NOTES

VM III [Batch - 16] , Group - V

Name : Kajal Kumari
Roll No. : 22BC571

Introduction of Trigonometric Ratios

Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon "triangle" + matrons "measure") is a branch of mathematics that
studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides.
Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have
applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves.

Uses of Trigonometric Ratios

The technique of triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the distance to nearby stars, in
geography to measure distances between landmarks, and in satellite navigation systems. The sine
and cosine functions are fundamental to the theory of periodic functions such as those that describe
sound and light waves.

Trigonometric Ratios Table

Today, scientific calculators have buttons for calculating the main trigonometric functions (sin, cos,
tan and sometimes cis) and their inverses. Most allow a choice of angle measurement methods:
degrees, radians and, sometimes, grad.[citation needed]
NOTES

Definition
If T (A) = [x,y,z] for any angle A in first quadrant
then, sin A = y/z = p/h
cos A = x/z = b/h

Perpendicular
tan A = y/x = p/b

Hy
po
cosec A = z/y = h/p

ten
us
e
sec A = z/x = h/b
a
cot A = x/y = b/p
Base
We note that sine, cosine, tangent, etc. are all circular functions. If A is the measure of an angle then
there is one end and only one value of sine A. This gives rise to a function from the set of measures
of angles which are real numbers to set of real numbers in form of ratio y/z. This function is called
sine function. Its domain is R , i.e. set of real numbers. Similarly for the other functions.
NOTES

Trigonometric Ratios & Reciprocal Identities

From definitions above we can state following relations:
(sin A / cos A) = tan A
( cos A / sin A) = cot A
(1/tan A) = cot A
(1/ sin A ) = cosec A
(1/ cos A) = sec A
C
Pythagorean Trigonometric Identities

Perpendicular
tangent = perpendicular/base = y/x

Hy
z

po
Also, angent = sine/cosine = 1/cotangent y

ten
us
e
Vedic Proof :
To prove : [1] sin² A + cos² A =1 B Base A
x
Proof : Let, T (A) = [x,y,z] then sin A = y/z, cos A = x/z hence
sin² A + cos² A =(y²/ z²) + (x²/z²) = (y² + x²)/ z² = (z²/z²) =1
Textual Proof : sin² A + cos² A =1
AB²+BC²= AC²
Dividing eqn AC²,
(AB/AC)² + (BC/AC)² = (AC/AC)²
sin² + cos² =1

[2] 1 + tan² A = sec² A [3] 1 + cot² A = cosec² A

1 + tan² A = (y²/x²)=(x²+y²)/x²=z²/x²= 1 + cot² A = 1+(x²/y²) = (y²+x²)/y²=z²/y² =
(z/x)²=sec² A (z/y) ²=cosec²A
AB²+BC²= AC² AB²+BC²= AC²
Dividing eqn BC², Dividing eqn AB²,
(AB/BC)² + (BC/BC)² = (AC/BC)² (AB/AB)² + (BC/AB)² = (AC/AB)²
tan² A+ 1= sec²A 1+ cot² A= cosec²A
NOTES

Trigonometric Ratios for standard angles using Triplets

T (0˚) = [1,0,1], sin o˚ = 0/1 = 0 and cos 0˚ = 1/1 =1.
T (30˚) = [3,1,2], sin 30 = ½ and cos 30= 3/2. √
√
T (45˚) = [1,1,2], sin 45 = 1/ 2and cos 45 = 1/ 2 √
√
T (60˚) = [1,3,2], sin 60 = 3/2 ad cos 60 = ½.
T (90˚) = [0,1,1], sin 90 = 1/1=1 and cos 90 = 0/1 =0.
T (180˚)= [-1,0,1], sin 180=0 and cos 180 = -1.

