SEUJA,VOL. 3, NO. 1, JUNE. 2023, PP.

46-66

Southeast University Journal of Architecture

Journal homepage: www.seu.edu.bd/seuja

Design Approaches for Local Materials and Climate Change Adaptation in

Vernacular Architecture of Bangladesh.
Priyanka Bhattacharya a* Malabika Biswas b
a
Senior Architect, Abul Khair Group,Pahartali,Chattagram.B.Arch-KU Email: [email protected]
b
Senior Architect,Design source team limited,Epicettehadpoint,lovelain,Chattagram. B.Arch-SUST Email: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT

Received: June 22, 2023 This article explores design approaches to enhance the resilience of vernacular
Revised: August 13, 2023 architecture in climate-vulnerable Bangladesh. While traditional vernacular architecture
Accepted: September 01, 2023
historically adapted to harsh climates, intensified climate change poses new challenges.
Published online: October 8, 2023
Recognizing the significance of vernacular architecture for sustainable development, the
research aims to bridge the gap between traditional and modern sustainability practices.
Keywords: Key design strategies focus on utilizing locally available materials capable of
Vernacular Architecture,
Climate change resilience, withstanding severe weather conditions, while integrating innovative and modern
Indigenous materials, techniques. Community involvement ensures cultural appropriateness and long-term
Best practices & strategies sustainability. The research question centers on integrating vernacular principles with
contemporary sustainable practices in rural and urban settings. Employing mixed-
methods research, including case studies and expert interviews, the study seeks to revive
and promote vernacular heritage as a resilient solution to climate change impacts,
safeguarding the built environment in Bangladesh. Potential gaps in this research could
include limited analysis of implementation challenges, insufficient evaluation of long-
term structural resilience, and a lack of in-depth exploration of socio-economic impacts
and community engagement dynamics in the design process. Additionally, a comparative
analysis with modern architectural approaches and consideration of policy influences
might enhance the research's breadth and practical relevance.

1. Introduction architecture and promote its sustainable practices to

effectively address climate change and enhance resilience
Bangladesh, highly vulnerable to climate change, in Bangladesh.
struggles to adapt its built environment. Vernacular To address this situation, there is a pressing need to
architecture, historically climate-adaptive and sustainable, reestablish the significance of vernacular architecture and
has lost its traditional characteristics due to foreign its role in climate change adaptation. This journal aims to
influences and contemporary trends. Architect Mazharul delve into the design approaches for climate change
Islam aimed to revive climate-responsive architecture after adaptation in both rural and urban vernacular architecture
Bangladesh's liberation, but many modern architects in Bangladesh. By examining the factors influencing
prioritize trendy designs and pseudo-sustainable materials design decisions and exploring innovative techniques, this
over local resources and traditional expressions. As a research intends to contribute to the revival and
result, the rich vernacular heritage remains limited to integration of traditional architectural principles with
impoverished rural communities employing traditional modern sustainability practices.
techniques. This journal enquires about –characteristics of
It is crucial to recognize the value of vernacular vernacular architecture of Bangladesh with climate change

* Corresponding author: Priyanka Bhattacharya, Senior Architect, Abul Khair Group,Pahartali,Chattagram. Bangladesh
This article is published with open access at www.seu.edu.bd/seuja
ISSN No.: 2789-2999 (Print), ISSN No.: 2789-3006 (Online)
Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

adaptation in both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, it poverty and inequality [39]. Poor people are generally the
aims to explore the limitations of using traditional most vulnerable to the climate change as they live in
techniques in terms of sustainability and investigate how remote and disaster prone areas where they have little
these limitations can be overcome by establishing capacity to adapt to the shocks[28].
innovative and modern techniques within the context of
vernacular, environment-friendly architecture in both 3. What is Vernacular Architecture?
rural and urban settings.
Vernacular architecture pertains to the construction of
buildings using local materials and available technology,
2. Literarure Review
with a functional design that addresses the specific needs
of ordinary people in their particular time and location. It
Climate change presents significant challenges for the
encompasses the architectural creations of local craftsmen
built environment, particularly in developing countries
like Bangladesh, given its low-lying geography, high or master masons, who may lack formal institutional
training but possess traditional knowledge and skills.[19]
population density, and vulnerable infrastructure.
Vernacular architecture has emerged as a crucial approach The term "vernacular" originates from the Latin word
"vernaculus," which means native. In the context of
to climate change adaptation, grounded in local
architecture, it refers to the distinctive style of a particular
knowledge, materials, and building practices that respond
group or social class within a society.[29] It is closely tied
to environmental conditions.
to the language, materials, construction techniques, social
According to Paul Oliver, “Vernacular architecture customs, and systems that are unique to a specific region
comprises the dwellings and other buildings of the people. or country.
Related to their environmental contexts and available
resources they are customarily owner- or community- 3.1. Key Features of vernacular architecture include:
built, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of
vernacular architecture are built to meet specific needs,  Use of Local Materials: Vernacular architecture
accommodating the values, economies and ways of life of relies on utilizing materials found locally, such as
the cultures that produce them” [37]. In another wood, stone, mud, thatch, or bamboo. These materials
definition Oliver gives a description about the context of are readily available, cost-effective, and suitable for
vernacular architecture: “Within the context of vernacular the specific climate and environmental conditions of
architecture it embraces what is known and what is the region.[14] [16]
inherited about the dwelling, building, or settlement. It  Climate Adaptation: Vernacular architecture is
includes the collective wisdom &experience of a society, purposefully designed to adapt to the local climate.
and the norms that have become accepted by the group as The arrangement, positioning, and construction
being appropriate to its built environment” [37]. techniques are customized to maximize natural
Vernacular architecture is congenial to people and ventilation, daylighting, and thermal comfort.
sympathetic to environment[38]. Several studies have Vernacular designs often incorporate elements like
investigated the thermal performance of traditional mud courtyards, extended roofs, and lattice screens to
houses compared to brick and CI sheet houses [32]. Mud regulate temperature and airflow effectively.[3]
houses have been found to provide better thermal comfort  Cultural Context: Vernacular architecture reflects
levels due to their inherent insulation properties. the cultural and social values of a community [32].
Furthermore, the utilization of solar passive methods and  Flexible in their use: The design evolves over time,
techniques in modern buildings, such as those inspired by incorporating changes based on user requirements
vernacular architecture, can decrease dependence on fossil and technological advancements.[11]
energy and promote sustainability [3] [6]. The cultural  Sustainability& Resource Efficiency: Vernacular
and environmental value of traditional mud houses has architecture promotes sustainable practices by
been emphasized, highlighting the need to preserve and utilizing local resources and minimizing
value indigenous practices. Adaptation to climate change environmental impact. It emphasizes efficient use of
did not receive much attention in the first years of the materials, energy, and water resources, and often
international climate change studies, where there was employs passive design strategies to reduce reliance
more focus on mitigation and impacts These vernacular on mechanical systems [32].
houses not only demonstrate minimal environmental
impact but also contribute to community bonding. 4. Methodology
Additionally, vernacular architecture, with its shared
cultural heritage and identity, continues to be prevalent in This research employed a rigorous and comprehensive
the South Asian region, where a significant portion of the methodology to investigate design approaches for local
population lives in self-built houses [16] [25]. materials and climate change adaptation in vernacular
A good number of papers have recognized climate architecture of Bangladesh. The study began with an
change as one of the emerging issues of pro-poor growth, extensive literature review and analysis of relevant case

