MAT 340 E MEMORANDUM FOR QUIZ #1 2020/10/26

(1)
We apply the row operations to reduce the matrix to a diagonal matrix
−R1 + R2 → R2
 
1 1 1 1 0
0 −2 0 −2 0

(1)
− 12 R2 :→ R2
 
1 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0

(1)
We apply back substitution and the resulting equations are

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
x2 + x4 = 0

The free variables are x3 and x4 . We

 let x3 = tand x4 = s.We have that x2 = −t, x1 = −s.
−s −1 0
 −t   0   −1 
The vector is given by X =   s  = s 1  + t 0 .
    

t 0 1
We thus have two vectors v1 = (−1, 0, 1, 0) and v2 = (0, −1, 0, 1).
The basis is a set S = {v1 , v2 } and the dimension is 2. (4)

Page 3 of 3
 TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Humanities
MAT 340 E– TEST #3
First Order Linear Differential Equations

Lecturer: Dr. T.P. Masebe

2020/11/17

Examiner:Dr T. P. Masebe Moderator:Dr P Mathye

Time allowed:One hour Marks:40

Name:
Student Number:

This test on First Order Linear Differential Equations forms part of the final assessment. Good
luck and answer the questions honestly, diligently and to the best of your ability!

p √
1. Find the solution of the differential equation 1 − y 2 dx + 1 − x2 dy = 0, subject to the initial
condition y(0) = 1.
Solution

p √
1 − y 2 dx + 1 − x2 dy = 0
dx dy
√ +p = 0
1−x 2 1 − y2
Z Z Z
dx dy
√ + p = 0
1 − x2 1 − y2
∴ arcsin x + arcsin y = C

We substitute for the initial conditions, and obtain that arcsin 0 + arcsin 1 = π2 . Thus C = π2 .
Thus the particular solution is given by arcsin x + arcsin y = π2 . [9]

1
MAT 340 E TEST #3 2020/11/17

2. Determine if the differential equation (x + y)dx + tan xdy = 0 is exact or not. If exact solve it.
If not, make it exact and solve it.
Solution: The function M (x, y) = x + y and the function N (x, y) = tan x
∂M ∂N
= 1 and = sec2 x
∂y ∂x
The equation is not EXACT. The integrating factor is determined as follows

My − Nx 1 − sec2 x −(sec2 −1)

= = = − tan x
N tan x tan x
Thus the integrating factor is
sin x
R R
e− tan xdx
= e− cos x
dx
= eln cos x = cos x

The exact equation is (x cos x + y cos x)dx + sin xdy = 0. Its general solution is

f (x, y) = cos x + x sin x + y sin x

[8]

Page 2 of 4
MAT 340 E TEST #3 2020/11/17

3. Solve the differential equation yy 0 − 2y 2 = ex . The equation could be expressed as

y 0 − 2y = ex y −1 .

This is a Bernoulli’s equation with n = −1. We also have that 1−n = 2. We divide the equation
by y −1 , and multiply each term by 2. We also set y 2 = z and dx
dz
= 2yy 0 .
The new transforms to 2yy 0 − 4y 2 = ex . Substituting for z we have the linear equation in z
given by the equation
dz
− 4z = ex
dx
The integrating factor is R
e −4dx = e−4x
We multiply each term by the integrating factor and obtain that
dz
e−4x − 4ze−4x = ex e−4x
dx
dz −4x
e = e−3x
dx
−4x
Z dze = eZ−3x dx
dze−4x = e−3x dx
1
ze−4x = − e−3x + C
3
1
z = − ex + Ce4x
3
The general solution is y 2 = − 31 ex + Ce4x [9]

Page 3 of 4
MAT 340 E TEST #3 2020/11/17

4. The logistic equation dx

dt
= ax(k−x)
k
where a is the population growth for some small species, is
important for population dynamics. If (1−dxx )x = rdt, subject to x(0) = x0 , show that
k
kx0
x(t) = (x0 +1)(k−x 0 )e
−rt .
1
Solution: We use partial fractions to simplify the expression (1− x )x
.
k

1 A B
x = + x
(1 − k )x x 1− k
x
A(1 − ) + B(x) = 1
k
x
A − A + Bx = 1
k
1
∴ A = 1 and B = .
k
We thus have that
1
dx
Z Z Z
dx dx k
= +
(1 − xk )x x 1 − xk