Pythagorean Triplets
Pythagorean Triple (Triples are known as triplets but triples
is the majorly used term) can be defined as a set of 3
positive integers (integer is a whole number, it can be positive,
negative or zero) a, b and c that fits in the pythagorean
formula, which is : –
These 3 sides of a right angled triangle A, B and C form the pythagorean triples.
A²+ B² = C²
Here A is altitude or height , B is our base and C is hypotenuse.
According to the figure: –
AB² + BC² = AC²

The smallest Pythagorean Triple exists is: – 3, 4 and 5

Let’s check this: –
[1] Suppose a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5. [2] 5, 12 and 13
According to the formulae : – 5² + 12² = 13²
a² + b² = c² 25 + 144 = 169
3² + 4² = 5² 169 = 169
9 + 16 = 25 Hence , it is a pythagorean triplet.
NOTES

Let us generate Pythagorean triples to better understand the steps: –

Given two integers are 2 and 3, generate a Pythagorean Triple from them?
Assume x = 3, y = 2
Hence x > y, x = 3, and y = 2.
Now, simply put the values into the formulas of a, b, and c,
to get the sides of the right triangle.
Computing a:
a = x² – y²
a = 3² – 2²
9–4=5
a=5
Computing b:
b = 2xy
b=2×3×2
b = 12
Computing c:
c = x² + y²
c = 3² + 2²
c = 13
Let us check if our values for a = 5, b = 12, and c = 13
satisfy the Pythagorean theorem, which is a² + b²= c²
LHS:
5² + 12² = 25 +144 = 169
RHS : 132 = 169
Therefore, (5, 12, 13) are Pythagorean triples.

Trigonometric Identities
NOTES

Opposite Angle Identities Sum & Difference of Angles Identities

Complementary Angles Identities Product - Sum Identities

Product Identities
Supplementary Angles Identities

Double Angle Identities

Half Angle Identities

NOTES

Illustrations
1. Computation of Trigonometric Ratios
Let us assume that in a triangle, the value of tan A is given as 4/3. We have to find out the value of
cosec A.
The traditional trigonometric method would use the following formula :
cosec² A = 1 + cot ² A as tan A = 4 / 3, cot A = 3 / 4
On substituting this value in the given formula, we get cosec² A = 1 + 9 / 16
Therefore, cosec ² A = 25 / 16 and cosec A = 5 / 4, sin A = 4 / 5
If we also want the value of cos A, we can use the formula tan A = sin A / cos A
On substituting the value of tan A and sin A,
we get cos A = sin A / tan A = ( 4 / 5 ) / ( 4 / 3 ) = 3 / 5

Let us now see how to use the Vedic maths technique of the triplet to compute the values of cosec A,
cos A etc.
The incomplete triplet in this example is
3, 4, _
tan A = 4/3 = 2nd value / 1st value
The complete triplet would now be3, 4, 5 as seen before.
As soon as this triplet is built, we can read off all the ratios
E.g. cosec A = last value / 2nd value = 5 / 4cos A = 1st value / last value = 3 / 5

2. Computing trigonometric ratios of twice the angle

As we have seen above, the triplet for the angle A is written as a, b, c
The triplet for the angle 2A can be obtained very easily by using the following computation
(a² – b²), 2ab, c
Let us see an example.
Assume that we are given the value of sin A = 3 / 5 and we have to compute tan 2A.
NOTES

The normal way would be as follows :

Sin² A + cos ² A = 1
Therefore cos ² A = 1 – sin ² A = 1 – ( 9 / 25) = 16 / 25
Therefore cos A = 4 / 5
Now, sin 2A = 2*sin A * cos A = 2 * ( 3 / 5) * (4 / 5) = 24 / 25
Also, cos² 2A = 1 – sin² 2A= 1 – ( 242/ 252) = 49 / 625
Therefore cos 2A = 7 / 25 and tan 2A = sin 2A / cos 2A = 24 / 7

Consider the triplet method now.