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

studies to understand historical practices and challenges. practices, bridging traditional and contemporary
Field surveys and documentation were conducted in approaches. The objective is to promote sustainable
various rural and urban areas, gathering primary data and resilient architectural practices in Bangladesh.
through interviews with stakeholders and detailed
architectural documentation. 6. Importance of Local Materials and Climate
Data analysis utilized a combination of qualitative and Adaptation:
quantitative methods to identify patterns and insights.  Environmental Sustainability
Stakeholder experiences were carefully analyzed to  Cost-effectiveness
incorporate valuable perspectives. A comparative analysis  Cultural Preservation
evaluated different design approaches used in various  Climate Resilience
projects. Based on research findings, comprehensive  Community Engagement and Empowerment
recommendations and guidelines were formulated,
emphasizing the integration of traditional techniques with Vernacular architecture embodies the principles of
contemporary sustainable practices. sustainability, cultural preservation, and community
The research methodology ensured a systematic and engagement [. It utilizes local materials, adapts to the
coherent flow of information, connecting data collection, local climate, and reflects the unique identity and needs of
analysis, and findings. The study aimed to contribute to a place. By recognizing the importance of local materials
the development of sustainable and resilient architectural and climate adaptation, vernacular architecture offers a
solutions, addressing climate change challenges in the valuable approach to sustainable and culturally
context of vernacular architecture in Bangladesh. meaningful construction practices.[14][3]

7. Climate Challenges in Bangladesh &

Literature Recommenda Possible Adaptation in Vernacular Architecture
Review & tions and Design
case studies Guidelines Approaches
Bangladesh encounters substantial climate-related
Policy difficulties as a result of its geographic location, low-lying
Field Surveys Comparative implications
and delta terrain, densely populated areas, and heightened
Analysis & future
Documentation
directions
susceptibility to natural calamities [30]. The country
experiences notable vulnerability to the consequences of
Stakeholder's climate change, which presents numerous hurdles for its
Data Analysis experiences socio-economic progress and the welfare of its inhabitants
analysis [31]. [6] [14] Here are some of the primary climate
challenges faced by Bangladesh:
7.1.Impacts of Sea-Level Rise: Due to its low-lying
Figure 1: step by step methodology, source-author nature, Bangladesh faces significant risks from rising sea
levels. This escalation leads to more frequent and severe
5. Aim and Objectives: coastal flooding, erosion, and the intrusion of saltwater.
These consequences have detrimental effects on
5.1. Aim: agriculture, livelihoods, and the delicate coastal
This research aims to explore the design approaches ecosystems.[14][3]
used in vernacular architecture of Bangladesh, specifically 7.2.Escalation in Cyclone Frequency and Intensity:
focusing on the integration of local materials and modern Bangladesh is susceptible to tropical cyclones, and climate
strategies for climate change adaptation.[14] change is projected to amplify their occurrence and
5.2. Objectives: strength. These cyclones bring destructive storm surges,
Investigate design approaches in vernacular powerful winds, and heavy precipitation, resulting in
architecture of Bangladesh, focusing on local materials widespread infrastructure damage, loss of life, and the
integration. displacement of communities.[14]
 Comprehend the significance of utilizing local
7.3. Flooding: The country's numerous rivers and
materials in sustainable architecture and their monsoon rainfall make it prone to regular flooding.
Climate change exacerbates this issue, leading to more
environmental implications. To identify the key
frequent and severe floods which disrupt livelihood,
challenges posed by climate change to vernacular
architecture in Bangladesh.[14][3] damage crops, infrastructure, and homes, and increase the
risk of waterborne diseases.[14]
 Assess climate change adaptation strategies in 7.4. Water Scarcity and Drought: Climate change
vernacular architecture.[14] affects water availability and exacerbates water scarcity in
 Explore the cultural and contextual relevance of some regions. Erratic rainfall patterns and prolonged
vernacular architecture in Bangladesh [32]. droughts can lead to water stress, affecting agriculture,
 Provide insights for sustainable architectural

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drinking water supplies, and sanitation.[14]

7.5. Salinity Intrusion: Rising sea levels and reduced
freshwater flow from rivers contribute to the intrusion of
saline water into freshwater sources, making them
unsuitable for drinking, irrigation, and agriculture[23]
7.6. Increased Temperature and Heatwaves: Climate
change leads to higher temperatures and more frequent
heatwaves. High temperatures affect human health,
increase the demand for cooling, and impact agriculture by
reducing crop yields and affecting livestock.[14] Figure 3.The influence of Delta and warm humid climate was
7.7.Impact of Erosion and Land Degradation: quite evident even in the evolution of two types of huts evolving
Bangladesh grapples with the persistent challenge of river from same common principle i.e. rising above flood levels;
erosion, which is further exacerbated by climate change. repelling the torrential rain and encourage adequate ventilation
This erosion process results in the loss of fertile in the buildings and subsequent buildings shaped by unique
agricultural land, displacement of communities, and architectural features of ancient Bengal persisting to date
heightened susceptibility to various natural hazards.[14] (Source:Mowla,et.al.2019)[24][3]

8. Traditional ways of Hot Humid Climatic

Adaptation:

The village people of Bangladesh took several

initiatives to adapt to the diversified climatic problems
they face from time immemorial.[23][17]Some of these
initiatives included:

9. Wind-Resistant Build Form Design:

Figure 4. Settlements at various scales and levels, developing
Buildings in areas prone to strong winds are designed from the same common principles rooted in the context are
with wind-resistant features. These may include sustainable (Source: Mowla, et.al. 1990&1997).[24]
aerodynamic shapes, reinforced walls, securely anchored
roofing systems, and minimized wind-facing surfaces to
reduce wind loads and potential damage. [22].

Figure 5.Built-form and settlements evolving from the geo-

climatic context as described in the Khona's Maxims (Source :
Mowla, et.al. 2019).[24]

9.2. Adequate Insulation and Ventilation: Effective

insulation and ventilation systems are integrated to
maintain comfortable indoor temperatures while reducing
the need for excessive energy consumption. Insulation
helps to minimize heat transfer, while proper ventilation
promotes airflow and moisture control.[14]

Figure 2. process flow for model construction and setting up

dimensions for building orientation 𝜃 and roof angle.
Source:Mata&Jerson ‘2022.