1
dx
Z Z Z
dx k
+ = rdt
x 1 − xk
x
ln x − ln(1 − ) = rt + C
k
x
x = Cert
1− k
kx
= Cert
k−x
Applying initial conditions we have that
kx0
C=
k − x0
The substitution for C yields that
x kx0 rt
x = e
1− k
k − x0
kx0 x
x = { −rt
}{1 − }
(k − x0 )e k
kx0
x + xx0 =
(k − x0 )e−rt
kx0
x(1 + x0 ) =
(k − x0 )e−rt
kx0
x =
(1 + x0 )(k − x0 )e−rt
Hence the proof. [14]

Page 4 of 4
 TECHNOLOGY
TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF
Faculty of Humanities
MAT 340 E- March 2021
Final Test Paper

2021/03/05

Examiner:Dr T. P. Masebe Moderator:Dr B P Ntsime

Time allowed:Three hours Marks: 100

Instructions to candidates.

Answer all questions and write neatly

Keep all subsections of a question together
 2021/03/05
MAT 340 E March 2021

Question 1 [25 Marks]

1.1. Solve the system of equations

9
2a;+ 4!]— 3z
3c -F 6y — 52 —
(8)

1.2 Showthat the matrix

cos9 sin 9
— sin 0 cos 0

is invertible for all values of 0, and find A ¯l . (6)

1 Find the eigenvaluesand eigenvectorsof the matrix

3 I (30
-2
0

/XJ=o Oko (11)

¯Question 2[25 Marks]
2.1. Determine whether or not the set of all ordered triples of real numbers with the operations

is a vector space or not.

(17)
2.2. Find the basis and the dimensionfor the solution space of the system

c 1 + 202 — 2.T3 C4 0
at 1 + — 5$3 + 4X4 O

(8)
(VOD Question 3[25 Marks]
3.1. Determine whether or not the equation y(a;+ —l)dy 0 is exact. If exact find
the solution, and if not make it exact and find its solution.
(10)
3.2. Find the general solution of 2

PagV2 of 3
 2021/03/05
MAT 340 E March 2021
(8)
3.3. Solvethe Bernoullidifferentialequationy' + = xy

Question 4[25 Marks]

differential
4.1. Use the method of undetermined-c$cients to solve the (7)
equation y" + 25y C
4.2. Find the general solution of the differentialequation (9)
:c2y/' — cy l + y .

e2c (9)
4.3. Solve the differential equation y" —4y/ + 4y

Ml
 Question 1: [10 Marks]

1.1 The general solution of the differential equations is as follows

y 0 = x2 y
dy
= x2 dx
y
Z Z
dy
= x2 dx
y
1 3
ln y = x +C
3

The general solution is given by

1 3
y = C 3x

When we substitute the initial conditions y(0) = 4 we obtain that

C = 4. Thus the particular solution is

1 3
y = 4e 3 x

Question 2: [10 Marks]

2.1 The differential equations is given as

−x2 + y 2 + 2xyy 0 = 0

(−x2 + y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0

The functions are given as

M (x, y) = y 2 − x2 this implies that My (x, y) = 2y

N (x, y) = 2xy this implies that Nx (x, y) = 2y

1
 The differential equation is exact. The solution to the equation is given

1 3
f (x, y) = x + xy 2 + f (y)
3

We thus have that

fy (x, y) = 2xy + f 0 (y) = N (x, y)

Thus f 0 (y) = 0, ⇒ f (y) = 0. The general solution is thus given as

1 3
f (x, y) = x + xy 2 + C.
3

Question 3: [10 Marks]

3.1 The first order ODE is given by the equation

dx
= rx − P.
dt
R
−rdt
The integrating factor is e = e−rt . We multiply each term by the
integrating factor and integrate to obtain that

dx
e−rt + e−rt rx = −P e−rt dt
dt Z Z
−rt
dxe = −P e−rt dt
P e−rt
xe−rt = +K
r
P
x = + Kert
r

2
 If x(0) is the initial value when t = 0 then
P
x(0) = +K
r
P
K = x(0) −
r
P P
x(t) = x(0)ert + ( − ert )
r r
P
x(t) = x(0)ert + (1 − ert )
r

Question 4: [10 Marks]

4.1 We have that n = 2, and 1 − n = −1. Then the resulting differential

equation is given by
11
−y −2 y 0 − = 1.
xy
1
We let z = y
and then the derivative of z is
dz
= −y −2 y 0 .
dx
We thus solve the first differential equation
dz z
− = 1.
dx x
1
The integrating factor is x
We multiply each term of the differential
equation by the integrating factor and solve to determine the general
solution given by
z = x ln x + Cx.