Since sin A = 3 / 5, the partial triplet for angle A is __, 3, 5
Therefore the complete triplet for angle A will be 4, 3, 5
The triplet for angle 2A can be computed by using the formula (a² – b²), 2ab, c²
7, 24, 25
The value of tan 2A can now be read off directly as tan 2A = 24 / 7 and cos2A = 7 / 25

3. Computing trigonometric ratios of half the angle

If the triplet for the angle A is a, b, c then the triplet for the angle A/2 can be obtained by using the
√
following computation (a + b), b, [ (a + c)² + b² ]
Let us see the example where the value of sin A = 3 / 5 and we want to compute tan A / 2.
Now as per trigonometric formula,
sin A = (2 * tan A/2 ) / (1 + tan² A/2)
If we solve this equation, we get tan A/2 = 1 / 3

Let us see the triplet method in action The complete triplet for angle A is 4, 3, 5
√
The triplet for angle A / 2 can be computed by using the formula (a + b), b, [ (a + c)² + b² ] and
√
hence the triplet for A/2 is 9, 3, 3 10
Now, we can read off the value as tan A/2 = 1/3,
tan A/2 = 1/3,
√
sin A /2 = 1/ 10,
√
cos A/2 = 3/ 10
 Notos
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 Vedic Mathematics Project
Name - Dhruv Gupta
Roll Number - 22BC561
Vedic Math III - Batch 16
Unit 4 - Vedic Geometry

Topics to be covered:-
1. Baudhayan Geometry
2. Jyothishya Shastram-Introduction of Astronomy,
Astrology & Time Computation
3. Shilpa Shastram- Introduction of temple architecture
and constructions

BAUDHAYAN GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Geometry of Euclid is taught all over the world,
considering it to be authentic in the subject of geometry.
But it should be remembered that even before the great
Greek geologist Euclid, many geometry scientists in India
had discovered important laws of geometry, among those
geometry the name of Bodhayana is paramount. Geometry
or Geometry in India at that time was called Shulva
Shastra. The sutras of Baudhayana are in Vedic Sanskrit
and are related to religion, daily rituals, mathematics
etc. They related to the Taittiriya branch of the Krishna
Yajurveda. These are probably the oldest texts in the
Sutra texts. They were probably composed in the 8th-
7th century BC. Most notably, Bodhayana's Shulbasutras
contain many results and theorems of early mathematics
and geometry, including an approximate value of the
square root of 2, and a statement of the Pythagorean
theorem.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF BAUDHAYANA TO GEOMETRY

1. Constructing a circle of area equal to the area of

the square

चिुरस्रं मण्डिं तचकीषिन्न् अक्षयार्ं मध्यात्प्राचीमभ्यापाियेि्

यदतितशष्यिे िस्य सह िृिीयेन मण्डिं पररतिखेि् ।।
Draw half its diagonal about the center towards the East-
West line; then describe a circle together with a third
part of that which lies outside the square. That is, if the
side of the square is 2a, then the radius of the circle r =
[a+1/3(√2a – a)] = [1+1/3(√2 – 1)] a
2. Constructing a Square of Area Equal to the Area of
the Circle

मण्डिं चिुरस्रं तचकीषिस्त्िष्कम्भमष्टौ भागान्कृ त्वा भागमेक नतरंशर्ा।

तिभाज्याष्टातिंशतिभागानुद्धरेि् भागस्य च षष्ठमष्टमभाग नम् ॥
If you wish to turn a circle into a square, divide the
diameter into eight parts and one of these parts into
twenty-nine parts: of these twenty-nine parts remove
twenty-eight and moreover the sixth part (of the one
part left) less the eighth part (of the sixth part).

3. Circling a square

Bodhayana was able to draw a circle roughly equal to the

area of a square and vice versa. These processes are
described in their sources (I-58 and I-59). Possibly in
his quest to build circular altars, he constructed two
circles enclosing the two squares shown below.
Now, as in the area of squares, he realized that the
inner circle should be exactly half of the larger circle in
area. He knew that the area of a circle is proportional
to the square of its radius and the above construction
proves to be the same. By the same logic, as the
circumference of two squares, the circumference of the
outer circle must also be 22 times the circumference of
the inner circle. This proves the known fact that the
perimeter of a circle is proportional to its radius. This
led to an important perusal made by Bodhayan. that the
areas and perimeters of many regular polygons, including
the squares above, can be related to each other as in
the case of circles.
 Jyothishya Shastram -
Introduction of Astronomy, Astrology