Figure 6. Conceptual Sectional View Showing Probable

Ventilation (Source: Sabrina & Nuzhat et.al. 2020)[17][3]

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9.3. Raised Plinth Construction: In areas prone to 10. Local/Traditional construction materials
waterlogging and frequent monsoon flooding, villagers used in Vernacular Architecture:
adopted the practice of constructing houses on raised
plinths or stilts(fig-7). This helps prevent water from In vernacular architecture of Bangladesh, several local
entering the living spaces and protects their homes and construction materials are commonly used. Some of the
belongings [15]. prominent local materials include:[6][3]

10.1 Mud and Adobe: A blend of clay, sand, organic

substances, and natural fibers are employed in the
construction of walls, floors, and roofs. These mixtures are
commonly reinforced with bamboo or timber, and they
serve as the foundation for traditional bricks, adobe walls,
and terracotta tiles. The production of adobe involves
combining soil and natural fibers, adding water until it
reaches a plastic consistency, molding it into bricks, and
allowing them to dry under the prevailing climatic
conditions (ampas et al., 2014).[23]

Figure 7. Raised plinth construction for flood prone area (by

asian disaster preparednenter2005)[15][1] [22][6]

9.4. Sustainable Material Selection: Climate-resilient

buildings prioritize the use of sustainable and locally
available materials. This reduces the environmental
impact of construction, promotes resource efficiency, and
supports the local economy. (fig-8) They have aesthetic Figure9.source:Handmade Adobe Bricks.M Timothy
O'Keefe/Getty Images&The mud houses of rural Shyamnagar
values too. [22][3]
battling climatic hazards,source:Dhaka Tribune[15] [1]
[17][5]

10.2.Bamboo: Bamboo is a versatile and sustainable

material extensively used in vernacular architecture for
structural elements, such as columns, beams, and roof
trusses(fig-10).[19]

Figure 8.source -Context BD:Geolocation Map of Vernacular Figure 10. Bamboo & wooden house exm..Marma House -
Architecture, Bangladesh Dr. Sajid Bin Doza, Sheikh Rishad Bandarban, BD & Century old Momin Jame Masjid in
Ahmmad Aurnob, Md. Raihanul Hai, Saba Islam, Shajjad Mathbaria, The entire structure of the century-old Momin Jame
Hossain and SaimumKabir. [22] Masjid was made of wood in 1903 Pirojpur,source:TheBuisness
Post19dec’21
9.5. Flexibility and Adaptability: Buildings designed
10.3.Thatch: Thatch refers to a densely intertwined
for climate resilience incorporate flexibility and
layer consisting of both living and deceased stems, leaves,
adaptability to accommodate changing climate conditions.
and roots, which accumulates between the actively
This may include modular designs, expandable spaces, and
growing grass layer and the underlying soil. For at least
flexible layouts(fig-10) to allow for future modifications
three centuries, people have utilized thatch as a means to
and additions. Village communities in Bangladesh
shield themselves from rainwater(fig-11)
construct resilient dwellings to withstand floods, cyclones,
earthquakes, and other climatic challenges.[19] [16]

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11.1.4. Thermal Comfort and Insulation: Materials

like mud, thatch, and bamboo provide good thermal
insulation, keeping interiors cool in hot weather and warm
during colder months.[19] [6]
11.1.5. Sound Absorption: Some local materials, like
mud and jute, have sound-absorbing properties, enhancing
Figure 11: locality-in-sundarbans,source:Rudrapur study by acoustic comfort within buildings.[19]
Anna Heringer and [1] [15] 11.1.6. Aesthetic Appeal: The use of indigenous
materials can add a unique aesthetic charm and a sense of
10.4. Jute: Jute, a natural fiber produced in place to architectural designs.[19]
Bangladesh, is utilized for various purposes, including wall
coverings, insulation, and reinforcement in composite
materials.[19] 11.2. Vulnerabilities:
10.5.Wood: Different types of locally available woods,
such as Sundori, Teak, and Mahogany, are used for
structural components, flooring, doors, and windows. 11.2.1. Weather Sensitivity: Local materials,
(Fig10)[19] particularly mud and thatch, are susceptible to damage
10.6. Palm Leaf, Golpata: Palm leaves and Golpata from heavy rain, strong winds, and flooding if not
find application in thatching roofs, crafting shading properly maintained.[24][19]
devices, and erecting temporary structures.[19]
10.7. Straw: Straw from rice or wheat crops is often
used for wall panels and thatched roofs in rural areas.[33]
10.8. Lime and Shell Lime: Lime is derived from
oyster shells and used as a binding material for plastering,
flooring, and wall construction.[19]
10.9. Stone: Local stone, such as granite and limestone, Figure 12: Flood situation worsen in BD,source-
is employed in foundations, walls, and decorative observerbd.com&traditional houses face various problems huge
elements. maintenance, damage by rain, flood& vermin
10.10. Cane and Rattan: Cane and rattan are woven infestation.[15][1][17] [5]
materials used for furniture, screens, and partitions.[19]
11.2.2. Durability: Some local materials may have
These local materials have been traditionally used in lower durability compared to modern construction
vernacular architecture due to their abundance, materials, requiring regular maintenance and repair.
affordability, and compatibility with the local climate and 11.2.3. Fire Resistance: Certain materials, such as
cultural context.[19] thatch and wood, are more vulnerable to fire and require
additional fireproofing measures to ensure safety.
11. Benefits, Sustainability, and Vulnerabilities: 11.2.4.Pest Infestation: Natural materials like
bamboo and wood can be prone to pests and insects if not
Local materials play a significant role in vernacular treated or protected adequately.
construction practices, offering both benefits and 11.2.5.Limited Structural Strength: Some local
challenges in terms of their usefulness, sustainability, and materials may have lower structural strength, limiting
vulnerabilities. In Bangladesh, several local materials are their use to non-load-bearing elements or requiring
commonly used, such as mud and adobe, bamboo, thatch, additional reinforcement.[23][16]
jute, wood, palm leaf, straw, lime, stone, and cane/rattan.

11.1 Benefits:

11.1.1. Abundance and Affordability: Local materials

are readily available and often cost-effective, reducing the
need for transportation and lowering construction costs.
11.1.2.Cultural Significance: The utilization of these
materials is intricately tied to local culture and traditions,
playing a vital role in safeguarding and perpetuating Figure 13: planetcustodian.com/mud-house-pros-and-cons &
cultural identity and heritage.[19] Cross-bracing of bamboo structural frame (adapted from
Chishun 1979) To maximize benefits, adopt proper techniques,
11.1.3. Environmental Sustainability: Local materials
integrate local materials with modern technologies, and
are typically natural, renewable, and biodegradable, prioritize research for durable, sustainable vernacular
reducing the environmental impact associated with architecture.[23][1][17][5]
resource extraction and disposal.[19] [3]

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12. Architectural Design Strategies for Climate significance. It showcases a distinctively curved design
Resilience: that gracefully descends and is often portrayed through
gently curving cornices in masonry constructions. The
12.1. Pavilion Structure: In the Bengal delta, the Bangla roof has evolved into a distinct architectural style,
pavilion structure is prominent and distinguished by its visible in Sultanate mosques, Hindu temples, colonial
sweeping canopy or chhad. This design feature allows for bungalows, and even modernist designs. Screened porches
the intense sun and heavy rain to be visually experienced. and patios offer passive comfort cooling through
The pavilion's enclosure is typically permeable, ventilation during warm weather and effectively deter
highlighting the connection between the external natural insect-related issues.[1][16][27] [4][6]
environment& the architectural space[1].[22]