Thus
1
y=
x ln x + Cx
is the general solution.

3
 Question 1[20 Marks]
 
a b
1.1 Let V = M2×2 of the form   on which we dene two operations
c 0
vector addition and scalar multiplication. Let k and l be scalars, then
the following axioms hold for a vector space. [2]
       
′ ′ ′ ′
a b a b a b a b
Axiom:1 If   and   are in M2×2 , then  + 
c 0 c′ 0 c 0 c′ 0
 
a + a′ b + b ′
=  ∈ M2×2 . (2)
c + c′ 0
       
a b a′ b ′ a + a′ b + b ′ a + a′ b + b ′
Axiom:2  + = = 
′ ′ ′
c 0 c 0 c+c 0 c+c 0
   
a′ b ′ a b
=  +  (2)
′
c 0 c 0
     
 a b ′ ′ ′′ ′′
a b  a b
Axiom:3  +  + =
′ ′′
c 0 c 0 c 0
 
a + a′ + a′′ b + b′ + b′′
 =
′ ′′
a+c +c 0
     
′ ′ ′′ ′′
a b  a b a b 
 +  +  (2)
c 0 c′ 0 c′′ 0
     
0 0 a b 0 0
Axiom:4 There is an object   ∈ M2×2 such that  + =
0 0 c 0 0 0
     
0 0 a b a b
 + =  (2)
0 0 c 0 c 0

1
    
a b −a −b
Axiom:5 For each   ∈ M2×2 , there is an object   ∈
c 0 −c 0
     
a b −a −b 0 0
M2×2 such that  + =  (2)
c 0 −c 0 0 0
   
a b a b
Axiom:6 If   ∈ M2×2 , then k  =
c 0 c 0
 
ka kb
  ∈ M2×2 . (1)
kc 0
       
 a b a′ b ′  a + a′ b + b ′ ka + ka′ kb + kb′
Axiom:7 k  +  =k = 
′ ′ ′
c 0 c 0 c+c 0 kc + kc 0
   
a b a′ b ′
=k   +k   (2)
′
c 0 c 0
   
a b (k + l)a (k + l)b
Axiom:8 (k + l)  = 
c 0 (k + l)c (k + l)0
 
ka + la kb + lb
= 
kc + lc k0 + l0
   
a b a b
= k +l  (2)
c 0 c 0
     
la lb kla klb a b
Axiom:9 k =  = kl   (2)
lc 0 klc 0 c 0
   
a b a b
Axiom:10 1 =  (1)
c 0 c 0

The set of all positive real numbers with the given operations does form
a vector space. [20]

2
 Question 2[27 Marks]

2.1 A vector w is called a linear combination of vectors {v1 , v2 , ....vr } if it

can be expressed in the form

w = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + ... + kr vr

where k1 , k2 , ....kr are scalars. [3]

2.2 A basis for a vector spaces is both linearly independent and span the
vector
To show that the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 span the vector space ℜ3 we need to
nd scalars k1 , k2 and k3 such that any vector ⟨a, b, c⟩ is written as

⟨a, b, c⟩ = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + k3 v3

⟨a, b, c⟩ = k1 ⟨1, 0, 0⟩ + k2 ⟨2, 2, 0⟩ + k3 ⟨3, 3, 3⟩

Equating the corresponding coecients results in the system of equa-

tions

k1 + 2k2 + 3k3 = a

2k2 + 3k3 = b

3k3 = c

The solution of the above system of equations give k1 = a − b, k2 = b−c

2

and k3 = 3c . Thus the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 span the vector space ℜ3 . [6]

To show that the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 form a linearly independent set we
need to nd scalars k1 , k2 and k3 such that

⟨a, b, c⟩ = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + k3 v3

⟨0, 0, 0⟩ = k1 ⟨1, 0, 0⟩ + k2 ⟨2, 2, 0⟩ + k3 ⟨3, 3, 3⟩

3
 Equating the corresponding coecients results in the system of equa-
tions

k1 + 2k2 + 3k3 = 0

2k2 + 3k3 = 0

3k3 = 0

The solution of the above system of equations give k1 = 0, k2 = 0 and

k3 = 0. Thus the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 are linearly independent. [6]

