Mobile Applications Development

1. Life cycle methods of activities with examples

Android activities go through a well-defined lifecycle that is managed by the Android

system. The key lifecycle methods are:
1. onCreate(Bundle): Called when the activity is first created. This is where you
should do all of your initial setup, like creating views, binding data to lists, etc.
2. onStart(): Called when the activity is becoming visible to the user.
3. onResume(): Called when the activity will start interacting with the user. This is
where you can start animations, open network connections, etc.
4. onPause(): Called when the activity is no longer visible to the user. This is a
good place to stop animations, release system resources, etc.
5. onStop(): Called when the activity is no longer visible to the user. The activity
may continue to run in the background.
6. onDestroy(): Called before the activity is destroyed. This is where you should
clean up anything you set up in onCreate().

2. Google maps. What are the different methods of integrating a Google

map with your mobile application

There are a few steps to integrate Google Maps into an Android app:
1. Get a Google Maps API key by enabling the Google Maps Android API in the
Google Cloud Console.
2. Add the Google Play Services SDK to your app's dependencies.
3. Add a <fragment> element to your activity's layout, specifying
the com.google.android.gms.maps.MapView class.
4. Implement the necessary lifecycle methods
(onResume(), onPause(), onDestroy(), etc.) to properly manage
the MapView lifecycle.
This allows you to display a Google Map in your Android app and interact with it
programmatically.

3. Toast with an example program

Toasts are small pop-up messages that appear on the screen for a short duration.
Here's an example of how to display a Toast in Android:
java
// Java
Toast.makeText(this, "Hello, World!", Toast. LENGTH_SHORT ).show();

// Kotlin
Toast.makeText(this, "Hello, World!", Toast. LENGTH_SHORT ).show()

The makeText() method takes three arguments:

1. The Context (in this case, this refers to the current activity)
2. The message to display
3. The duration of the Toast (Toast.LENGTH_SHORT or Toast.LENGTH_LONG)
The show() method actually displays the Toast on the screen.

4. Different components on the development environment of Android

Studio

The main components of the Android Studio development environment include:

1. Project Explorer: Displays the structure of your Android project.
2. Code Editor: Where you write and edit your Java/Kotlin code.
3. Gradle Build Scripts: Configuration files that manage your project's
dependencies and build process.
4. Android Manifest: The AndroidManifest.xml file that defines your app's
components, permissions, and other settings.
5. Resource Files: Where you store your app's assets, like images, strings, and
layouts.
6. Emulator: A virtual Android device that allows you to test your app without a
physical device.
7. Logcat: A console that displays log messages from your app and the Android
system.
8. Profiler: Tools for analyzing your app's performance, memory usage, and
other metrics.
9. Build Variants: Allows you to create different versions of your app (e.g.,
debug, release).
10. Android SDK Manager: Manages the Android SDK components installed on
your development machine.
 5. Program to send email and sms messages in mobile application
development

To send an email from your Android app, you can use the Intent class to launch the
user's default email app:
// Java
Intent emailIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND);
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, new String[] {"[email protected]"});
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "Subject");
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "Message body");
emailIntent.setType("message/rfc822");
startActivity(Intent.createChooser(emailIntent, "Send email..."));

// Kotlin
val emailIntent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND).apply {
putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, arrayOf("[email protected]"))
putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "Subject")
putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "Message body")
type = "message/rfc822"
}
startActivity(Intent.createChooser(emailIntent, "Send email..."))

To send an SMS message, you can use the Intent class with
the ACTION_SENDTO action:
// Java
Intent smsIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SENDTO);
smsIntent.setData(Uri.parse("smsto:5551234567"));
smsIntent.putExtra("sms_body", "Message body");
startActivity(smsIntent);

// Kotlin
val smsIntent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_SENDTO, Uri.parse("smsto:5551234567")).apply {
putExtra("sms_body", "Message body")
}
startActivity(smsIntent)

6. Types of adaptors of Android Studio

In Android Studio, there are several types of adapters used to bind data to UI components,
such as lists or grids. Here are the main types of adapters:

ArrayAdapter: Used for simple lists of items where each item is a single view, such as a
TextView. It can be used with ListView, Spinner, etc.

RecyclerView.Adapter: The most flexible and powerful adapter, used with

RecyclerView. It allows for more complex item layouts and efficient recycling of views.