Figure 14: passive-and-low-energy cooling, basc.pnnl.gov/

resource-guides & Heat balance within a building in winter by Figure 16:Passive Cooling System,Basc.Pnnl.Gov/Resource-
Shen Wei 2014 , Traditional homes in warm-humid climates Guides[1]
using light-weight construction with openable walls and shaded
outdoor porches, raised above ground. (Drawing generated by
climate consultant software.) (Source: www.climateconsultant.
12.5.Ventilation: Utilize natural ventilation and
com) [4] [22] [15] shading through vegetation, such as trees, climbers, and
high [33] [22]shrubs.
12.2.Permeable Walls: Unlike courtyard houses in
hot-arid regions, pavilion houses in the Bengal delta have
permeable walls that blur the boundaries between interior
and exterior spaces. This design approach allows for a
seamless integration of nature and architecture, creating a
continuous connection between the two.[4][6]

Figure 17:Passive cooling system, multiple doors and openings

for proper ventilation system, source :basc.pnnl.gov/resource-
guides/passive-and-low-energy-cooling[1] [22] [4] [6]

12.6 Planning: Incorporate expansive layouts and

permeable internal arrangements to optimize ventilation,
enabling effective shading for walls and windows, thereby
minimizing heat gain.[15] [22]
12.7 Multiple doors: Incorporate multiple doors on
all sides of buildings for increased airflow and ventilation
Figure 15: A mud-house window in Koia Khulna Bangladesh ,
(Fig17).[9][15]
www.alamy.com,Terracotta,red Imported Clay Jally, For 12.8. North and south orientation: Align buildings
Building, Officer's Mess at the Bangladesh Police Academy in along the east-west axis for optimal sun exposure and
Sardah, Rajshahi. KarotiajamindarBari,Tangail.source[6] shading.[17][15]
12.9. Light and insulated roofs: Use lightweight and
12.3. Verandahs and Terraces: Terraces and well-insulated roofs with reflective surfaces to minimize
verandahs are inherent features of pavilion architecture, heat gain (Fig16).[17][15]
extending the concept of being connected with the 12.10. Protection from heavy rain: Incorporate
outdoor environment. They facilitate a seamless measures to protect openings from direct sunlight and
integration of nature and architecture, offering visual, rainfall. Ensure proper drainage systems to manage
spatial, and sensory interactions between the two. These rainfall effectively(Fig16).[17][15]
spaces create a harmonious indoor-outdoor relationship, 12.11. Low Thermal Capacity Walls and Floors:
blurring the boundaries and providing in-between areas Employ building materials with low thermal mass to
that enhance the overall experience(Fig15).[19] [22][3] mitigate heat absorption. Utilize light-colored
12.4.Bangla Roof: The Bangla roof, originating from construction materials and cool roofs as a means to
the traditional Bengali hut, holds great architectural minimize conducted heat gain.[17][15]

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12.12. Compact courtyard planning: Utilize

courtyards to promote natural ventilation and create a
comfortable microclimate. Courtyards serve as communal
spaces for social interaction and promote a sense of
community.[17]

Figure 19: Nauga, vill –Shimulia,Shahagola,Atrai,source –

survey pic of Priyanka.(Curtesy – Soumi)

13.1.b Rural Context:

The Nimaidighi village in Nandigram Upazila of
Figure18: Common spatial form of rural settlement, Masud Ur Bogura, Bangladesh, holds a tradition of rural Bengal,
Rashid ,researchgate.net farhatafzal.com,Historical site -Ruplal- with a three-story mud house that is now on the verge of
house internal view Design courtyard &openings to allow for extinction. Built in 1976 by Abdur Rashid Mandal, the
breeze penetration while protecting from hot and cold house features seven rooms and is located on 12 acres of
winds.[22] [27] [6] [3] land. The walls of the mud house are made by soaking soil,
straw, and water into mud, with each phase of
12.14 Permanent provision for air movement:
construction taking time to ensure stability (Fig20). The
Ensure single-banked rooms have provisions for
three-story house stands at 35-40 feet high and took
continuous air circulation.[17][18] [22]
around 9 months to complete with the help of 50 workers.
12.15 Size and position of openings: Opt for smaller
Currently, Idris Ali Mandal and his family reside in the
openings (10-20%) located at body height on the
house, which has the potential to become a tourist
windward side.[17][18] [22]
attraction if properly preserved. The house represents the
ancient heritage of rural Bengal and stands as the largest
13. Case Studies: three-story mud house in the upazila. Although mud
houses have been replaced by modern materials,
To cover the rural, semi-urban, and urban contexts in Nimaidighi village remains of great interest to tourists.
Bangladesh, we have presented the case studies that
demonstrate the design approaches for local materials and
climate change adaptation in vernacular architecture in
each of these settings.

13.1.a. Rural Context:

Traditional Straw and Mud Houses in North Bengal-
Rajshahi, Mymensingh, Bagura,Gazipur,Nauga, Narail.
Many years ago, zamindar Banshidhar Sanyal first
built this house then his son zamindar Gangadhar Sanyal
later lived here but during Jeevandhar Sanyal's tenure this
house was burnt in 1971&Jeevandhar Sanyal returned to
the country after the war and renovated this house.Later
Jeevandhar Sanyal's sons and his family are now living in
this house (Fig 19).

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

Figure 20:A three-storied mud house at Nimai Dighi village,

Source: Kaler Kantho & Salauddin Suman report.

13.2.a. Sub Urban context: community buildings

METIschool

Architects: AnnaHeringer,EikeRoswag
Design/Concept:AnnaHeringer
Technical Planning: Eike Roswag
Clients: Dipshikha,Bangladesh
LandscapeArchitectural,

implementation:KhondakerHasibul Kabir, Abdun Nime

Location: Rudrapur, Dinajpur district, Bangladesh
Building: Two storey school building made with earth and Figure 21:Dipshikha-METI-School-The-Handmade-School-in-
bamboo Ground floor: 3 classrooms, Upper floor: 2 Dinajpur-Bangladesh, source-localguidesconnect.com.
classrooms (dividable), Footprint 275 m2, Floor area 325
m2 ,Construction period: 6 months (September to
"For me, sustainability is a synonym for beauty: a
December-2005, March-April,2006)
building that is harmonious in its design, structure,
technique and use of materials, as well as with the
Rudrapur is situated in the northern region of the world's
location, the environment, the user, the socio-cultural
most densely populated country. The lack of
context. This, for me, is what defines its sustainable and
infrastructure and prevalent poverty drive many rural
aesthetic value," said Anna.
inhabitants to migrate towards urban areas. To address
this, the local NGO Dipshikha has undertaken a
development program that aims to provide rural
communities with prospects and instill an appreciation for
the value of the village, encompassing regional
construction methods and local materials, while
introducing innovative approaches for efficiency and
structural integrity (Fig 21).
Figure 22:Dipshikha-METI-School, source-Arch Daily

By enhancing bamboo structures and lashing

Significant progress was achieved in utilizing local
techniques, it became feasible to incorporate a second materials, such as introducing a damp-proof course and
story into the buildings. Brick foundationswere utilized to brick foundations, as well as incorporating straw into the
minimize the impact of moisture on the earthen walls,
earthen mixture of soil and water. Regarding bamboo,
with the bricks crafted by local artisans. The construction
advancements were made in constructing layered ceilings
process involved collaboration among architects, teachers, using bamboo sticks, bamboo boards, and earth. The
students, and locals, all respecting and honoring local
construction of first-floor walls and roofs employed a
heritage and craftsmanship. The entire project, including
framework consisting of beams (comprising four layers of
materials, construction methods, and workforce, interconnected bamboo sticks) and vertical and diagonal
exclusively relied on local resources, emphasizing climate-
poles.
positive design and sustainability at every level—an
essential criterion in the judging process.