2.3 The dimension of a nite dimensional vector space is dened to be a

number of vectors in the basis for V . [3]

2.4 The augmented matrix for the system of equations is given by

 
 2 2 −1 0 1 0 
 
 −1 −1 2 −3 1 0 
 
 
 1
 1 −2 0 −1 0 

 
0 0 1 1 1 0

(2)
R1 ⇔ R3 :→ R1
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 −1 −1 2 −3 1 0 
 
 
 2
 2 −1 0 1 0 

 
0 0 1 1 1 0

(1)
2R1 + R2 :→ R2

4
  
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 0 −3 0 0 
 
 
 2 2 −1 0 1 0 
 
 
0 0 1 1 1 0

(1)
− 13 R2 :→ R2
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 0 1 0 0 
 
 
 2 2 −1 0 1 0 
 
 
0 0 1 1 1 0

(1)
−2R1 + R3 :→ R3
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 0 1 0 0 
 
 
 0 0 3 0 3 0 
 
 
0 0 1 1 1 0

(1)
1
3
R3 :→ R3
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 0 1 0 0 
 
 
 0 0 1 0 1 0 
 
 
0 0 1 1 1 0

5
 (1)
R2 ⇔ R4 :→ R4
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 1 0 
 
 
 0 0 1 0 1 0 
 
 
0 0 0 1 0 0

(1)
−R2 + R3 :→ R3
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 1 0 
 
 
 0 0 0 −1 0 0 
 
 
0 0 0 1 0 0

(1)
R3 + R4 :→ R4
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 1 0 
 
 
 0 0 0 −1 0 0 
 
 
0 0 0 0 0 0

(1)
−R3 :→ R3
 
 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 1 0 
 
 
 0 0 0 1 0 0 
 
 
0 0 0 0 0 0

6
 (1)
We apply back substitution and have the system of equations

x1 + x2 − 2x3 − x5 = 0
x3 + x4 + x5 = 0
x4 = 0.

From the system of equations we have that x4 = 0, and x1 + x2 = x3 .

We set x2 = s, x3 = t where s, t = 0 ± 1, ±2, ±3, ..... This gives that
x1 = s− t.We thus havethe 
 following
 vectors

 x1   s − t   1   −1 
       
 x2   s   1   0 
       
(4)
       
 x  =  t  = s 0  + t 1 
 3       
       
 x4   0   0   0 
       
       
x5 −t 0 −1
The basis is the set of vectors S = {(1, 1, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0, −1)}. The
dimension is 2. (1)

7
 Marking Memorandum Test2 340 E

28/03/2017

Question 1: [32 Marks]

" #
a a+b
1.1 Let V = M2×2 of the form on which we define two operations
a+b b
vector addition and scalar multiplication. Let k and l be scalars, then the
following axioms hold for a vector space.
" # " # " #
a a+b a0 a0 + b 0 a a+b
Axiom:1 If and are in M2×2 , then
a+b b a0 + b 0 b0 a+b b
" # " #
a0 a0 + b 0 a + a0 a + a0 + b + b 0
+ = ∈ M2×2 . (2)
a0 + b 0 b0 a + a0 + b + b 0 b + b0
" # " # " #
a a+b a0 a0 + b 0 a + a0 a + a0 + b + b 0
Axiom:2 + =
a+b b a0 + b 0 b0 a + a0 + b + b 0 b + b0
" # " # " #
a0 + a a0 + a + b0 + b a0 a0 + b 0 a a+b
= = +
a0 + a + b0 + b b0 + b a0 + b 0 b0 a+b b
(2)
" # " # " #
 a a+b a0 a0 + b 0  a00 a00 + b00
Axiom:3 + + =
a+b b a0 + b 0 b0 a00 + b00 b00
" #
a + a0 + a00 a + a0 + a00 + b + b0 + b00
=
a + a0 + a00 + b + b0 + b00 b + b0 + b00
" # " # " #
a a+b  a0 a0 + b 0 a00 a00 + b00 
+ + (2)
a+b b a0 + b 0 b0 a00 + b00 b00
" # " # " #
0 0 a a+b 0 0
Axiom:4 There is an object ∈ M2×2 such that + =
0 0 a+b b 0 0
" # " # " #
0 0 a a+b a a+b
+ = (2)
0 0 a+b b a+b b

