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Homework For Chapter 3

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33 views

Homework For Chapter 3

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shahaan.baksh15
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Homework for chapter 3

1. Rewrite the following statement in the form ∀___x, if___ then___ (where each of
the second two blanks are sentences involving the variable x)
Every valid argument with true premises has a true conclusion.

be rewritten in the form ∀___x, if___ then___ as follows:


The statement "Every valid argument with true premises has a true conclusion" can

∀x, if x is a valid argument with true premises, then x has a true conclusion.
2. Consider the statement “The square of any odd integer is odd.”
(a) Rewrite the statement in the form ∀___n,___ . (Do not use the words “if” or

∀n, the square of n is odd, where n is an odd integer.


“then.”)

(b) Rewrite the statement in the form ∀___n, if___ then___ . (Make sure you use

∀n, if n is an odd integer, then the square of n is odd.


the variable n when you fill in each of the second two blanks.)

∃n such that n is an odd integer and the square of n is not odd.


(c) Write a negation for the statement.

3. Rewrite the following statement formally. Use variables and include both quantifiers∀and
∃in your answer.

∀r ∃a ∃b (a ∈ ℤ ∧ b ∈ ℤ ∧ b ≠ 0 ∧ r = a/b)
Every rational number can be written as a ratio of some two integers.

4. Rewrite the following statement formally. Use variables and include both quantifiers∀and
∃in your answer.

∀n (n > 2 ∧ n is even) → ∃p ∃q (p is prime ∧ q is prime ∧ n = p + q)


Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two prime numbers.

5. Which of the following is a negation for “Given any real numbers a and b, if a and b are
rational then a/b is rational.”
(a) There exist real numbers a and b such that a and b are not rational and a/b is not
rational.
(b) Given any real numbers a and b, if a and b are not rational then a/b is not rational.
(c) There exist real numbers a and b such that a and b are not rational and a/b is rational.
(d) Given any real numbers a and b, if a and b are rational then a/b is not rational.
(e) There exist real numbers a and b such that a and b are rational and a/b is not
rational.
(f) Given any real numbers a and b, if a and b are not rational then a/b is rational.

6. Let Tbe the statement


∀real numbers x, if −1 < x ≤0 then x + 1 >0.

∀ real numbers xxx, if x+1>0x + 1 > 0x+1>0, then −1<x≤0-1 < x \leq
(a) Write the converse of T.

0−1<x≤0.

∀ real numbers xxx, if x+1≤0x + 1 \leq 0x+1≤0, then x≤−1x \leq -1x≤−1 or
(b) Write the contrapositive of T.

x>0x > 0x>0.


7. Rewrite the following statement in if-then form without using the word “only”: A graph
withn vertices is a tree only if it has n −1 edges.
If a graph with n vertices is a tree, then it has n - 1 edges.

8. Are the following two statements logically equivalent? Justify your answer.
(a) A real number is less than 1 only if its reciprocal is greater than 1.
Yes because A is the contrapositive of B
(b) Having a reciprocal greater than 1 is a sufficient condition for a real number to be less
than 1.
Yes again because B is also the contrapositive of A

9. For each of the following statements, (1) write the statement informally without using
variables or the symbols ∀or ∃, and (2) indicate whether the statement is true or false and
briefly justify your answer.
(a) ∀integers a, ∃an integer b such that a + b = 0.
1: For every integer a, there is an integer b such that when you add b to a, the
result is 0
2: True. For any integer b = -a satisfies a + (-a) = 0. So, for every integer a, there

(b) ∃an integer a such that ∀integers b, a + b = 0.


is a corresponding integer b = -a that makes the sum equal to 0.

1: There exists an integer a such that for every integer b, the sum of a and b is 0.
2: False: There is no single integer a such that for every integer b, the sum a + b
= 0. This would require that a = -b for all integers b, which is impossible because
a would have to be different values for different b’s

10. For each of the following statements, (1) write the statement informally without using
variables or the symbols ∀or ∃, and (2) indicate whether the statement is true or false and
briefly justify your answer.
(a) ∀real numbers x, ∃a real number y such that x < y.
1: For every real number x, there is a real number y that is greater than xxx.
2: True. For any real number x, you can always find a real number y such that
y=x+1 (or any number greater than x). The set of real numbers is unbounded, so
for every x, there is always a larger y.
(b) ∃a real number y such that ∀real numbers x, x < y.
1: There exists a real number y such that every real number x is less than y.

2: False. There is no single real number y that is greater than all other real numbers. The set of real
numbers is unbounded above, meaning for any number y, you can always find a number x that is
greater than y. Therefore, no such y exists.

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