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

Figure :26- aga-khan-trust-culture/akaa/community-spaces-

rohingya-refugee-response[33]

13.3.a Sub Urban context: Resort & spa

Panigram Eco Resort and Spa

Site: Chawgacha, Jashore, Bangladesh, Construction
Figure 23: DESI Trainingcenter, Rudrapur, Bangladesh,source- completed in 2018,
Anna mam Land Area: 15 Acre
Architect: Marina Tabassum,
13.2.b SubUrban context: community buildings
The Panigram Resort project, situated in Chawgacha,
Rohingya Refugee Response's Safe Space for Women and Jashore, is an exemplary model of environmentally and
Girls (Camp 25).[33] socially responsible tourism. Rural Bengal, with its
Wellbeing, Community Center,Teknaf Upazila, distinct beauty and being the heart of the Ganges delta,
Bangladesh, [33] holds profound significance. This project presented an
Architects: Rizvi Hassan,Area: 2200 ft²,Year: 2019 opportunity to restore lost pride and belief in the wisdom
accumulated over centuries of inhabiting the delta, by
The interior courtyard serves as a connecting element, incorporating local knowledge of materials and
uniting the surrounding rooms into a unified space. While craftsmanship [31].
the activity space and rooms may be relatively smaller The engagement of villagers from neighboring
compared to other centers, the presence of openings communities in the design and construction process not
towards the courtyard creates a perception of a more only stimulated the local economy but also fostered a
expansive area. (Fig-24) Located in Camp 11, the sense of ownership. The project's foundation lies in an
Rohingya Refugee Response's display center offers extensive study of the region's vernacular architecture,
Rohingya women a facility where they can create, [33] with a particular emphasis on reviving the unique 'Bangla
showcase, and sell their handmade products to visitors. roof' characteristic of the location. The planning and
design of the project reflect the values of communal living
around courtyards.
By taking a stance on architecture's broader
responsibility, the architects behind this project transcend
the traditional boundaries of their discipline. They
embrace a holistic approach that encompasses social,
cultural, and environmental considerations, exemplifying a
commitment to creating spaces that extend beyond the
realm of architecture alone.
Figure 24: - plan & top view of community-spaces-rohingya-
refugee-response Source:https://divisare.com/projects/466916-
rizvi-hassan-khwaja-fatmi-saad-ben-mostafa-asif-salman-
community-spaces-in-rohingya-refugee-response[33]

Figure 26: Panigram Resort banquet pavilion from start to finish

(Photo by Karen Chi-Chi Lin)

Figure 25:- Shantikhana woman camp,Asif Salmanphoto,Arch

Daily[33]

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

Figure :27- Panigram resort, Panigram Eco Resort and Spa

|MTA-Marina Tabassum, Source:https:// marinatabassum
architects.com/ panigram-eco-resort-and-spa/

Figure 28: The interior spaces of Panigram Resort adhere to the

principles of local vernacular architecture, featuring thatched
bamboo huts with mud floors arranged around traditional
Bengali courtyards. The primary objective was to establish a
seamless integration between the resort and its neighboring
villages. The walls were constructed using a mixture of unburnt
mud blocks, mortar, and cow dung.

Figure :30- Green Lounge: An Enchanted Sky Garden,source-

https://contextbd.com/green-lounge-enchanted-sky-garden/

It proudly claims the title of being the largest rooftop

restaurant in Bangladesh.Inspired by rural village
architecture,the spaces within the establishment draw
upon various metaphors, including courtyards, river
edges, village house forms, and vegetable cultivation
structures. These elements seamlessly come together to
create a unified and meaningful experience for visitors.
The design pays particular attention to the harmonious
Figure :29- Panigram resort, Panigram Eco Resort and Spa | relationship between the soil and trees, incorporating the
MTAMarinaTabassum,https://marinatabassumarchitects.com/p presence of a pond and providing seating areas beneath
anigram-eco-resort-and-spa/ the shade of trees to deepen the connection with nature.
13.3.b Urban context: commercial building

This rooftop restaurant in Dhaka, Bangladesh, offers a

peaceful and green escape from the busy city below.

Green Lounge: An Enchanted Sky Garden

Name: Al Mamun Ur Rashid | AMUR Architecture

Year: 2018
Location: Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka
Spatial Perched atop a high-rise building, this
Description : restaurant offers a tranquil oasis above the
bustling urban landscape. Its design embraces a
lush, verdant garden that fosters a serene
ambiance. Boasting a seating capacity of
approximately 500 guests spread across two
Figure 31- Green Lounge: An Enchanted Sky Garden,source-
levels. contextBD

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

13.4: Case study through stakeholder’s involvement

and experiences about vernacular architecture
practice in Bangladesh:

Conduct
interviews
with
stakeholders
Gather
Create visual
stakeholders
representati
in focus
ons of
groups to
stakeholder
discuss their
involvement
experiences
vernacular
architecture
practice
Create surveys compilation
to collect
&analysis of
quantitative those datas to
data about Figure33:working glimpse of Abdun Nime (curtesy: Mr.Nime)
stakeholder understand
Create case the scenerio
involvement studies of Abdun Nime's remarkable success led to a scholarship
specific
projects that in Austria, where he immersed himself in earth structures.
involved Returning to Bangladesh, he collaborated with esteemed
stakeholder architects like Hasibul Kabir, Saif ul Haque, Jalal Ahmed,
participation and Nahas Khalil. Together, they honored the
Figure :32- working procedure of case study analysis process architectural legacy of Majharul Islam and Bashirul
13.4.1:Interviews: Conduct interviews with Haque, merging indigenous styles with contemporary
stakeholders to get their firsthand accounts of their aesthetics. Inspired by these pioneers, they create
involvement in vernacular architecture practice. This architectural marvels using mud, bamboo, and stabilized
could include architects, engineers, builders, community composite materials. Their harmonious fusion of tradition
members, and government officials. and modernity stands as a beacon of sustainability and
13.4.2:Focus groups: Gather stakeholders in focus environmental consciousness, captivating the eye while
groups to discuss their experiences with vernacular preserving Bangladesh's vernacular heritage.
architecture practice to get a variety of perspectives and to
identify common themes.
13.4.3:Surveys: surveys to collect quantitative data
about stakeholder involvement in vernacular architecture
practice to learn their perceived benefits of vernacular
architecture, and their suggestions for improvement.
13.4.4:Visual representations: to represent data after
analysis.

