� �

�
3u − 3
�3
c4 8.7 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
ln (3u2 − 2u − 1)2 − ln �� � = ln 1
� �
3u + 1 � x14 The (total) differential of a function f (x, y) is de-
� � � � noted by df and is given by
� (3u + 1)5 � c14
ln � � = ln
� �
∂f ∂f
� 3(u − 1) � x14 df = dx + dy (1)
∂x ∂y
x14 (3u + 1)5 = c|u − 1| where c = 3c14 Consider the differential equation
Replacing u, |3y1 + x1 |5 = c|y1 − x1 |. M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 (2)
Replacing y1 = y − 2, x1 = x − 3,
Suppose there exists a function f (x, y) such that
we get |x + 3y − 9|5 = c|y − x + 1|.
∂f
= M(x, y) (3)
∂x
EXERCISE ∂f
and = N(x, y) (4)
∂y

Solve the following: Using (3) and (4) then the given D.E. (2) becomes
∂f ∂f
1. (3x − y − 9)y = (10 − 2x + 2y) 0 = Mdx + Ndy = dx + dy = df
∂x ∂y
Ans. y − 2x + 7 = c(x + y + 1)4 i.e., df = 0
ax+by−a Integrating f (x, y) = c = arbitrary constant.
2. y = bx+ay−b
In this case, the L.H.S. expression of (2) Mdx +
Ans. (y − x + 1)(a+b)/a (y + x − 1)(a−b)/a Ndy is said to be an exact differential and the dif-
3. (2x − 5y + 3)dx − (2x + 4y − 6)dy = 0 ferential Equation (2) is called an exact differential
Ans. (4y − x − 3)(y + 2x − 3)2 = c equation.
4. (3y − 7x + 7)dx + (7y − 3x + 3)dy = 0 Necessary Condition for Exactness
Ans. (y − x + 1)2 (y + x − 1)5 = c
2x+3y+1
Differentiating (3) and (4) partially w.r.t. y and x re-
5. y = 3x−2y−5 spectively, we get
� �
2 2 −1 y+1
Ans. ln [(x − 1) + (y + 1) ] − 3 tan = ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
� �
x−1
∂M ∂ ∂f
= = =
c ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y∂x ∂x∂y
2x+y−1
6. y = 4x+2y+5 ∂
�
∂f
�
∂N
= =
Hint: Put 2x + y = z ∂x ∂y ∂x
Ans. 10y − 5x + 7 ln(10x + 5y + 9) = c Thus the necessary condition for D.E. (1) to be an
exact D.E. is
7. (2x + 2y + 1)dx + (x + y − 1)dy = 0
∂M ∂N
Hint: Put x + y = z. =
∂y ∂x
Ans. 3 ln (x + y + 2) − 2x − y = c
8. y = (x − 2y + 3)/(2x − 4y + 5) Method of Finding f

Hint: Put x − 2y = z. Step I. Integrating (3) partially w.r.t. x, we get

�
Ans. x 2 − 4xy + 4y 2 + 6x − 10y = c f (x, y) = M(x, y)dx + g(y) (5)
ax+hy+g
9. y + hx+by+f
=0
where g(y) is the constant of integration which
Ans. ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. depends only on y.
 Differentiating w.r.t. y
Step II. To find f (y). dg ∂f
xey + = = N = xey + 2y
Differentiate (5) partially w.r.t. y and equating it to dy ∂y
(4), we get dg
� i.e., = 2y
∂ dg ∂f dy
Mdx + = =N
∂y dy ∂y
Integrating g(y) = y 2 + c1 .
so that Substituting g(y) in f
�
dg ∂ f = xey + y 2 + c1
=N− Mdx
dy ∂y
Thus the desired solution is
Integrating w.r.t. y, we have
� � � � f = xey + y 2 + c1 = c2
∂
g(y) = N− Mdx dy + c1 (6)
∂y i.e., xey + y 2 = c3 where c3 = c2 − c1 .
Note: Similar result can be obtained from the above Example 2: (3x 2 y + yx )dx + (x 3 + ln x)dy = 0.
procedure starting with (4) also.
Solution: M = 3x 2 y + yx , N = x 3 + ln x
Step III. Substituting g(y) from (6) in (5)
∂M 1 ∂N
The required general solution of the exact D.E. (2) = 3x 2 + =
∂y x ∂x
is
So equation is exact.
f (x, y) = c2
Integrating w.r.t. x, ∂f
∂x
= M = 3x 2 y + y
x
yields
To sum up:
f = x 3 y + y ln x + g(y)
Test for exactness of D.E. (1): ∂M
∂y
= ∂N
∂x
Differentiating w.r.t. y and equating the result to N,
Method to find f : f is determined from (5) and (6).
we have
Then the general solution of (1) is the equation
dg ∂f
f (x, y) = c x 3 + ln x + = = N = x 3 + ln x
dy ∂y
(and not simply the function f (x, y)). dg
so that =0
dy
i.e., g(y) = constant = c1 .
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES Required solution is
x 3 y + y ln x + c1 = c2
Determine which of the following equations are
exact and solve the ones that are exact: i.e., x 3 y + y ln x = c3 , where c3 = c2 − c1 .