INTRODUCTION
Jyotishya Shastra, often referred to simply as Jyotish,
is an ancient Indian system of astrology and astronomy.
The term "Jyotish" is derived from the Sanskrit word
"jyoti," meaning "light" or "heavenly body," and "isha,"
meaning "ruler" or "lord." Therefore, Jyotish can be
interpreted as "the science of heavenly bodies" or "the
science of celestial rulership."
Origins: The origins of Jyotishya Shastra can be traced
back to the Vedic period of ancient India, where it was
primarily developed as a tool for understanding and
interpreting celestial phenomena. The Vedas, the oldest
scriptures of Hinduism, contain references to
astronomical observations and their significance in
rituals and daily life.

ASTRONOMY
Historical Development:
Astronomy, the scientific study of celestial objects and
phenomena, has ancient roots dating back to prehistoric
times when early humans observed the movements of
stars, planets, and other celestial bodies.
Ancient civilizations such as the Mesopotamians,
Egyptians, Greeks, Chinese, and Indians developed
sophisticated observational techniques and astronomical
theories. Indian astronomy, as exemplified by Jyotishya
Shastra, made significant contributions to the
understanding of celestial mechanics, planetary motion,
and mathematical astronomy.

Key Concepts: The study of the motions and

interactions of celestial bodies under the influence of
gravitational forces. Eclipses, planetary conjunctions,
meteor showers, and cometary appearances, among
others. Equatorial, ecliptic, and galactic coordinate
systems used to map the positions of celestial objects
on the celestial sphere.
Contributions: Indian astronomers developed
sophisticated mathematical models for predicting
celestial events such as eclipses, planetary positions,
and lunar phases. The concept of zero and positional
notation systems, crucial for mathematical astronomy
and scientific calculations, originated in ancient India.
Indian astronomers accurately determined the duration
of a tropical year, the sidereal year, and the length of
the lunar month. Their contributions to trigonometry,
algebra, and calculus facilitated advancements in
astronomy and mathematics worldwide. The Sanskrit
texts of Aryabhatiya, Siddhanta Shiromani, and Surya
Siddhanta contain valuable insights into Indian
astronomical knowledge and methods.

ASTROLOGY
Historical Development:
Astrology, the belief that the positions and movements
of celestial bodies influence human affairs and natural
events, has ancient origins dating back to Mesopotamian,
Egyptian, Greek, and Indian civilizations. Astrological
practices evolved over millennia, incorporating cultural,
religious, and philosophical influences.

Key Concepts:
The practice of constructing an astrological chart
(horoscope or birth chart) based on the positions of
celestial bodies at the time and place of an individual's
birth. The division of the celestial sphere into twelve
astrological signs, each associated with specific
personality traits and characteristics. The
interpretation of the positions and aspects of planets in
the horoscope to predict and analyze various aspects of
life, including personality, relationships, career, and
health. Twelve divisions of the horoscope representing
different areas of life, such as career, family, finances,
and spirituality.

Contributions:
Astrology played a significant role in the cultural, social,
and political life of ancient civilizations, influencing
decision-making, religious practices, and personal
beliefs. Indian astrologers developed sophisticated
systems of predictive astrology, including methods for
analyzing planetary transits, dasa periods, and yogas
(auspicious combinations) in the horoscope. Astrological
principles such as muhurta (electional astrology), used
for selecting auspicious timings for important events,
continue to be practiced in Indian culture.