Abdun Nime, an individual deeply connected to nature,

finds solace in the elements of plants, soil, and water.
Despite lacking formal architectural training, he
passionately crafts architectural wonders in rural and
urban settings, using natural ingredients and locally
sourced vernacular materials. Collaborating with
visionaries like Hasibul Kabir and renowned architect Ana
Heringer, they embarked on a remarkable journey,
embracing mud, bamboo, and tin shade roofing systems.
This audacious project garnered global attention and Figure 34:Mud wall & Rammed wall;working glimpse of Abdun
earned them the prestigious Aga Khan Award, celebrating Nime in Rudrapur,Joypurhat and Ar. Jalal ahmed’s project
their architectural prowess and inspiring cultural Gazipur Baker resort (curtesy :Mr. Nime)
introspection. Abdun Nime's unwavering commitment to
sustainability and his profound affinity for the natural Nime eloquently expresses his profound admiration for
world result in creations that harmoniously coexist with the fertile soil of Bangladesh, which bears immense
nature itself. potential for constructing various forms of architectural

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

splendor. Through his explorations in the enchanting hilly and meaningful architecture, centered around simplicity,
regions, he has unearthed a palette of sixteen captivating self-reliance, and celebrating everyday life. His notable
soil colors, each imbued with its unique allure. Embracing projects include the "Platform of Hope" in Dhaka's Korail
this vibrant diversity, Nime fearlessly incorporates these slum, the nature-integrated Jol O Jongoler Kabbo retreat,
vivid soils into his projects, introducing a tapestry of hues cyclone-affected homes rebuilding in Satkhira, and the
that celebrates the rich heritage of the land. inclusive "Houses for Everyone, Made by Everyone"
initiative in Jhenaidah. Kabir's work prioritizes co-
creation, trust-building, and participatory processes,
empowering communities and enhancing living
conditions. His approach diverges from mainstream
architecture, serving as inspiration for young architects
aiming to create a positive impact.
Collaborating with Suhailey Farzana as
"Co.Creation.Architects," Kabir opened up the Nabaganga
River's banks in Jhenaidah, Bangladesh, to benefit the
local community. The community-driven project aims to
provide public spaces for the riverine city's 250,000
residents, offering walkways, gardens, and cultural
facilities while promoting environmental initiatives to
enhance biodiversity along the river. Utilizing local
Figure 35: Mud wall, Shubarnadighi ,Client:Brigadier Baker,
materials and involving local builders, masons, and
Gazipur, now being used as a resort.
Rainwater filter system installed, gained Berger awards, craftsmen, the project preserves existing trees and
tinned steel structures on the roof. He says,” The mud vegetation, maintaining a contextual approach. Future
house needed a hat on head& a boot on feet to ensure phases will focus on enhancing public utilization with
safety from rain or storm water. As binding material he promenades, gardens, cultural facilities, and further
biodiversity initiatives. Nime also contributed to this
uses lime,shurki,thatch,Gum of trees, powder of
leaves,cowdung, cheese etc from nature. project alongside the team.

Figure 37:The project comprises two 'ghats' - stairways leading

down to platforms in the river, with adjacent walkways - and the
opening of previously obstructed footpaths that now lead to
Figure 36:Mud made stair,discovery with different mud color
them.Simplecontextual designs.Housing Project in Jhenaidah,
,use of raw wooden door. (curtesy: Mr. Nime)
Photo: Bengal Institute, https://bengal.institute/news/kabir-an-
architect-of-the-life-world/
Nime values mud as a versatile construction resource,
using it for foundations, walls, floors, and courtyards, Chetona, a renowned architectural firm in Bangladesh
often combined with terracotta blocks. He advocates founded by Ar. Majharul Islam in 1964, is highly esteemed
rainwater harvesting, bio-gas plants, and solar energy for for blending traditional Bangladeshi architectural styles
sustainability. Nime's vision transcends current trends, with contemporary designs. The firm's notable projects,
aiming for buildings in harmony with nature and including the Bangladesh National Museum, National
supporting local farmers by transforming into paddy Parliament House, and Bangabandhu International
fields. He envisions a world where architectural splendor Conference Centre, showcase their innovative approach
and ecological responsibility coexist, leaving a lasting while preserving Bangladeshi culture and heritage.
legacy. Admiring Bangladesh's fertile soil with sixteen Chetona prioritizes sustainable practices, emphasizing
captivating colors, he incorporates them into projects environmental considerations in their designs.
using stabilization techniques and modern technology. Nahas Ahmed Khalil, an esteemed Bangladeshi architect,
Nime urges architects and policymakers to prioritize local urban planner, and educator, advocates for sustainable
materials for sustainable and cost-effective structures, building design in both urban and remote areas. He
envisioning a future embracing nature's grandeur over highlights the importance of shading elements to reduce
skyscrapers. sunlight penetration, employing wavy concrete louvers to
block the western sun while maintaining openness. Nahas
13.5.Co.Creation.Architects: Architect Khondaker believes in using local materials and context-specific
Hasibul Kabir is renowned for his community engagement

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

solutions to create serene and beautiful environments. He An urban vacation Duplex Mud house in Savar designed by
sees biophilic and high-tech mechanical designs as Ar.Nahas Khalil :
complementary approaches and urges collaboration
among stakeholders to tackle global warming. Nahas
emphasizes architects' vital role in reducing carbon
emissions and finding sustainable solutions derived from
nature, echoing the quote, "Touch the earth lightly."

A Sub Urban residential buildings:Paternal home of Nahas

Khalil,Kishorganj,Nandina:

Figure 38- Beautiful vacation house with brick landing stage,

Split Bamboo pith, frame remains hidden inside. Pavilion like in
between space. Indoor outdoor relationship.
Source –survey pic of Priyanka,(curtesy: Mr. Lutfur)

Figure 40-Structural formation &interior spaces of Nahas sir’s

sister’s home in Savar. Source –survey pic of Priyanka 15 years
running of thai building -to ensure low maintenance
Figure 39- backyard garden, internal spaces Source –survey pic tali/terracotta was added on the plinth level of the building.
of Priyanka, (curtesy: Mr. Lutfur)

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

Floor was made of Drymix concrete(sand, cement, brick chips) "When considering sustainability in construction,
then rammed compactly to save the top soil from producing dust, traditional architecture can be more sustainable if
rain protection purpose, wall half/1/3 regular maintenance drip enhanced with modern technology[21] [10] Sustainable
course of cement on wall. , (curtesy: Ar. Waseef Hossain) architecture:
14. Sustainable design principles  Relies significantly on locally available materials and
transportation methods.
Sustainability is based on a simple principle. Everything  Utilizes resources that are abundant enough to meet
that we need for our survival and well-being depends, general demand without harming the environment.
either directly or indirectly, on our natural  Does not rely on equipment that is difficult to obtain.
environment.[21][18][10]  Leverages skills that can realistically be developed
Maximize the potential of the site. within the community.
1. Minimize the use of non-renewable energy.  Remains affordable within the local socio-economic
2. Utilize environmentally friendly products. context.
3. Improve the quality of indoor environments.  Yields long-lasting results, Adapts and withstands the
4. Optimize practices for operations and local climate.
maintenance.[21][18][10] Offers flexibility to accommodate local customs and
needs&Can be replicated by the local
community.(NORTON, 1999)

15. Why should architects prefer indigenous

method over conventional system?
Here is a comparative chart on the total analysis
between Traditional approach and Modern approach in
designing build form in Bangladesh in terms of Cost
effectiveness, climatic comfort, outlook, sustainable and
environment friendly issue [14] [20] Fig 43