Example 1: ey dx + (xey + 2y)dy = 0 Example 3: (cos x − x cos y)dy − (sin y + y sin x)

dx = 0
Solution: M = ey , N = xey + 2y
Solution: M = − sin y − y sin x
∂M ∂N N = cos x − x cos y
so that = ey =
∂y ∂x ∂M ∂N
= − cos y − sin x = , exact.
Hence the given equation is exact. ∂y ∂x
Integrating w.r.t. x, ∂f
∂x
= ey = M yields Integrating ∂f
∂x
= M = − sin y − y sin x w.r.t. x we
� get
f = ey dx + g(y) = xey + g(y) f (x, y) = −x sin y + y cos x + h(y)
Differentiating w.r.t. y and equating it to N 8. (x 2 + y 2 − a 2 )xdx + (x 2 − y 2 − b2 )ydy = 0
∂h ∂f
−x · cos y + cos x + = =N Ans. x 4 + 2x 2 y 2 − y 4 − 2a 2 x 2 − 2b2 y 2 = c
∂y ∂y
= cos x − x cos y 9. (sin x · cosh y)dx − (cos x sinh y)dy = 0,
y(0) = 3
... dh
dy
= 0 i.e., h = constant.
The required solution is Ans. cos x · cosh y = 10.07
� � � �
y cos x − x sin y = c y x
10. (x+y) 2 − 1 dx + 1 − (x+y)2
dy = 0
Example 4: xdy + 2y 2 dx = 0 Ans. x + y 2 − x 2 = c(x + y)
Solution: M = 2y 2 , N = x, Differentiating 11. y = y−2x
; y(1) =2
2y−x
∂M ∂N
= 4y, =0 Ans. x 2 − xy + y 2 = 3.
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
So that =
∂y ∂x
8.8 REDUCTION OF NON-EXACT
The D.E. is not exact. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:
USING INTEGRATING FACTORS

EXERCISE Consider a D.E.

