Module-2

Occupational hazard and control – Hazard analysis, Human error and fault tree analysis,
Emergency response, Principles of Safety.
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Hazard Analysis-Preliminary Hazard Analysis
 A hazard is a condition or combination of conditions that, if left uncorrected, may lead to
an accident, illness, or property damage
 There are two approaches to hazard analysis: preliminary and detailed.
 A preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) is conducted to identify possible hazards and
prioritize them according to the (1) likelihood of an accident or injury being caused by
the hazard and (2) severity of injury, illness, or property damage that could result if the
hazard caused an accident.
 when a new system or piece of equipment is installed, the management probably wants to
bring it on line as soon as possible.
 In such cases, a PHA is in order. The PHA can serve two purposes: (1) it can speed up
bringing the new system on line, but at a substantially reduced risk of injuring workers
and (2) it can serve as a guide for a future detailed analysis.
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Hazard Analysis-Preliminary Hazard Analysis
 PHA required to form a team of experienced personnel who are familiar with the
equipment, material, substance, or process being analyzed. Experience and related
expertise are important factors in conducting a preliminary review.
 For example, say a new piece of equipment, such as a computer numerically controlled
(CNC) machining center, is installed. The safety and health professional may form a
team that includes an experienced machinist, an electrician, a materials expert, and a
computer control specialist to identify the hazards.
 Each team member asks the others a series of “what if” questions: What if a cutting bit
breaks? What if the wrong command is entered? What if the material stock is too long?
Depending on the nature of the process being analyzed, personnel from adjacent or
related processes should be added to the team.
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Hazard Analysis- Preliminary Hazard Analysis
 An example of a job hazard analysis survey adapted from one developed by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. A preliminary analysis team would use this
form to identify potential hazards associated with Job.
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Hazard Analysis-Detailed Hazard Analysis
 Whereas a preliminary analysis may involve just observation or initial testing of new
equipment and systems, the detailed hazard analysis involves the application of
analytical, inductive, and deductive methods.
 Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), Fault tree analysis (FTA), Hazard and
operability review (HAZOP), Human error analysis (HEA), Risk analysis, Technique of
operation review (TOR) some of the more widely used methods for conducting a detailed
hazard analysis.
 However, in cases where the potential exists for serious injury, multiple injuries, or
catastrophic illness, a detailed hazard analysis is conducted.
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Human Error Analysis
 Human error analysis (HEA) is used to predict human error, not to review what has
occurred.
 Although the records of past accidents can be studied to identify trends that can, in turn,
be used to predict accidents, this should be done as part of an accident investigation.
HEA should be used to identify hazards before they cause accidents.
 Two approaches to HEA can be effective: (1) observing employees at work and noting
hazards (the task analysis approach) and (2) actually performing job tasks to get a first
hand feel for hazards.
 Regardless of how the HEA is conducted, it is a good idea to perform it in conjunction
with FMEAs and HAZOPs. This will enhance the effectiveness of all three processes.
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Fault Tree Analysis
 Fault tree analysis (FTA) can be used to predict and prevent accidents or as an
investigative tool after the fact.
 FTA is an analytical methodology that uses a graphic model to display the analysis
process visually.
 A fault tree is built using special symbols, some derived from Boolean algebra. The
resultant model resembles a logic diagram or a flowchart.
 A fault tree is developed using the following steps:
1. Decide on the accident or incident to be placed at the top of the tree.
2. Identify the broadest level of failure or fault event that could contribute to the top event.
Assign the appropriate symbols.
3. Move downward through successively more specific levels until basic events are
identified.
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Sample Fault Tree Analysis
 Occupational Hazard and Control
Fault Tree Analysis
 Experience, deliberate care, and systematic analysis are very important in constructing
fault trees.
 Once a fault tree has been constructed, it is examined to determine the various
combinations of failure or fault events that could lead to the top event.
 With simple fault trees, this can be accomplished manually; with more complex trees,
this step is difficult. However, computer programs are available to assist in
accomplishing this step.
 The final step involves making recommendations for preventive measures.