those run by their own family
provided their education is not hampered.

It has added a new category of adolescents, i.e. Children between 14 and 18 years of age, and bars their employment in
any hazardous occupations.

Makes child labor a cognizable offense (Cognizable offenses involve arrest without a warrant).
Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25 to 28)
Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice, and Propagation of Religion (Article 25)

This article says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess,
practice, and propagate religion.

Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs (Article 26)

Right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes.
Right to manage its affairs in matters of religion.

Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of a Religion (Article 27)

This Article prohibits the State from levying taxes for promoting or maintaining any particular religion or
religious denomination.

Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction (Article 28)

Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 to Article 30)

Protection of Interests of Minorities (Article 29)

Any section of citizens having a distinct language, script, or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the
same.

Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions (Article 30)

This provision grants minorities (both religious as well as linguistic) certain rights, such as the right to establish and
administer educational institutions of their choice, the right to impart education to their children in its own
language.
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

It confers the right to remedies for the enforcement of the fundamental rights in case of violation of the same. It
makes the following provisions regarding the same:

•The right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights is guaranteed.

•The Supreme Court shall have the power to issue directions, orders, or writs

•for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

•The Parliament can empower any other court to issue directions, orders, or writs for the enforcement of
fundamental rights.

•The right to move the Supreme Court shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by the
Constitution.
 CAN BE CAN’T BE
WRITS OBJECTIVE RAISED AGAINST RAISED AGAINST

HABEAS CORPUS It mandates the release of an State Detained lawfully

Individual unlawfully detained Private individuals. Contempt of court
Outside court Jurisdiction

MANDAMUS It instructs a public authority to Government employee President II Governors

fulfill its obligations(duty) Corporation Private individuals
Lower courts CJI,CJ of HC
Govt body
QUO WARRANTO It directs an individual to leave Constitutional office Ministerial office
a position taken wrongfully Public office Private office

PROHIBITION It forbids a lower court from Judicial Private bodies & individuals
continuing with a case Quasi judicial authorities Legislative bodies
Administrative authorities

CERTIORARI A higher court transfers Judicial Private bodies & individuals

proceedings from a lower court Quasi judicial authorities Legislative bodies
to itself. Administrative bodies.
 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSP)

Part IV of the Constitution of India (Article 36–51) contains the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution has been borrowed from the Irish
Constitution.

They denote the constitutional instructions to the State in dealing with legislative, executive, and administrative
matters.

Unlike the Fundamental Rights, which are legally enforceable, the DPSPs are non-justiciable.

Based on their content and orientation, they can be classified into three broad categories

Socialistic Principles Article 44- To secure for all citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the country.

Gandhian Principles Article 45- To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they
complete the age of six years.
Liberal-Intellectual Principles
Article 48A- To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and
wildlife.
 GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES
Articles

Article 40 To organize village panchayats.

Article 43 To promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas.

Article 43B To promote voluntary formation of a cooperative societies

To promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker
Article 46
sections of society and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation.

To prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to
Article 47
health.

To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves, and other milch and draught cattle and to
Article 48
improve their breeds.
Fundamental Duties The Manzil Bharat
By Randheer Sir

On the recommendations of the Sardar Swaran Singh

Committee and decided to incorporate a list of fundamental
duties in the Constitution of India.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976, which

added a new part (Part IVA) to the Const.
This new part consists of only one Article 51A.

Article 51A in Part IV-A provides eleven Fundamental Duties of

Indian Constitution.

Originally there were 10 Fundamental Duties.

The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 added one

more Fundamental Duty (to provide opportunities for education
to his child or ward between the ages of six and fourteen years)
•To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National
Anthem.

•To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.

•To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.

•To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

•To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious,linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women.

•To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture.
•To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have
compassion for living creatures.

•To develop a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

•To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

•To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly
rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement, and

•To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years
(added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002).
 The Manzil Bharat
President of India(Article 52-78, Part V) By Randheer Sir

The President of India is the nominal head of the executives in India and is the
first Citizen of the country.
Droupadi Murmu is the New President of India, and she will serve as the 15th
President of the Republic of India. The first President of India was Dr Rajendra Prasad.
• Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy was the only president who
was elected unopposed.
• V. V. Giri is the only president who was elected twice.
Qualifications: • Justice M. Hidayatullah was the only chief justice of
➢ Be a citizen of India. India who acted as the President of India
➢ Be at least 35 years old.
➢ Meet the qualifications to be a member of the Lok Sabha.
➢ Not hold any office of profit under the Union or state government or any local
or other public authority.