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 (1)
Determine which of the following equations are
which is not exact. Suppose there exists a function
exact and solve the ones that are exact:
F (x, y) such that
1. (2x 3 − xy 2 − 2y + 3)dx − (x 2 y + 2x)dy = 0 F (x, y)[Mdx + Ndy] = 0 (2)
Ans. x 4 − x 2 y 2 − 4xy + 6x = c is exact, then F (x, y) is called an integrating factor
2. (cos x. cos y − cot x)dx − (sin x sin y)dy = 0 (I.F.) of D.E. (1). There may exist several integrat-
ing factors or may not, since exact D.E. are relatively
Ans. sin x · cos y = ln (c sin x) rare.
3. (y − x 3 )dx + (x + y 3 )dy = 0 Some methods to find an I.F. to a nonexact D.E.
Mdx + Ndy = 0 are
Ans. 4xy − x 4 + y 4 = c
Case 1: Method of inspection (or “Grouping” of
4. (y + xy 2 + x 2 y 3 )dx + (x − x 2 y + x 3 y 2 )dy
terms)
=0
Ans. not exact Case 2: (My − Nx)/N = g(x)
2 xy 2 xy 2
5. (y e + 4x 3 )dx + (2xye − 3y 2 )dy = 0
Case 3: (Nx − My)/M = h(y)
4 3 xy 2
Ans. x − y + e =c
Case 4: Homogeneous D.E. with xM + yN = 0
6. (sin x · tan y + 1)dx + cos x · sec2 ydy = 0
Case 5: D.E. of the form
Ans. not exact
yg(xy)dx + xh(xy)dy = 0
7. (sin x · sin y−xey )dy = (ey +cosx · cos y) dx
Case 6: D.E. of the form
Ans. xey + sin x · cos y = c x a y b (mydx + nxdy) + x c y d (pydx + qxdy) = 0
Case 1: Integrating Factors by Inspection Solution: y 4 dx − xydx + xy 3 dy + x 2 dy = 0
(Grouping of Terms) Regrouping the terms,
Not very often, but sometimes I.F. can be obtained y 3 (ydx + xdy) + x(xdy − ydx) = 0
�y �
by inspection largely upon experience and recogni-
y 3 d(xy) + x · x 2 d =0
tion of “regrouping” the terms of the given equation x
appropriately such that they form the part of certain � �3 � �
x y
common exact differentials listed below for ready d(xy) + d =0
y x
reference: � y �−3 � x �
or d(xy) + d =0
Inte- x y
S. Group of grating Integrating
No. terms factor Exact differential
1 � y �−2
1 xdy+ydx 1 d(x, y) xy − = c1
2 x
1 xdy+ydx
2 xdy+ydx = d{ln (xy)}
xy xy Rearranging 2xy 3 − x 2 = cy 2 where c = 2c1
xdy+ydx (xy)
� 1−n �
1
3 xdy+ydx
(xy)n , (xy)n = d (1−n) Example 2: (x 3 y 3 + 1)dx + x 4 y 2 dy = 0
n=1
Solution: x 3 y 3 dx + dx + x 4 y 2 dy = 0
Dividing by x throughout
1 xdx+ydy 1
4 xdx+ydy = d{ln (x 2 +y 2 )}
x 2 +y 2 x 2 +y 2 2 dx
x 2 y 3 dx + + x 3 y 2 dy = 0
1 xdx=ydy
�
(x 2 +y 2 )1−n
� x
5 xdx+ydy , =d
(x 2 +y 2 )n (x 2 +y 2 )n 2(1−n) Regrouping
n=1
dx
6 xdx+ydy 2 2(xdx + ydy)=d(x 2 +y 2 ) x 2 y 2 (ydx + xdy) + =0
x
dx
(xy)2 d(xy) +
� �
1 xdy−ydx y =0
7 xdy−ydx =d x x
x2 x2
−(ydx−xdy)
� � (xy)3
8 xdy−ydx
1 = −d y
x + ln x = c.
y2 y2 3
� �
1 dy dx y Example 3: y(x 3 exy −y)dx+x(xy+x 3 exy )dy = 0.
9 xdy−ydx xy y − x = d ln x
xdy−ydx Solution: yx 3 exy dx−y 2 dx+xydy+x 4 exy dy = 0.
1 xdy−ydx x2
10 xdy−ydx =
x 2 +y 2 x 2 +y 2
� �2
1+ yx Regrouping, x 3 exy (ydx+xdy)+y(xdy−ydx) = 0
y�
= d tan−1
� � �
x 3 xy 2 xdy − ydx
x d(e ) + y · x · = 0.
x2
Note: A very simple D.E. ydx − xdy = 0 has several I.F. like x −2 ,
y −2 , (xy)−1 , (x 2 + y 2 )−1 . Use the appropriate D.E. depending on Dividing throughout by x 3 ,
the given D.E.
y �y �
d(exy ) + ·d =0
x x
� y �2 1
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES Integrating exy + x 2
= c.
Example 4:
Case 1: Solve the following: (x n+1 · y n + ay)dx + (x n y n+1 + ax)dy = 0
Example 1: y(y 3 − x)dx + x(y 3 + x)dy = 0 Solution: Regrouping the terms
 x n y n (xdx + ydy) + a(ydx + xdy) = 0 Example 6: (y + x)dy = (y − x)dx
Dividing throughout by x n y n Solution: ydy + xdy − ydx + xdx = 0
a d(xy) Regrouping (ydy + xdx) + (xdy − ydx) = 0
(xdx + ydy) + =0
(xy)n 1
d(y 2 + x 2 ) + (xdy − ydx) = 0
2
If n = 1, Integrating
Dividing throughout by (x 2 + y 2 ), we get
x2 + y2 1
+a· = c0 1 1 xdy − ydx
2 (−n + 1)(xy)n−1 d(x 2 + y 2 ) + =0
2 2
2 (x + y ) x2 + y2
(n − 1)(x 2 + y 2 − c)(xy)n−1 = 2a, where c = 2c0 � xdy−ydx �
2 2
If n = 1, x +y
2
+ a ln xy = c. Rewriting 1
d 2 2
(ln (x + y )) + x2
2 =0
2 1+( yx )

