NURSING INFORMATICS - 1980s

o Field of nursing informatics exploded

OVERVIEW
o Microcomputer of personal computer
- Computerization affects: exploded
o Documentation of patient care o Automated Dispensing Cabinets were
o Education of providers introduced in the 1980s
o Research for advancing healthcare delivery o Increasing number of pioneers to help nurses
o Administration understand and get involved in this new
o Reimbursement emerging nursing specialty
o Legal and ethical implications o Kardex reporting – summary of patients
o Safety and quality issues record
o SCAMC – Symposium on Computer
MAJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTVIE Applications in Medical Care
- Computers were first developed in the late 1930s to ▪ Nurses formed their own working
early 1940s groups within HIT orgs such as the
- Prior to 1960s first NURSING SPECIAL
o Computers were initially used in healthcare INTEREST GROUP ON
facilities for basic office, administrative, and COMPUTERS
financial accounting function o The American Nurses Association approved
- 1960s the formation of the Council on Computer
o Why use computers? What should be Applications in Nursing (CCAN)
computerized? ▪ Developed a yearly Computer Nurse
o Nurses’ station in the hospital was viewed as Directory
the hub of information exchange ▪ 1989
o Required nurses become super users of • CCAN to Steering
computer technology Committee on Databases
o Increase in time spent by nurses documenting to Support Clinical Nursing
estimated at 40% Practice which became
o Rise in medication administration errors Committee for Nursing
prompted the need to investigate emerging Practice Information
hospital computer-based information systems Infrastructure (CNPII)
- 1970s • Purpose was to support
o Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) development and
and results reporting recognition of national
o Automation in public health agencies began health data standards
as a result of pressure to standardize data - 1990s
collection procedures and provide state- o 1992 – ANA recognized NI as new nursing
wide reports on the activities and health of the specialty
public o 1997 – ANA developed Nursing Information
o The Clinical Center at National Institutes of and Data Set Evaluation Center
Health implemented the Technicon Data o 1995 – the internet began providing access to
System information and knowledge databases to be
▪ One of the earliest clinical integrated into desktop computer system
information systems called Eclipsys o The internet was used for high-performance
& Allscripts computing and communication
▪ First system to include nursing - 2000s
practice protocols o 2004 – executive order 13335 established the
o The first point-of-care blood glucose monitor Office of the National Coordinator for Health
became available for use in the clinical setting Information Technology
o Wireless, point of care etc
o Use of bar coding and radiofrequency
identification
 o Smaller devices with wireless or internet ▪ Cache
access due to information for nurses within • Smaller form of RAM;
hospitals and community speed up processing by
o Internet provides means for development of storing frequently called
clinical applications used data and commands
o One of the first ONC initiatives was with the in small, rapid access
Healthcare Information Technology memory location
Standards of Panel o Input and Output
- 2010 ▪ Input devices – allow computer to
o Meaningful use program was implemented in receive information from the outside
three stages of legislation consisting of world
regulations • Ex. Keyboard and mouse
o Field of NI continues to grow due to MU • Ex. Knuckles cracking,
regulations touch screen and light pens
▪ Output devices – allow computer to
COMPUTER SYSTEM BASICS
report its results to the external world
Hardware • any equipment that
translates the computer
- All of physical components of computer
information into something
- Electronic circuits, microchips, processors, random
usable by people or other
access memory, read-only memory, BIOS chip, and
machines
graphic and sound cares
• can be in form of texts, data
o All attached to Motherboard
files, sound, graphics, or
- Computers and associated software programs were
signals to other devices
developed
• ex. Monitor and printer
- Major Advances in miniaturization and computer:
o Storage Medica
o Non-invasive visualization of human body’s
▪ Hard Drive – main storage device of
internal structure, metabolic, and movement
many PC and is inside the case or
functions
box
o Computer-enhanced surgical instruments
▪ USB Flash Drive – form of small,
that allow for both visualization and precised
erasable, programmable, read-only
removal of diseases tissues, living healthy
memory;
tissues minimally
▪ Optical Media – include compact
o Allow for distance visualization and
disks, digital versatile disks, and blu-
communication with patients in remote areas
ray
- Required hardware components of computer
▪ Cloud Storage – data stored in the
o Motherboard – the heart of any computer
Cloud is still stored in commercial
▪ connects diff parts of computer
computers called Servers
together
▪ memory, output, and social media • Cloud – distributed system
o Memory – refers to the electronic storage of many commercial,
devices or chips on the motherboard of a networked servers that
computer communicate thru internet
▪ Random Access Memory (RAM) and work together so
closely that they can
• Working memory used for
essentially function as one
primary storage; main
large system
memory
o Supercomputers and Mainframes
• Can be accessed, used,
▪ Larget type of computer
changed, and written on
▪ Computational-oriented computer
repeatedly
essentially designed to specific
▪ Read Only Memory (ROM)
applications requiring amount of
• Permanent storage; carries
instructions
 calculations which must be
processed at superfast speeds
- Microcomputer (Personal Computer or PCs)
o Designed to support a single-user
o Much smaller and less powerful thant
mainframe
o Were designed to be used by one person at a
time
- Handheld computers and personal digital assistants
o Smaller in size than PCs
o Smallest handheld computers; very small,
special function hand-held computer that
provides calendar, contacts, and note-taking
functions, and may provide word processing, Information Science
spread sheet, and a variety of other functions
- Interdisciplinary field of primarily concerned with he
o Sold as isolated devices
analysis, collection, classification, manipulation,
Software storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and use
of info
- General term applied to the instructions that direct the - Key themes
computer’s hardware to perform work o Optimality – achieving an optimum value for
- Consists of instructions communicated electronically to some desired outcome
the hardware ▪ Refer to almost any variable that is
- Purpose: measured on a numerical scale,
o Needed to translate instructions created in such as cost, time, and workload
human language into machine language o Performance – context of average
o Packaged or stored software is needed to performance of information system over a
make the computer an economical work tool series of communication instances
- Apps – organized instruction set of softwares; package ▪ Averages are better representations
– set of related programs of performance than long lists of
Categories of Software single instance performance
o Complexity – reality with enormous masses of
- System software data and information generated, collected,
o Boots up the computer system stored, and retrieved
o Control input, output, and storage ▪ The amount of time it takes to
o Controls the operation complete a task
- Utility program o Structure – means developing a system for
o Designed to support and optimize the ordering and cataloging the data and
functioning of the computer system itself information, particularly in a data-base
o Help maintain the computer system’s speed, ▪ Excellent structure serves to reduce
clean up unwanted programs, protect against the amount of time required to
virus attacks perform operations on the database,
o Access the world wide web such as search, retrieve, update,
- Applications Software sort, or so forth
o Programs that perform the business or
personal work people use of the machine to
do