The President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the

elected members of both the Houses of Parliament and the elected members of
the Legislative Assemblies of States and the Union Territories of Delhi and
Pondicherry.
The oath to the President is administered by the Chief Justice of India and in his absence, by the
senior most judge of the Supreme Court.

The tenure is of 5 years.

The parliament can impeach the President of India under Article 61. The violation of the Constitution can
remove him/her, but the Constitution’s violation is not defined in the constitution.

Powers Of The Indian President:

President appoints the attorney general of India, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, State
Governors, Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, Chairman and members of Union
Public Service Commission, and Chairman and other members of the Finance Commission of India.

He has the power to appoint Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court.

Under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution, the President has pardoning power against the punishment for an
offense against union law.

The President is the commander-in-chief of the Indian armed forces and has the power to appoint the Chief of
the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
 Parliament (Article 79 to 122 in Part V of the Constitution)
The Parliament is the legislative organ of a Union government.
The first elected Parliament came into existence in April, 1952.

Parliament

RAJYA SABHA PRESIDENT LOK SABHA

Total seats- 250 ▪ Total seats- 550

▪ 238 members are elected ▪ 530 members represent the

indirectly states

▪ 12 are nominated by the ▪ 20 of the UTs

President).
Rajya Sabha (The Council of States)

The Rajya Sabha is called the permanent House of the Parliament as it is never fully dissolved.

The IV Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and Uts.

Current strength of the house is 245, 229 members represent the states, 4 members represent the UTs and 12 are
nominated by the president.
Only three UTs (Delhi, Puducherry and
Qualifications Jammu & Kashmir) have representation in
Rajya Sabha
• He should be a citizen of India and at least 30 years of age.

• He should make an oath or affirmation stating that s/he will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of
India.

• According to the Representation of People Act, 1951, s/he should be registered as a voter in the State from which
s/he is seeking election to the Rajya Sabha.

Tenure:
• Every member of Rajya Sabha enjoys a safe tenure of six years.

• One-third of its members retire after every two years. They are entitled to contest again for the membership.
Lok Sabha (The House of the People)
Known as the Lower House or the House of the People.

Members are directly elected through Universal Adult Franchise.

The current strength of Lok Sabha is 543, out of which 530 members represent the states and 13 represent the Uts.

The Lok Sabha shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting.

• He should be a citizen of India and at least 25 years of age.

• He should make an oath or affirmation stating that s/he will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India.

• According to the Representation of People Act, 1951, s/he should be registered as a voter in the State from which s/he is
seeking election to the Rajya Sabha.

• Currently, 84 seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, and 47 seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes
 Chairperson of Rajya Sabha Speaker of Lok Sabha

The Vice-President is the ex-officio chairman of the The Speaker (along with the Deputy Speaker) is elected
Rajya Sabha. from among the Lok Sabha members by a simple majority
of members present and voting in the House.
The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha has the power to
adjourn the House or to suspend its sitting in the event of He/She presides over a joint sitting of the two Houses of
the absence of quorum. Parliament.

The 10th Schedule of the Constitution empowers He/She can adjourn the House or suspend the meeting in
the Chairman to determines the question as to absence one-tenth of the total strength of the House (called
disqualification of a member of the Rajya Sabha on the the quorum).
ground of defection
He/She decides whether a bill is a money bill or not and
He can only be removed as the chairman of Rajya his/her decision on this question is final.
Sabha when he is removed from the office of Vice-
President of India Speaker decides the questions of disqualification of a
member of the Lok Sabha, arising on the ground of defection
under the provisions of the Tenth Schedule.
Special Powers of Lok Sabha
A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.

Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject a Money Bill. It should return the bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days.

A resolution for discontinuing the national emergency can be passed only by the Lok Sabha and not by the Rajya Sabha
 SUPREME COURT(Articles 124 to 147 in PART V)

Integrated judicial system adopted from the GoI Act of 1935.

Supreme Court of India- came into existence on 26 January 1950(first sitting was held on 28 January 1950).

Total strength- 34 including Chief Justice of India.

Supreme Court is guarantor of the FR of the citizens and guardian of the Constitution.

President can appoint CJI & Judges of Supreme Court & CJ & Judges of High Court after consultation with
judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts to make informed appointments.