Example 5: y(x 2 y 2 − 1)dx + x(x 2 y 2 + 1)dy = 0. 1 � � y ��

d (ln (x 2 + y 2 )) + d tan−1 =0
2 x
Solution: x 2 y 3 dx − ydx + x 3 y 2 dy + xdy = 0
Regrouping x 2 y 2 (ydx + xdy)+(xdy−ydx) = 0 Integrating
y
�
2 2 2 (xdy
− ydx)
ln x 2 + y 2 + tan−1 = c
x y d(xy) + x =0
x2 x
�y �
x 2 y 2 d(xy) + x 2 d =0
x EXERCISE
The second term in L.H.S. is not
� an
� exact differential,
Dividing by x 2 ; y 2 d(xy) + d yx = 0. Solve the following D.E. (by regrouping the terms):
Now multiply throughout by x k y n , we get
�y � 1. (4x 3 y 3 − 2xy)dx + (3x 4 y 2 − x 2 )dy = 0
k n+2 k n
x y d(xy) + x y d =0
x Ans. x 4 y 3 − x 2 y = c
The first term in the L.H.S. becomes an exact differ- 2. 3x 2 ydx + (y 4 − x 3 )dy = 0
ential if k = n + 2, while the second term in L.H.S. Ans. 3x 3 + y 4 = cy
becomes an exact differential if n = −k. Solving
these two equations 3. (x 3 + xy 2 + y)dx + (y 3 + x 2 y + x)dy = 0
Ans. (x 2 + y 2 ) = c − 4xy
k =n+2
4. ydx + (x + x 3 y 2 )dy = 0
n = −k
Ans. 2x 2 y 2 · ln (cy) = 1
We get n = −1, k = 1.
Substituting these values, the D.E. reduces to 5. y(x 3 − y)dx − x(x 3 + y)dy = 0
�y � Hint: After regrouping multiply by x k y n and
x 1 · y −1+2 d(xy) + x 1 y −1 d = 0 determine k and n to make the D.E. exact.
x
x �y � Ans. x 2 + 2y = cxy 2
or xyd(xy) + d = 0
y x
6. ydx − xdy = xy 3 dy
d yx
� �
xyd(xy) + � y � = 0 Ans. ln x
y
= 13 y 3 + c
x
7. xdy = (x 5 + x 3 y 2 + y)dx
Integrating
Ans. tan−1 x
y
= − 41 x 4 + c
(xy)2 �y �
+ ln =c 8. xdy = (y + x 2 + 9y 2 )dx
2 x
 3y Case 4
Ans. tan−1 x
= 3x + c
9. y(2xy + ex )dx = ex dy If M(x, y) and N (x, y) are homogeneous functions
Ans. ex
+x =c2 of the same degree then (xM + yN )−1 is an I.F. of
y
Mdx + Ndy=0, provided xM+yN = 0.
2 2
10. (y 2 exy + 4x 3 )dx + (2xyexy − 3y 2 )dy = 0 In case xM + yN = 0 then x12 or y12 or xy
1
are
2
Ans. exy + x 4 − y 3 = c. I.F’s.