1
 " # " #
a a+b −a −a − b
Axiom:5 For each ∈ M2×2 , there is an object ∈
a+b b −a − b −b
" # " # " #
a a+b −a −a − b 0 0
M2×2 such that + = (2)
a+b b −a − b −b 0 0
" # " #
a a+b a a+b
Axiom:6 If ∈ M2×2 , then k =
a+b b a+b b
" #
ka ka + kb
∈ M2×2 . (1)
ka + kb kb
" # " # " #
 a a+b a0 a0 + b 0  a + a0 a + a0 + b + b 0
Axiom:7 k + =k
a+b b a0 + b 0 b0 a + a0 + b + b 0 b + b0
" # " #
ka + ka0 ka + ka0 + kb + kb0 a a+b
= = k +
ka + ka0 + kb + kb0 kb + kb0 a+b b
" #
a0 a0 + b 0
k (2)
a0 + b 0 b0
" # " #
a a+b (k + l)a (k + l)a + (k + l)b
Axiom:8 (k + l) =
a+b b (k + l)a + (k + l)b (k + l)b
" #
ka + la ka + la + kb + lb
=
ka + la + kb + lb kb + lb
" # " #
a a+b a a+b
=k +l (2)
a+b b a+b b
" # " # " #
la la + lb kla kla + klb a a+b
Axiom:9 k = = kl
la + lb lb kla + klb klb a+b b
(2)
" # " #
a a+b a a+b
Axiom:10 1 = (1)
a+b b a+b b

The set of all positive real numbers with the given operations does form a
vector space.

1.2 If W is a set of one or more vectors from the vector space V , then W is a
subspace of V if and only if the following conditions hold:

(a) If u and v are in W , then u + v is in W . (3)

(b) If k is any scalar and u is any vector in W , then ku is in W (3)

2
1.2 We need to find scalars k1 , k2 and k3 such that

k1 p1 + k2 p2 + k3 p3 = 0

The augmented matrix for the system of equations is given by

 
1 −1 2 0
 
 2 1 3 0 
 
4 3 5 0

(2)
−2R1 + R2 :→ R2
 
1 −1 2 0
 
 0
 3 −3 0 

4 3 5 0

(1)
−4R1 + R3 :→ R3
 
1 −1 2 0
 
 0
 3 −3 0 

0 7 −3 0

(1)
1
3
R3 :→ R3
 
1 −1 2 0
 
 0
 1 −1 0 

0 7 −3 0

(1)
−7R2 + R3 :→ R3
 
1 −1 2 0
 
 0
 1 −1 0 

0 0 4 0

(1)
1
4
R3 :→ R3

3
  
1 −1 2 0
 
 0
 1 −1 0 

0 0 1 0

(1)
From applying back substitution we have that k1 = 0, k2 = 0, k3 = 0. (1)
Thus the polynomials are linearly independent.

Question 2: [18 Marks]

2.1. If {v1 , v2 , ....vr } are vectors in a vector space V, and if every vector in V can
be expressed as a linear combination of vectors {v1 , v2 , ....vr }, then we say that
these vectors span V. (3)

2.2. If V is any vector space and S = {v1 , v2 , ....vr } is a finite set of vectors in V ,
then S is called a basis for V if

(a) S is linearly independent

(b) S spans V . (6)

2.3. The augmented matrix for the system of equations is given by

" #
1 −2 3 −1 0
2 −4 6 −2 0

(2)
−2R1 + R2 :→ R2
" #
1 −2 3 −1 0
0 0 0 0 0

(1)
The free variables are x2 , x3 and x. We let x2 = s, x3 = t and x4 = r. This
result
 in that x1 = 2s − 3t + r. We thus have  the following vectors X =
2s − 3t + r 2 −3 1
       

 s  = s  1  + t  0  + r  0 (6) The basis has the vectors
      

 t 
  0 
 
 1 
   0 
 
r 0 0 1
S = {(2, 1, 0, 0), (−3, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1)}. The dimension is 3.