CursorAdapter: Used to bind data from a Cursor (usually from a database query) to a
ListView or GridView.
 SimpleAdapter: A more flexible adapter that can map static data to views defined in an
XML file. It's often used for more complex list items with multiple views.

BaseAdapter: A base class for adapters that provides much of the common functionality
needed to bind data to a list-based UI component. It can be subclassed to create custom
adapters.

Each type of adapter has its own use cases and is chosen based on the complexity and
requirements of the data being displayed and the layout of the items.

7. Menu with its types supported by Android Studio?

Android supports several types of menus:

1. Options Menu: The menu that appears when the user presses the "Menu"
button or the overflow button in the action bar.
2. Context Menu: A menu that appears when the user long-presses an item in
the UI.
3. Popup Menu: A menu that appears as a floating window, typically when the
user clicks a button or other UI element.
To create an options menu, override the onCreateOptionsMenu() method in your
activity and inflate the menu resource:
// Java
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main_menu, menu);
return true;
}

// Kotlin
override fun onCreateOptionsMenu(menu: Menu?): Boolean {
menuInflater.inflate(R.menu.main_menu, menu)
return true
}

Then, handle menu item clicks in the onOptionsItemSelected() method:

// Java
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.action_settings:
// Handle settings action
return true;
default:
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
}

// Kotlin
override fun onOptionsItemSelected(item: MenuItem): Boolean {
return when (item.itemId) {
 R.id.action_settings -> {
// Handle settings action
true
}
else -> super.onOptionsItemSelected(item)
}
}

8. Desktop publishing application (DTP)?

Desktop publishing (DTP) applications are software programs designed for creating
and editing documents, publications, and other printed materials. Some popular DTP
applications include:
1. Adobe InDesign: A professional-grade DTP software for creating magazines,
newspapers, books, and other publications.
2. Microsoft Publisher: A DTP application that is part of the Microsoft Office
suite, focused on creating newsletters, brochures, and other marketing
materials.
3. Scribus: An open-source DTP application that can be used to create a wide
range of printed materials, including magazines, newspapers, and posters.
4. Affinity Publisher: A professional-level DTP application from Serif, designed
as an alternative to Adobe InDesign.
5. Canva: A web-based DTP tool that provides a user-friendly interface for
creating designs, documents, and publications.
These DTP applications typically provide features for layout, typography, image
manipulation, and output to various print and digital formats.

9. List the different types of adaptors in Android Studio

list of the different types of adapters in Android Studio:

1. ArrayAdapter
2. RecyclerView.Adapter
3. CursorAdapter
4. SimpleAdapter
5. BaseAdapter

10.How are menus created in Android Application

To create a menu in an Android app, the typical process is:

 1. Define the Menu in XML: Create an XML file in the res/menu directory to
define the menu structure and items.
Example menu_main.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<item
android:id="@+id/action_settings"
android:orderInCategory="100"
android:title="@string/action_settings" />
<item
android:id="@+id/action_search"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_search"
android:title="@string/action_search"
android:showAsAction="ifRoom" />
</menu>

2. Inflate the Menu in the Activity: In the activity where you want to display
the menu, override the onCreateOptionsMenu() method and inflate the menu
resource.

@Override

public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {

getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);
return true;
}

3. Handle Menu Item Clicks: Override the onOptionsItemSelected() method to

handle clicks on menu items.

@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
int id = item.getItemId();

if (id == R.id.action_settings) {
// Handle settings action
return true;
} else if (id == R.id.action_search) {
// Handle search action
return true;
}

return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}

11.Structure of manifest.xml file

The structure of the AndroidManifest.xml file in an Android app consists of the

following key elements:

<manifest> Element
The root element of the AndroidManifest.xml file. It must contain
an <application> element and specify xmlns:android and package attributes

EX: <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

package="com.example.myapp">

<!-- manifest elements -->

</manifest>

<application> Element
Defines the application's name, icon, theme, and other global settings. It can
contain various sub-elements like <activity>, <service>, <receiver>,
and <provider>.

EX: <application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/Theme.MyApp">

<!-- application elements -->

</application>

<activity> Element
Declares an activity (screen) that is part of the application. It can have sub-
elements like <intent-filter> to specify how the activity can be launched.

EX: <activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
 android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>

<service> Element
Declares a service component of the application. Services perform background
operations without a user interface.

EX: <service
android:name=".MyService"
android:exported="false" />

<receiver> Element
Declares a broadcast receiver component. Broadcast receivers allow the system to
deliver events to the application outside of a regular user flow.