Traditional Modern
Factor
Approach Approach

Less expensive - Can be - More expensive -

built using locally available Requires imported
Cost effectiveness
materials - Requires less materials - Requires
skilled labor more skilled labor

- May not be as well-

- Better suited to the hot, suited to the hot,
humid climate of humid climate of
Bangladesh - Can provide Bangladesh - May
Climatic comfort
natural ventilation and require air
shading - Can help to conditioning and other
reduce energy costs energy-intensive
Figure 41- Source –Place54architects.Com. First House To Use systems
Low Carbon Zero Cement Structural Concrete& Sustainable - Can provide a sense of - Can be more modern
Design Principles. [21][18] [10] community and history - and stylish - Can be
Outlook
Can be more aesthetically more functional and
pleasing to some people efficient
- Can use more sustainable - May use less
materials - Can be sustainable materials -
designed to be more May not be as energy-
Sustainability energy-efficient - Can be efficient - May not be
designed to capture designed to capture
rainwater and use it for rainwater and use it
irrigation for irrigation
- May use more
- Can be built using
synthetic materials -
natural materials - Can be
May not be designed
Environment designed to reduce
to reduce pollution -
Figure 42-Energy efficient sustainable building design. friendly pollution - Can be
May not be designed
designed to conserve water
Source:/www.rdcollab.com/how-we-work/sustainable- to conserve water and
and energy
designRothschild Doyno Collaborative, Pittsburgh’s vibrant energy
Strip District

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

The kutcha style unifies both realms, claiming 74.4% of Slab 2 Floors
the architectural tapestry. Drawing on local materials and Conventional Wooden frame, Tin
heritage, we can weave an exquisite architectural grandeur shade,Tin wall, Plinth 850-1000
Kutcha style
that honors our beloved Bangladesh in the most Brick soiling cc BDT
captivating manner. Additionally, traditional building plastered
systems often have environmental benefits, such as lower Wooden frame, Tin
carbon emissions and reduced energy consumption, which shade, Brick cement
Semi Pucca 1200 BDT
wall, Plinth Brick cc
can contribute to long-term cost savings and plastered
sustainability. [33] [20] [34]
Beam Column Structure 2000-
Pucca
2200BDT
Steel Structure 3000-
Pucca
3500BDT
Figure 46: As we can see, the cost of traditional style buildings in
Bangladesh is generally lower than the cost of conventional style
buildings. However, it is important to note that the cost of a
building will also depend on the size and complexity of the
structure. For example, a large, complex traditional style
building may be more expensive than a small, simple
conventional style building. [23]
Figure 44- Total household distribution in Bangladesh[20]
[34] labor costs percentages in reinforced ICSEB masonry and 16. Integration of Traditional and Modern
hybrid roofing. Techniques: Sustainable modern modifications:
Cost-benefit analysis[20] [36] of conventional and Recommendation for architects [20]
modern building materials for sustainable development of
social housing:  Strengthening local low-cost traditional materials in
modern technology and style[19]

16.1.Earth Strengthening& Stabilization Techniques:

[25] [1]
a) Cob
b) Adobe bricks.
c) Wattle-and-daub.
d) Rat trap foundation system
e) Rammed Earth (usually stabilized with cement)
f) Poured Earth (stabilized with cement)
g) Pressed Earth bricks (stabilized with cement)
h) In-situ Adobe (stabilized with cement)

16.2. The key differences between earth strengthening

Figure 45- material& labor basis cost comparative analysis [18]
[36]
and stabilization[25][1]:
The cost of different types of traditional and conventional Feature Earth Strengthening Earth Stabilization
style buildings in Bangladesh in (BDT) source –BNBC Natural materials, such as fly
Chemicals, such as
,[20] [23]: bitumen, Gravel or
ash,cement,Geosynthetics,lime,
Materials Aggregate,Bentonite,
Construction Building Type and Cost per Cementitious Grouts, Fixing mesh
asphalt, Gabions or
Style material Square and anchoring
Dwelling Geopolymers
Foot with
structure Involves techniques
material
&labor Involves techniques such as such as soil stabilization
Techniques compaction, soil reinforcement, additives, soil nailing,
Bamboo structured and soil compaction grouting. and slope stabilization
straw shade&mud wall Jhupri style 750 BDT methods.
and plinth
Focuses on preventing
Traditional Tin shade stabilized Focuses on improving the soil erosion, controlling
Mud wall with Bamboo Kutcha style 1000 BDT Purpose strength and load-bearing capacity slope stability, and
reinforcement of the soil. reducing the risk of
Tin shade, Bamboo landslides.
Semi Pucca 850 BDT
structure, Mud wall Roads, embankments,
Applications Walls, floors, roofs, etc.
Rat Trap etc.
1150-1200
Foundation,18”Rammed Pucca
BDT Figure 47: differences between earth strengthening and
Earth Wall, Concrete stabilization,Source: Shelf Study of Priyanka[14] [20]

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

a.Cob:Cob, an age-old construction technique, endures due to its durability, versatility, and use of
combines sandy subsoil, clay, and fibrous organic renewable resources. [17]
materials like straw. These ingredients are thoroughly
mixed, creating a cohesive mixture used to build solid
walls by stacking and gently compacting earth balls. Cob
structures are renowned for their long-lasting nature and
excellent thermal properties (Houben and Guillaud,
1994).[12]

Figure 50: Abode brick picture &watte construction process,

Source:www.clovisstone.net&www.lowimpact.org[17]

c.Wattle and Daub: Wattle and daub is a technique

where wooden strips (wattle) are woven together and
covered with a mixture of clay earth, straw, or other
vegetable fibers (daub). This method provides structural
strength and minimizes shrinkage cracks upon drying
(Houben and Guillaud, 1994). It is sustainable, durable,
and encourages creativity in building design.[9][1]
d.Rat trap foundation system: The rat trap bond,
also referred to as the Chinese brick bond, is a specific
kind of masonry bond. In this modular arrangement,
bricks are positioned vertically, resulting in a cavity
Fig48. Cob,Soil Stabilization materials & Methods[12] within the wall. Despite this variation, the overall
thickness of the wall remains unchanged compared to
traditional brick masonrywalls. [36][9]

Fig51:Rat Trap Foundation construction process [36]

[18],curtesy-engineeringdiscoveries.com and Abdun Nime[1]

e.Rammed Earth: Rammed earth involves pouring

moist soil into formwork in layers and compacting it
manually or with pneumatic rammers. The technique
creates a monolithic wall by dynamically compacting the
soil. Reinforcement with rebars is sometimes used to
increase structural integrity[18]

FIg49: A wall being constructed of cob,source -[27] [12]

[9]www.mercurynews.com ,published March 28’ 2014

b.Adobe Bricks :Adobe is a blend of soil, natural

fibers, and water that is shaped into bricks and Fig52.Rammed earth formation source: Abdun Nime ,Earth
subsequently dried under specific climate conditions. The constructor
use of adobe in construction has been prevalent and is Concerns about sustainability in construction focus on
appreciated for its cost-effectiveness and ability to provide reducing the energy and carbon footprint of materials.
thermal comfort (Illampas et al., 2014). The adobe wall Cement and fired clay products contribute significantly to
reinforced with modified mud masonry and steel-wire- CO2 emissions, leading to a growing interest in unfired
mesh ties in wooden structures had the highest overall earthen materials. Rammed earth, an in-situ construction
performance improvement in seismic and collapse method, is experiencing a global revival supported by
resistance. Adobe brick, an ancient construction material, limited guides and standards. This is the latest technique