4
MAT 340 E MARKING MEMO TEST #4 2020/12/12

4. Find the general solution of the differential equation

x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 − 4y = 5x2 .
Solution: The homogeneous equation x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 − 4y = 0. Its characteristic equation is
m2 − 3m − 4 = 0. The solutions of the characteristic equations are m1 = −1, and m2 = 4 The
complementary function is
yh = C1 x−1 + C2 x4
The particular solution is determined from the equation

−y2 R(x)
Z Z
y1 R(x)
yp = y1 dx + y2 dx,
W (y1 y2 ) W (y1 y2 )

x−1 x4
where R(x) = 5 and W (y1 , y2 ) = = 5x2 . Thus
− x12 4x3

−5x4 5x−1
Z Z
−1 1 1 5
yp = x dx + x4 dx = − x2 − x2 = − x2
5x2 5x 2 3 2 6

The general solution is y = C1 x−1 + C2 x4 − 65 x2 [11]

Page 5 of 5
 TSHWANE UNIVERSITY
OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Humanities
MAT 340 E- 10 March 2021
Marking Memorandum

2021/03/10

Examiner:Dr T. P. Masebe .Moderat,or:DrB P Ntsime

Time allowed: Three hours Marks: 100

1
MAT 340
E 2021/03/10
10 March 2021

Question 1[25 NIarksJ

1.1 The
Augmented matrix of
the system is

1129
(2)
We apply the row operationsto reducethe matrix to a diagonalmatrix
2R1 + R2 R2

1 1 2 9
o 2 17
3 6 —5 0

(1)
-3R1 + R3 R3
1 1 2 9
-17
o 3 11 -27
(1)

1 1 2 9
o 1 —4 -10
0 3 —11 -27
(1)
-3R2 + R3 •.9 R2
1 1 2 9
o 1 10
o o 1 3

(1)
From the last matrix we obtain the system of equations given by

10

(1)
Frorn applying back substitution we,have,that z = 1. (1)

Page 2 of 8
MAT 340 E 2021/03/10
10 March 2021
(2)
1.2 The determinant
for the matrix is IAI= cos20 sin20=1. (1)
Since the determinant is not zero, the matrix is+invertible.
The inverse of this 2 x 2 matrix is

cos 0 sin0
C,
sin 0 cos 0

1.3 The characteristic equation for the matrix is

-2 0

O 0
(3)
= 1
(5 A)2 = 0. This gives
The cigcnvalucs arc determines from solving the equation (l —A)
and 5 as eigenvalues.
by solving
The eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalueX= 1 is given
2 0

0 0

(2)
Which gives a vector (1, 1, 0).
Thc cigcnvcctorcorrespondingto the eigcnvaluc —5 is
given by solving

-2 a;2

— (6)
in two vectors
This results (1, —1, 0) and aj2
The eigenvalue 5 has two eigenvectors.
Question 2125 Marks]

2.1. Lct V SR+,on which wc define two operations vector adclition scalar multiplication as
follows
a; + ancl kat

Let and let k, I bc scalars. Then the,followingaxiorns hold for a vector space.
Axiom: 1 If T„'.i; € then a: •4-i; (1)
Axiom:2 T, ±'.h J'„i, (2)
Axiom:3T,-f. ) + ,iii;= = + i; (2)
Axiom:4 rllhore IS an, object c C such t,haL a: + e z e a: : ca; T.. Thus ae 1 (2)

Pago 8
MAT 340 E
2021/03/10
10 March 2021
Axiom:5 For each 1
e 2R+,there is an object y e sn+such that a;+ y 1. Thus y — (2)
Axiom:6 If c, R (1)
+, then e R+.
Axiom:7 + i) (xi)k +t (2)
Axiom:S (k + (2)
:c-k+l
Axiom:9 —-k(x l ) (2)
Axiom: 10 1.c= (1)

The set of all positive real numbers with the givenoperations form a vector space.
2.2. The matrices representation for the system
is given by

210
12030
(1)
Wc apply tho row operations to reduce thc matrix to a diagonal matrix
-3R1 + R2 R2
1 1
o o 1 1
1 2 o 3 0

(1)

1 2 2 1
o o 1 1
0 o 2 2

(1)
-2R2 + R3 R3
1 2 —2 1
o o 1 1
o o o o o

(1)
From the last matrix wc obtain the system of equations given by

a;1 2x2 2.1>3+ O

Page 4 of 8
 MAT 340
E
2021/03/10
10 March 2021
Whence we
au 0 we have that —a:
4 . The free variablesare and If we set .T,2= 1, and
obtain the
obtain the vect.ora
(—2, 0). Alternatively if we set, 0, and I we
is 2. vector b — 0, —1,1). Ilcncc the basis is the set S {a, b) and the dimension
(4)