Case 2: When I.F. is a Function of x alone:

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
(My − Nx)/N = g (x)
When F (x, y) is an I.F. then Case 2:
F (Mdx + Ndy) = 0 Solve the following:
is exact therefore Example 1: y(2x 2 − xy + 1) dx + (x − y) dy = 0
∂ ∂
∂y
(F M) =
∂x
(F N ) Solution: Here M = 2yx 2 − xy 2 + y, N = x − y
∂M ∂F ∂N ∂N ∂M ∂N
or F +M = F +N = 2x 2 − 2xy + 1 = 1 = , not exact
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x

Solving we get the formula for I.F. f (x, y) as Since

2x 2 − 2xy + 1 − 1
� �
1
�
∂F ∂F
�
∂M ∂N 1 ∂M ∂N
N −M = − (1) − = = 2x = f (x),
F ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x N ∂y ∂x x−y

(which is a very difficult partial D.E.) is a function of x only, we get an I.F. as

2
�
Suppose I.F. ‘F’ is a function of x alone. In this IF = e 2xdx
= ex
case (1) reduces to 2
� � Multiplying the given D.E. by I.F. ex , we get
1 dF 1 ∂M ∂N
= − (2) 2
yex (2x 2 − xy + 1)dx + ex (x − y)dy = 0
2
F dx N ∂y ∂x
Since L.H.S. of (2) is a function of x alone say g(x) which is of the form
M ∗ dx + N ∗ dy = 0
� �
1 dF 1 ∂M ∂N
i.e., = g(x) = − (3)
F dx N ∂y ∂x ∂M ∗ 2 ∗
=(2x 2 −2xy+1)ex = ∂N
� �
Then integrating 1 dF
= g(x), we get This is exact since ∂y ∂x
F dx
� Integrate
g(x)dx
F (x) = e
∂f 2
where g(x) = (My − Nx )/N . = ex (x − y) = N ∗
∂y

Case 3: When I.F. is a Function of y alone: partially w.r.t. y, we have

(Nx − My)/M = h(y) �
y2
�
x2
f (x, y) = e · xy − + h(x)
Suppose I.F. ‘F ’ is a function of y alone, in which 2
case (1) reduces to
�
∂M ∂N
� Differentiating partially w.r.t. x and equating it to M∗ ,
1 dF ∂y − ∂x we get
=− = h(y)
F dy M � �
x2 y2 2 dh
then the I.F. ‘F ’ is obtained� by integration as e xy − · 2x + ex [y] +
h(y)dy
2 dx
F (y) = e
2
where h(y) = (Nx − My)/M. = M ∗ = yex (2x 2 − xy + 1)
 dh
Simplifying, dx = 0 so h = constant. [Since My∗ = 6x 2 y − 2x
y2
= Nx∗ , this D.E. is exact]
Thus the general solution is Rearranging the terms
2
ex (2xy − y 2 ) = c 2x x2
(3x 2 y 2 dx + 2x 3 ydy) + ( dx − 2 dy) = 0
Example 2: (x − y)dx − dy = 0, y(0) = 2. y y
1 1
y 2 d(x 3 ) + x 3 d(y 2 ) + d(x 2 ) + x 2 d( ) = 0
Solution: M = x − y, N = −1, My = −1, y y
Nx = 0, not exact.
1 1 Regrouping
N
(My − Nx ) = −1 [−1 − 0] = 1 is a function of x.
� � �
I.F.= e 1dx = ex . x2
Multiplying D.E. by I.F. d(x 3 y 2 ) + d =0
y
(x − y)ex dx − ex dy = 0
Integrating
Rewriting xex dx − yex dx − ex dy = 0
xex dx − d(yex ) = 0
� � x2
x3y2 + =c
y
xex dx + ex dx − ex dx − d(yex ) = 0
is the general solution.
(x − 1)ex dx + ex dx − d(yex ) = 0
d((x − 1)ex ) − d(yex ) = 0 Case 4:
Solution Example 4: y(y 2 − 2x 2 )dx + x(2y 2 − x 2 )dy = 0
(x − 1)ex − ye−x = c
Put x = 0, y = 2, so that c = −3. Solution: Here M = y(y 2 − 2x 2 ) and
... (x − 1)ex − ye−x = −3 is the particular solution. N = x(2y 2 −x 2 ) are both homogeneous functions
of degree 3.
Case 3: Since xM + yN = xy(y 2 − 2x 2 ) + yx(2y 2 − x 2 )
= 3(xy)(y 2 − x 2 ) = 0 unless y = x, D.E. has an
Solve the following:
1 1
2 4 3 3 2
I.F = =
Example 3: (3x y +2xy)dx+(2x y −x )dy = 0 xM + yN 3xy(y − x 2 )
2