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

for seismic rammed earth construction:  Stabilization by Waterproofing: Water-proofing

agents or techniques are employed to reduce the
volume of voids in the soil, minimizing shrinkage
cracks caused by moistureproofing agents or
techniques are employed to reduce the volume of
voids in the soil, minimizing shrinkage cracks caused
by moisturefluctuations.[25]
For waterproofing adobe bricks, the method of
stabilization through cementing is employed. This
involves mixing mortar with the bricks and allowing
themto reach a semi-stabilized or fully stabilized state.
The recommended cement for this purpose is Portland
Figure 53: Exploded-view-a-plan-view-b-and-finished-view-c-of-
cement. By adding 3-6% of Portland cement by weight,the
proposed-rammed-earth-house ,source -[18] [35]
result is a semi-stabilized block, while adding 7-12% of
Portland cement by weight produces a fully stabilized
block. To achieve waterproofing, a mixture of the
g.Compressed Earth Block (CEB): CEB brickswith 5% Portland cement should be combined using
[26]construction involves mechanically pressing soil a mixer.
particles into small-sized blocks, which are then installed  Stabilization by Chemical Treatment: Chemicals,
on walls with thin layers of mortar for bonding. The
compacting process improves the engineering properties such as stabilizers or modifiers, are introduced to the
of the soil, making it stronger and more durable (Rigassi, soil to alter its properties andenhance its performance
1985). The compressive strength of the CEB basically against environmental factors.
depends on the block density, amount of stabilizer such as
lime or cement, and composition of the soil. 3–4 MPa in 16.3. Modern Techniques: Adaptable & Sustainable
compressive strength is an average result of 7% cement in modifications: materials and systems [7][15][9]
sandy soil composition [26]
Adaptable wall Roof Floor
Vernacular materials: materials: materials:
Building
system
Mud brick vaults Rammed earth Stabilized Earth reel
and domes walls earth floors roofs
Earthquake Compressed Burnt clay soil brick roof
resistant soil block walls and concrete
mud/bamboo components
structures
Fig 54:CEB Blocks, source https://www.structuralguide.com/ Adobe brick Bamboo Precast Clay tile roofs
compressed-earth-block/[26] house reinforced concrete
earth walls ceiling
h.Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) Block, Eco components
Modular framed Burnt clay Timber Precast
Friendly Green Bricks Ltd.[19] [26] earth block brick walls floors concrete
construction channel roof
Lok Bild system Concrete Common Ferro cement
hollow block floor finishes roofs
walls
Concrete panel Bamboo walls Corrugated
house fiber concrete
roofing sheets
Ferro cement Timber panel Durable thatch
housing units walls with stiff-stem
Figure 55: ACC Blocks- https://nextblock.build/about grasses
Next block is an eco-friendly construction material Fibracreto Walls from Bamboo roof
that replaces concrete blocks, wood, and bricks. AAC building system agro waste structure
blocks offer sustainability benefits such as reduced waste, Bamboo Crete Pole timber
land preservation, lower pollution, water efficiency, construction roof structures
thermal efficiency, fire resistance, and durability.[19] Bamboo and Bamboo and
mud houses wood shingles
[18] Prefabricated Fiber and
timber hut micro concrete
16.2. Soil Stabilization Methods: tiles
Soil stabilization aims to enhance the strength and Prefabricated
properties of natural soil for construction purposes. The wooden house
[26] following methods are commonly used:[25] Timber houses
for flood areas
 Stabilization by Reinforcement: This method Rha-lime
involves reinforcing the soil with materials such as prototype house
geo-synthetics or metallic elements toimprove its Figure 54. Building techniques options, source - Appropriate
mechanical capability and increase compressive and Building Materials for sustainable development guide. [7] [15]
tensile strength.[25] [9]

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Bhattacharya, P., Biswas, M. SEUJA, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2023

17. Initiatives to promote Sustainable [9] passive manufacturing blocks made from sand and silt. The
design system in architecture in Bangladesh: government aims to gradually increase the use of these
blocks in its construction projects, starting at 20% in
17.1.Architects and Design Professionals: 2020-2021 and reaching 100% by 2025-2026. This
To solve the challenges and promote the traditional transition is driven by the demand for green buildings and
approach with enhanced strength through modern the need to reduce air pollution.[2][34]
techniques, architects can [2]:
 Conduct thorough research to understand limitations
and explore modern enhancements.
 Test and develop indigenous materials through
collaboration with material scientists.
 Collaborate closely with local craftsmen to combine
traditional knowledge with modern practices. [2]
 Advocate for building codes that support the use of
indigenous materials in industrial projects.
 Educate clients, developers, and the public about the Figure 56: Photograph of pollution by brick kilns in
benefits and advancements in indigenous materials. Bangladesh (Published in Dhaka Tribune on 9 th November,
[2] 2017)[2][34]
 Undertake pilot projects and document case studies to So we must find some solution of this problem.[18]
showcase successful integration. [26] Here are some alternatives to traditional bricks:
 Continuously learn from traditional practices and  Terracotta hollow blocks
adapt to emerging technologies. [2]  Interlocking mud blocks
By implementing these strategies, architects can  Soil stabilized blocks
overcome limitations, promote sustainability, preserve  Big size lightweight Aerocon blocks
cultural heritage, and meet the demands of industrial
construction.  Concrete blocks
 Fly ash bricks
17.2. Government Agencies and Policy Makers [2]:  Calcium silicate bricks
 Ban conventional brick manufacturing and promote  Cast-in-situ Ferro-cement
environmentally friendly practices.
 Provide affordable housing for slum dwellers and 18. Conclusion:
publish guidelines for disaster-resilient rural
housing.[2] This research paper has examined the design
 Formulate laws to prevent construction on approaches for local materials and climate change
agricultural land.Integration into building codes and adaptation in the vernacular architecture of Bangladesh.
regulations.[2] The study highlights the importance of traditional design
practices using locally available materials and their
 Promote alternative construction materials like sand
sustainability within rural and urban communities. The
and silt blocks. Arrange proper energy audit and
changing global context has influenced architectural
training on traditional material use.
evolution, with new developments often compromising
 Increase the use of sustainable blocks in government sustainability criteria. The research emphasizes the need
construction projects.[2] for a sustainable approach to architectural changes and
 Launch awareness campaigns to educate the public calls for integrated studies of different settlement levels.
and professionals about the benefits and value of Despite limitations in documentation and analysis, as well
traditional construction methods. as the lack of a universally applicable method, this
 Provide financial incentives and subsidies to research lays the groundwork for future investigations. It
encourage the use of traditional construction provides valuable insights for architects, planners, and
techniques and materials. This can include tax breaks, policymakers seeking to effectively integrate local
grants, or low-interest loans for builders and materials and climate change adaptation strategies into
homeowners who opt for traditional methods.[2][1] Bangladesh's vernacular architecture.

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