The fusion of astrology with astronomy in ancient India

led to the development of astrological-astronomical
calendars used for religious festivals, rituals, and
agricultural activities.
 Shilpa Shastram- Introduction of
temple architecture and constructions

Temple Geometry
In Hindu temple architecture, geometry always plays a
vital and enigmatic role. The geometry of a plan starts
with a line, forming an angle, evolving a triangle, then a
square and distinctly a circle and so on, ultimately
deriving complex forms. As per the previous discussion,
the occurrence of complexity, results into self-
similarity and further it leads to the occurrence of
fractal geometry. Geometry is a disciplined field, and
the fractals follow it. Both have definite paths of
action, which was expressed by Dhrubajyoti Sardar, S.
Y. Kulkarni. In following diagrams as shown below, the
role of fractal theory in basic geometry of Hindu temple
plans is exhibited.
Layout and Orientation
in Sanskrit ‘Vinyaasa’ means orientation and ‘sutra’
means thread, line, or axis. It is related with the lay out
and orientation of temple plans. Vastupurushamandala is
the base of evolution of a temple plan. Vinyasasutra
comes into play after the initial evolution of the temple
plan. During the determination of the axis and
orientation of the temple and its surroundings, ancient
architects used to follow the process described in
Hindu scripts like Vastushashtra, Manasara etc.
However, all the plans followed geometries with fractal
character.

Temple Complex
The design of the temple complex varies according to
the style of the temple. Most of the temples in North
India do not have a boundary wall. However, in the
South Indian style, it is an essential design element of
the temple complex. In some areas, the entire temple
complex consists of only the Mulaprasada. To the
trained eye, the miniature fractals of the main shrine
stand out in a well-designed temple complex. All the
elements including the Toranas, Gopurams, miniature
shrines, Pushkarinis etc. either have been repeated in a
disciplined order or have been constructed following the
rules of fractal theory.

Evolution of plans through iteration

In keeping with the site plan, the plan of the main
temple structure also follows the rule of fractals. At
the very beginning, the steps are the simplest form of
fractals from which the halls or mandapas grow
expansively. First, the Mukhamandapa or the hall of
entrance and then the Ardhamandapa, the half-heighted
hall and finally the Maha Mandapa, the grand hall is
positioned. After the mandapas, comes the Mulaprasada,
which encloses the Garbhagriha, the inner sanctum. The
enclosures of these halls and the spaces gradually take
the shape following the fractal theory. The basic plan
form also followed the iteration and gradually became
more complex from a simple quadrangle or square plan.
It follows the repetition in recesses or in projections.
Integration of the concepts with an example
showcasing Telangana temple architecture

The most remarkable aspect of the relationship of

fractal geometry and Hindu temple architecture is that,
not only does the physical manifestation of a Hindu
temple confirm to the geometry of fractals, but also
the theory behind fractal geometry, i.e., the fractal
concept is parallel to the concept and idea of temple and
its philosophy. The parameters of replication in multiple
iterations, self-similarity, dynamics, and complexity at
varying scales are the ones that render Hindu temples
fractal-friendly, therefore, forming the base for
fractal analysis in the Hindu temple. The Vastu Purush
Mandala, geometrical basis of the Hindu Temple plan, is
the result of fractal iterations. As an example of
temple architecture, Ramappa temple, thousand pillar
temple and Jogulamba temple are taken for further
study and findings.

Features of the temple

The structure is of the pyramidal type, consisting of
four storeys
Decorated beams and pillars of carved granite and
dolerite
 Distinctive and pyramidal Vimana (horizontally
stepped tower) made of lightweight porous bricks
called floating bricks that reduced the weight of
the roof structures.
he temple’s sculptures are of high artistic quality
and illustrate regional dance customs and the culture
of Kakatiyas. 
The temple is known for the bracket figures which
spring from outer pillars and are shown as
supporting the roof projections. 
The temple falls under the protection of the
Kakatiya Heritage Trust (KHT), which has been
pushing it for the World Heritage tag since 2012.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Shilpa Shastra stands as the venerable
guide to temple architecture and construction, providing
a rich tapestry of principles, designs, and rituals that
have shaped the sacred spaces of worship across the
Indian subcontinent and beyond. With meticulous
attention to detail and profound spiritual significance,
Shilpa Shastra has not only influenced the physical
structures of temples but also the spiritual experiences
of countless devotees. Its enduring legacy continues to
inspire awe and reverence for the intricate
craftsmanship and divine symbolism embodied in these
architectural marvels, serving as timeless testaments to
humanity's quest for transcendence and connection with
the divine.

THANK YOU!