Qualifications to become judge in the Supreme Court

o He should be a citizen of India.

o He should have been a judge of a HC for five years; or
o He should have been an advocate of a HC for ten years; or
o He should be a “distinguished jurist” in the opinion of the president.
A person appointed as a judge of the SC, before entering his office, has to make and subscribe to an oath
or affirmation before the President.

Tenure of Supreme Court Judges in India

• 6years or 65 years of age whichever is earlier.

• Judge can submit resignation letter to president.

A judge of the Supreme Court can only be removed from office by an order of the President which must
be approved by special majority of the parliament

The Manzil Bharat

By Randheer Sir
 High Courts in India( 214 to 231 in Part VI)
The institution of high court originated in India in 1862 with three high courts set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
(Indian high Courts act).

Fourth HC was est. at Allahabad in 1966.

Currently, India has a total 25 High Courts established in different states of the country.

At present, there are 25 high courts in the country. Out of them, 3 are common for 2 or more states.

Delhi,J&K & Ladakh are the only UT in India having a high court of its own (since 1966).

The Constitution of India provides for a HC for each state, but the Seventh Amendment Act of 1956 authorized the
Parliament to establish a common HC for two or more states or for two or more states and a UT

Qualifications
• He should be a citizen of India.
• He should have held a judicial office in the territory of India for ten years or
• He should have been an advocate of a high court for ten year
Panchayati Raj Institution (Article 243 to243O in Part IX titled)
It is a system of rural local self-government in India.

PRI was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 to build democracy at the grass
roots level and was entrusted with the task of rural development in the country. eleventh schedule consisting 29
functional items was also added by the above amendments.
73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
Salient features of the act came Into effect on 24 April 1993 which is
celebrated as National Panchayat Day.
Gram Sabha
It is a village assembly consisting of all the registered voters in the area of a panchayat

It can perform such functions as the state legislature entrusts it with.

Three-tier system: It suggests PRI at village, intermediate and district level. Thus, bringing uniformity in the PRI.
However, states having a population less than 20 lakh may not setup PRI.

Election:
All the members at the village, intermediate and district level shall be elected directly by the people.

The chairperson of the intermediate and district level shall be indirectly elected

Chairman of the panchayat shall be elected in such a manner as the state legislature provides for
Seats shall be reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in every Gram Panchayat, and the number of
seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by
direct election in that Panchayat

Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved under shall be reserved for women belonging to
Scheduled Castes, or as the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes.

Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Gram Panchayat
shall be reserved for women and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Gram
Panchayat in such manner as may be prescribed

The act also authorizes the legislature of the state to make any reservations for backward classes.

The act provides for a five-year term of office to the panchayat at every level.
 Who elects whom?
LEVELS

Gram Sabha (every citizen living in a village) elects the Gram Panchayats (a council of elected
Village Level
representatives) to govern the village. The Gram Panchayat is elected for five years.

Block level The members of the Panchayat Samiti are elected directly by the people of block

District level The members of the Zila Parishad are elected directly by the people.
 LEVELS DESIGNATIONS/RESPONSIBILITIES
•Gram Panchayat is the smallest unit of the Panchayati Raj system in India, and it acts as a local
self-government body in rural areas. Functions:
•Development of the village(infrastructure),
•poverty alleviation programs,
Gram Panchayats
•Maintenance of records(births/deaths/marriages); issues certificates(caste/income/residence),
•revenue collection (levied by the state government),
•Organizing social functions, Disaster management(management/relief/rehabilitation),
•Community development (engage participation, promote social harmony, provide services)

Planning and implementation of rural development programs, Resource mobilization,

Panchayat Samiti Coordination with Gram Panchayats within the block, supervises gram panchayats functioning,
Disbursement of funds, Monitoring and evaluation of the progress of rural development
programs/schemes

•Zila Parishad is the highest level of the Panchayati Raj system in India, responsible for the overall
development and management of a district.
•Functions:
•At the District level, infrastructure development, health, education, and poverty alleviation
Zila Parishad
programs;
•Zila Parishad mobilizes resources for rural development from various sources like the state
government, central government, and other sources such as NGOs, private sector organizations,
and international agencies
Urban Local Government
• Municipalities OR Urban Govt was established through the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, It
came into force on 1st June 1993.

•Urban local governments were constitutionalized through the 74th Amendment Act during the regime of P.V.
Narsimha Rao's government in 1992.

• It added Part IX -A and consists of provisions from Articles 243-P to 243-ZG.

•In addition, the act also added the 12th Schedule to the Constitution. It contains 18 functional items of
Municipalities.