EX: <receiver
android:name=".MyReceiver"
android:exported="false">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.myapp.MY_BROADCAST" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>

<provider> Element
Declares a content provider component. Content providers manage access to a
structured set of data.

EX: <provider
android:name=".MyContentProvider"
android:authorities="com.example.myapp.provider"
android:exported="false" />

<uses-sdk> Element
Specifies the minimum and target Android SDK versions the app supports.

EX: <uses-sdk
android:minSdkVersion="21"
 android:targetSdkVersion="31" />

These are the main elements that define the structure of

the AndroidManifest.xml file.

OR

The AndroidManifest.xml file is a crucial part of an Android app, as it defines the

app's components and various settings. Some of the key elements in the manifest file
include:
1. Application: Defines the application's name, icon, theme, and other global
settings.
2. Activities: Declares all the activities (screens) that are part of the app.
3. Services: Declares any background services used by the app.
4. Broadcast Receivers: Declares components that can receive and respond to
system-wide broadcast messages.
5. Content Providers: Declares any data providers that the app uses or provides.
6. Permissions: Declares the permissions the app requires, such as accessing the
internet, camera, or location.
7. Instrumentation: Declares any instrumentation classes that provide profiling
or other development tools.
8. Uses-SDK: Specifies the minimum and target Android SDK versions the app
supports.
The manifest file is essential for the Android system to understand and properly
manage your app's components and functionality.

12.Different user interface components used in Android

Android provides a wide range of user interface (UI) components that you can use to
build your app's interface. Some common UI components include:
1. Views: Basic UI elements like TextView, Button, EditText, ImageView, etc.
2. Layouts: Containers that arrange and position views,
like LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, ConstraintLayout, etc.
 3. Fragments: Modular pieces of UI that can be combined to create complex
interfaces.
4. Dialogs: Pop-up windows that display information or request user input.
5. Menus: Options menus, context menus, and popup menus.
6. Notifications: Messages displayed to the user outside of the app's main UI.
7. RecyclerView: A flexible and efficient way to display large data sets.
8. ProgressBar: Indicates the progress of a long-running operation.
9. Spinner: A dropdown list for selecting an option.
10. TabLayout: Provides a tab-based navigation interface.
These UI components can be customized and combined to create the user interface
for your Android app.

13.Different versions of Android operating system with API level

Android has evolved over the years, with each major release introducing new
features and API changes. Some key Android versions and their corresponding API
levels include:
• Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) - API level 14
• Android 4.1-4.3 (Jelly Bean) - API levels 16-18
• Android 4.4 (KitKat) - API level 19
• Android 5.0-5.1 (Lollipop) - API levels 21-22
• Android 6.0 (Marshmallow) - API level 23
• Android 7.0-7.1 (Nougat) - API levels 24-25
• Android 8.0-8.1 (Oreo) - API levels 26-27
• Android 9.0 (Pie) - API level 28
• Android 10.0 - API level 29
• Android 11.0 - API level 30
• Android 12.0 - API level 31
The API level is an important consideration when developing Android apps, as it
determines the set of APIs and features that your app can use. You need to ensure
your app supports the minimum API level required by your target audience.
 14. Action bar. How can it be manipulated in Android Studio

The Action Bar is a UI component in Android that provides a consistent navigation

and action bar at the top of the screen. Some key features of the Action Bar include:
1. App Icon: Displays the app's icon, which can also serve as a navigation
button.
2. Title: Displays the title of the current screen or activity.
3. Action Items: Buttons or menu items that provide quick access to common
actions.
4. Navigation Tabs: Allows users to switch between different views or sections
of the app.
5. Overflow Menu: Provides access to additional actions and settings.
You can customize the Action Bar in various ways, such as:
• Setting the title and subtitle
• Adding custom action items and menu items
• Changing the background color or theme
• Enabling or disabling the home button (app icon)
• Showing or hiding the Action Bar
Here's an example of how to set up the Action Bar in your activity:

// Java
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

// Get the ActionBar instance

ActionBar actionBar = getSupportActionBar();
if (actionBar != null) {
actionBar.setTitle("My App");
actionBar.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);
}
}

// Kotlin
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Get the ActionBar instance

supportActionBar?.apply {
title = "My App"
 setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true)
}
}

The Action Bar is a powerful tool for providing a consistent and intuitive navigation
experience in your Android app.