Question 3125 Marks]

3.1. = + y) and
+ '2y,and DN 1.
The differential equation
is Not exact. Solving
ON
Dy
1
N a; —I
2101
result in that efdx ec is tho integrating factor. X/lultiplyingby ex we get the exact differential
equation
(xyeæ + y2eX)dx•+ (tex + 2yex et )dy 0.
The solution of the exact equation is
x
— y)e C + 112e
(10)
3.2. The differential equation in standard form is

The integrating factor is e 1d:c Inc 1

We multiply the equation the differentialequation by the integrating factor and solve to
detcrminc the general solution.

y + Ca;
Alternatively we have that the solution of the first order linear differential equation is given
bv

where P (T,) 1 and Q('.r,) x. The substitution of the functions

in the equation above
yields that the solution y is given as

• —dc) + Cm

+ Cc

(7)

Page 5 of 8
 MAT 340 E
2021/03/10
3.3. we have March'2()'21
that n 2, and 1 is given by
I. rI'hen the resulting differential equat,ion
11
let
and then the
derivative of z is
dz
NVethus solve the
first differential equation
dz
The integrating factor integrating
is We multiply each term of the differentialequation by the
factor and solve to determine
the generalsolutiongiven by
—C2 + CT.
Thus
1

—a;
2 + Cc
is the general solution. (8)

Question 4[25 Marks]

4.1. The homogeneous differential equation is given by

Its characteristic equation is given by

—10m + 25 0
z
This result in that ml nu 5. The generalsolutionof the homogeneousequation is
Yh Cle 5c 4- C2a;e5c

The particular solution is given by

This results in that

yip

yip/

We substitute for these in the original equation and obtain that equation Bet —10Bex +25A+
25/3eZ 5 +
The solution to the equation yields that B = and A = The particular solution is
3

The general solution of the equation is y = -I- + l- e

(7)

Page 6 of 8
 MAT 340 E

4.2. The 10 Nlarch2021 2021/03/10

homogeneous
differential equation
is given by

wc let y
be the solution
of the equation. Thon we havc that
a;
m.tm

The characteristic
equation is given

m(m — 1) — I m2 —2m -F 1 0
The solutions of
the
solutions are = characteristic
and
equation arc m. = 1, or m = 1. Thc two lincarly indcpcndcnt
a;In c. The solution of the homogeneousequation is given as

= CIT + Inx
The Wronskian of the two
solutions is

W (x, a; In C) — x In a;
1 1 + Inx
The particular solution Ypis determined
from the equation
Y2r(a;)
dc + Y2 dx
—CIn
dc + In a; —dc

ln.cd.T+ Ina; d,.c

—$ 2 Ing + + Inx
2

2
whcrc r(a;) 1. Thus the gcncral solution is given by

y c 1a; C2.'L'Ill a; 2

(9)
4.3. The homogeneous differential equation is given by

Its characteristic equation is given by

'm,2—4m + 4 = O

Page 7 of'8
MAT 340 E
10 March 2021 2021/03/10
This result in
that ml = •m.2=
2. The general solution of the homogeneousequation is

Yh Cle 2c + Ch:re 2x
The particular solution
is given by

Yp = •ue2r + 'tr.r,e
To find the particular
solution we solve the svstem

u'c2c+ 0
2u/e2x + v'e + '2v/:ce2c = e2x
We add —2x the first equation to the second and remain with that v'e2t —e2c. W hence v a;.
We substitute for •vin any of the t,woequationsand find that u, LT.2. Thus the general
solution is
2x
Cle J' + C.2xe.2x 4 —a;2e
o
y
(9)
24

Pagc 8 of 8
This UNOFFICIAL copy was downloaded from the Tshwane University of Technology website.

216876679 MAT340E 2013 December Re-Exam 2013 2021-06-08 22:01:23

This UNOFFICIAL copy was downloaded from the Tshwane University of Technology website.

216876679 MAT340E 2013 December Re-Exam 2013 2021-06-08 22:01:23

This UNOFFICIAL copy was downloaded from the Tshwane University of Technology website.

216876679 MAT340E 2013 December Re-Exam 2013 2021-06-08 22:01:23