Constitution of Municipalities
According to Article 243Q, the following shall be constituted in every state:

• A Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area, transitioning from a rural to an urban area.
• A Municipal Council for a smaller urban area.
• A Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area by the provisions of this part.

Basic units of democratic system-Gram Sabhas (villages) and Ward Committees (Municipalities).
It comprises of all adult members registered as voters
Seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in every Municipally in
proportion to their population.

Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved Scheduled Caste are reserved for women
belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes

Minimum age to contest the election of Municipality is 21 years of age.

Duration of Municipalities: It shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting.

The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of all
elections to the municipalities shall be vested in the state election commission.

District planning committee: It is the committee created as per article 243ZD. As per this, every state shall
constitute at the district level, a district planning committee to consolidate the plans prepared by
panchayats and municipalities
Types of Urban local bodies

•Municipal Corporation:
• Municipal corporations are usually found in big cities such as Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai,
Kolkata, etc.

•Municipality:
• The smaller cities tend to have the provision of municipalities
• The Municipalities are often called upon by other names such as the municipal council,
municipal committee, municipal board, etc.

•Notified Area Committee:

• Notified area committees are set up for the fast-developing towns and the towns lacking the
basic amenities.
• All the members of the notified area committee are nominated by the state government.
 Vice President
The Vice President's main role is to act as the President if the President cannot perform his or her duties,
such as due to death, resignation, or impeachment.

He also serves as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), the upper house of the Indian Parliament.

He is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of Parliament.

The oath of office to the Vice-President is administered by the President or some person appointed by him.

Qualifications

• He should be a citizen of India.

• He should have completed 35 years of age.
• He should be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
• He should not hold any office of profit under the Union government or any state government or any local authority,
or any other public authority.

Term: The Vice-President holds office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters his office.
 Miscellaneous
Governor

The Governor is neither directly elected by the people nor indirectly elected by a specially constituted electoral
college as is the case with the President.

He is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. He is a nominee of the Central government.

The Seventh Amendment Act, 1956 declares that one person can be appointed as Governor for two more States.

Qualification
Be a citizen of India.
Be at least 35 years of age.
Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
Not hold any office of profit.
Must be a person from outside the state.

Pardoning Power(Article161)
He cannot pardon a death sentence.
 Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

Chairman: Manoj Soni

•Appointment of Members: The Chairman and other members of the UPSC are appointed by the President of
India.

•Term of Office: Any member of the UPSC shall hold office for a term of six years or till the age of 65
years, whichever is earlier.

•Reappointment: Any person who has once held the office as a member of a Public Service Commission
is ineligible for reappointment to that office.

•Resignation: A member of the Union Public Service Commission may resign from his/her office by submitting
the written resignation to the President of India.

•Removal/Suspension of Members: The Chairman or any other member of UPSC shall only be removed
from his/her office by order of the President of India.
 Election Commission of India

Chief Election Commissioner : Gyanesh Kumar

The ECI administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and
the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.

It was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950 which is celebrated as National Voters Day).

Appointment

The President appoints CEC and Election Commissioners as per the CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of
Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023.

NOTE:
The CEC and ECs will be appointed by the President upon the recommendation of a Selection Committee.
The Selection Committee will consist of the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of
Opposition/leader of the largest opposition party in Lok Sabha.

They have a fixed tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)

CAG: Girish Chandra Murmu

He is the head of the Indian audit & account department and chief Guardian of Public purse.

CAG is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal and provided with tenure of 6 years or 65 years of
age, whichever is earlier.

CAG can be removed by the President only in accordance with the procedure mentioned in the Constitution that is the
manner same as removal of a Supreme Court Judge.

He is ineligible to hold any office, either under the Government of India or of any state, once he retires/resigns as a CAG
 NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India)

On January 1, 2015 Planning Commission was replaced by a new institution – NITI Aayog.

Composition of NITI Aayog

Chairperson: Prime Minister

Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by Prime-Minister.

Governing Council: Chief Ministers of all states and Lt. Governors of Union Territories.

Regional Council: To address specific regional issues, Comprising Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors Chaired by Prime
Minister or his nominee.

Adhoc Membership: 2 member in ex-officio capacity from leading Research institutions on rotational basis.

Ex-Officio membership: Maximum four from Union council of ministers to be nominated by Prime minister.

Chief Executive Officer: Appointed by Prime-minister for a fixed tenure, in rank of Secretary to Government of India.
Special Invitees: Experts, Specialists with domain knowledge nominated by Prime-minister