Solution: Here M = 3x 2 y 4 +2xy, N=2x 3 y 3 −x 2 . Multiplying the D.E. by I.F., we get

My = 12x 2 y 3 + 2x = 6x 2 y 3 − 2x = Nx , not exact.
y(y 2 − 2x 2 ) x(2y 2 − x 2 )
Since dx + dy = 0
3xy(y 2 − x 2 ) 3xy(y 2 − x 2 )
1 6x 2 y 3 − 2x − (12x 2 y 3 + 2x)
(Nx − My ) = Rewriting
M 3x 2 y 4 + 2xy
2 (y 2 − x 2 ) − x 2 y 2 + (y 2 − x 2 )
=− = g(y) = function of y alone, dx + dy = 0
y x(y 2 − x 2 ) y(y 2 − x 2 )
�
g(y)dy dx xdx ydy dy
we get an I.F.= e or − 2 2
+ 2 2
+ =0
x y −x y −x y
−
� 2
y dy
1
=e = e−2 ln y e = Regrouping
y2
1 1 d(y 2 − x 2 )
Multiplying the given D.E. throughout by , we d(ln xy) + =0
y2 2 (y 2 − x 2 )
have
� � Integrating
x2
� �
2x
2 2 3
3x y + dx + 2x y − 2 dy = 0
� � ��
y y d ln x 2 y 2 (y 2 − x 2 ) = 0
 � � � �
we get dx dx dy dy
ydx + + 2 + xdy − + 2 =0
x x y y xy
ln x 2 y 2 (y 2 − x 2 ) = c
or x 2 y 2 (y 2 − x 2 ) = c1 , where c1 = ec . Regrouping the terms
� � � �
ydx xdy dx dy
(ydx + xdy) + + 2 2 + − =0
Case 5: D.E. of the Form— 2
x y 2 x y x y
yg(xy)dx + xh(xy)dy = 0 d(xy) x
or d(xy) + 2
+ d(ln ) = 0
If the D.E. Mdx + Ndy = 0 is in the form (xy) y

yg(xy)dx + xh(xy)dy = 0 Integrating

1 x
where g(xy) and h(xy) are functions of the argument xy − + ln = c
xy y
(product) xy and g(xy) = h(xy) then
Case 6
1 1
= The D.E. is of the form
xM − yN xy{g(xy) − h(xy)}
x a y b (mydx + nxdy) + x c y d (pydx + qxdy) = 0
is an integrating factor provided xM − yN = 0.
where a, b, m, n, c, d, p, q are all constants and
Note: If xM − yN = 0 then = and the givenM y mp − nq = 0 has an integrating factor of the form
N x
D.E. reduces to xdy + ydx = 0 with xy = c as its xhyk
solution. where the unknown constants h, k are determined
from the two equations
a+h+1 b+k+1
=
m n
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
and
c+h+1 d +k+1
=
Example 1: p q
(x 2 y 2 + xy + 1)ydx + (x 2 y 2 − xy + 1)xdy = 0

Solution: Here M = (x 2 y 2 + xy + 1)y, WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

N = (x 2 y 2 − xy + 1)/x so
My = 3x 2 y 2 + 2xy + 1 = 3x 2 y 2 − 2xy + 1 = Nx Example 1: (2y 2 +4x 2 y)dx +(4xy +3x 3 )dy = 0
D.E. is not exact. But M = yg(xy) and N = xh(xy) Solution: Here M = 2y 2 + 4x 2 y, N = 4xy + 3x 3 ,
so the given D.E. is of the form My = 4y + 4x 2 = 4y + 9x 2 = Nx , not exact. It is
also not homogeneous. It is not M = yh(xy) and
yg(xy)dx + xh(xy)dy = 0
N = xg(xy) form. So let us try to find an integrating
which has an integrating factor given by factor of the form
1 1 xhyk
=
xM − yN xy(x y + xy + 1) − xy(x 2 y 2 − xy + 1)
2 2 Consider the D.E.
1 2y 2 dx + 4x 2 ydx + 4xydy + 3x 3 dy = 0
=
2x 2 y 2 Rearranging the terms
1
Multiplying D.E. with I.F. x2y2
, we get x 2 (4ydx + 3xdy) + y(2ydx + 4xdy) = 0

(x 2 y 2 + xy + 1)ydx (x 2 y 2 − xy + 1)x
Comparing this with
+ dy = 0 x a y b (mydx + nxdy) + x c y d (pydx + qxdy) = c
x2y2 x2y2
Rearranging here a = 2, b = 0, m = 4, n = 3,
 c = 0, d = 1, p = 2, q = 4 6. (2x 3 y 2 + 4x 2 y + 2xy 2 + xy 4 + 2y)dx +
2(y 3 + x 2 y + x)dy = 0
Also mp − nq = 8 − 12 = −4 = 0
2
The unknown constants in the integrating factor are Ans. (2x 2 y 2 + 4xy + y 4 )ex = c.
determined from the following:
Case 3: Solve the following:
a+h+1 b+k+1 2+h+1 0+k+1
= i.e., =
m n 4 3 1. (y + xy 2 )dx − xdy = 0
i.e., 4k − 3h = 5
x x2
c+h+1 d +k+1 0+h+1 1+k+1
Ans. y
+ 2
=c
= i.e., =
p q 2 4 2. y(x + y + 1)dx + x(x + 3y + 2)dy = 0
i.e., k − 2 = 0 Ans. xy 2 (x + 2y + 2) = c
Solving for h, k, we get h = 1, k = 2. 3. 3(x 2 + y 2 )dx + x(x 2 + 3y 2 + 6y)dy = 0
Thus the required integrating factor is
Ans. xey (x 2 + 3y 2 ) = c
1 2
x ·y .
4. (xy 3 + y)dx + 2(x 2 y 2 + x + y 4 )dy = 0
Multiplying the given D.E. by this integrating factor Ans. 3x 2 y 4 + 6xy 2 + 2y 6 = c
xy 2 , we get
5. (y 4 + 2y)dx + (xy 3 + 2y 4 − 4x)dy = 0
2 2 2 2 3
xy (2y + 4x y)dx + xy (4xy + 3x )dy = 0
4 3 3 2 3 4 2
Ans. (y 3 + 2)x + y 4 = cy 2
2xy + 4x y dx + 4x y dy + 3x y dy = 0
6. 2xydx + (y 2 − x 2 )dy = 0, y(2) = 1
Regrouping the terms (1st and 3rd) and (2nd and 4th)
Ans. x 2 + y 2 = 5y.
2 4 4 3
d(x y ) + d(x y ) = 0
Case 4: Solve the following:
Integrating x 2 y 4 + x 4 y 3 = c is the solution.
1. x 2 ydx − (x 3 + y 3 )dy = 0
3 /(3y 3 )
Ans. y = ce−x
EXERCISE
2. (x 2 y − 2xy 2 )dx − (x 3 − 3x 2 y)dy = 0
x
Case 2: Solve the following: Ans. y
− 2 log x + 3 log y = c
3. (x 4 + y 4 )dx − xy 3 dy = 0
1. (4xy + 3y 2 − x)dx + x(x + 2y)dy = 0
Ans. y 4 = 4x 4 ln x + cx 4
Ans. x 3 (4xy + 4y 2 − x) = c
4. y 2 dx + (x 2 − xy − y 2 )dy = 0
2. y(x + y)dx + (x + 2y − 1)dy = 0
−x
Ans. (x − y)y 2 = c(x + y)
Ans. y(x − 1 + y) = ce
5. (y − x)dx + (y + x)dy = 0
3. 2xydy − (x 2 + y 2 + 1)dx = 0 1
� �
Ans. ln (x 2 + y 2 ) 2 − tan−1 xy = c.
Ans. y 2 − x 2 + 1 = cx
4. (3xy − 2ay 2 )dx + (x 2 − 2axy)dy = 0 Case 5: Solve the following:
3 2 2
Ans. x y − ax y = c
2 2
1. y(x 2 y 2 + 2)dx + x(2 − 2x 2 y 2 )dy = 0
5. 2�sin (y )dx + xy cos (y )dy = 0, y(2) = 1
π
2 Ans. x = cy 2 e (x 2 y 2 )
Ans. x 4 sin (y 2 ) = 16 2. y(xy + 2x 2 y 2 )dx + x(xy − x 2 y 2 )dy = 0