UNIT 7 POLLUTION

I/Causal clauses (Cause – effect relationships)

Cause Effect
- because/ since + clause - so + clause
Example: Example:
Because/ Since the water is polluted, the fish The water is polluted, so the fish are dead.
are dead.
- due to/ because of + st - to cause st/ to lead to st/ to result in st
Example: Example:
The fish are dead due to/ because of the The polluted water causes/ leads to/ results in
polluted water. the death of the fish.
- to make sb/ st do st
Example:
The polluted water makes the fish die.

1. Conditional sentences type 2

* Form:
If - clause Main clause
If + S1 + V (past simple), S2 + would/ could/ might + V –infinitive

* Use: - to describe a thing which is not true or is unlikely to happen in the present or future.
Example:
If people didn’t throw rubbish in the street, it would look attractive. (But people throw
rubbish in the street.)

I. Combine the sentences in each pair into a new sentence that shows a cause – effect
relationship. Use the words in brackets.
1. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned. Factories produce waste and pour it into rivers and
lakes. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
 .
2. The environment is polluted. Birds leave their habitats and plants die. (makes)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
.
3. Plastic bags are a major source of waste. We should not throw plastic bags everywhere. (so)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
.
4. The food is contaminated. People’s health is poor. (results in)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
.
5. Factories release fumes. The air people breathe gets polluted. (due to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
.
II/Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form to complete the sentences.
1. If the local people drink the contaminated water, they (have) …………….. health problems.
2. If there were more trees in this area, the air (be) …………….. fresher.
3. All the aquatic animals (die) …………….. if people don’t stop dumping sewage into
the lake.
4. Global warming (not happen) …………….. if there weren’t too much carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.
5. If the sun (shine) …………….., we will walk to the mountain.

6. If people (stop) …………….. digging the street, there wouldn’t be noise pollution in
this area.
7. People use a lot of cars and motorcycles. If people (reduce) …………….. the use of
motor vehicles, there (be) …………….. less serious air pollution.
8. If you (not read) …………….. these articles, you (not know) …………….. the facts
about water pollution.
9. If I (be) …………….. the president, I (remove) …………….. all the factories out of the city.
10. Your brother (have) …………….. hearing problems if he (listen) …………….. to too
loud music.
III/Fill in each numbered blank with a correct word to complete the following passage.
Air pollution is a growing problem throughout the world. Indoor air pollution is (1)
…………….. of the leading causes of lung cancer. Families in developing countries use
open stoves for cooking and heating (2) …………….. homes. These homes do not have
proper ventilation. The smoke, which is (3) …………….. of chemicals and carcinogens,
gets trapped inside where families eat and sleep. Outdoor pollution also (4)
…………….. diseases and illness, especially in industrial cities such as Beijing, China,
where cancer is (5) …………….. leading cause of death. China relies heavily on coal,
which is considered the dirtiest (6)
…………….. of energy. According to the European Union, only one percent of urban
dwellers in China breathe clean (7) …………….. on an average day. Neighbouring
countries including Japan and Korea receive much of China’s pollution in the (8)
…………….. of acid rain. This pollution results mainly from the coal powered factories,
which produce inexpensive goods (9)
…………….. North American and European consumers. Outdoor air pollution is also a
concern in many wealthy countries. Those who live and (10) …………….. in urban centres
such as Los Angeles or Toronto experience many warm days beneath a layer of smog.
IV/Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits each blank space in the
following passage.
Light pollution is not (1) ……………. serious as water or air pollution. (2)
……………., it is the type of pollution that (3) ……………. more in cities than in rural
areas. In the past, we could sit out at night and (4) ……………. at glittering stars in the sky
and light from objects in the outer space. Nowadays, cities are covered with lights from
buildings, streets, advertising displays, many of which direct the lights up into the sky and
into many unwanted places. The real problem is that it is very (5) ……………. to apply light
to almost everything at

night. Millions of tons of oil and coal (6) ……………. to produce the power to light the
sky. Eye strain, (7) ……………. of vision and stress are what people may get from light
 pollution.
(8) ……………. light at night can harm our eyes and also harm the hormones that help us to
see things properly.
1. A. more B. as C. much D. only
2. A. Moreover B. However C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
3. A. happen B. occur C. occurs D. is occurred
4. A. watch B. see C. spend D. gaze
5. A. waste B. wastes C. wasting D. wasteful
6. A. used B. using C. is used D. are used
7. A. lose B. lost C. loss D. losing
8. A. Very much B. Too much C. Too many D. So many

V/Complete the second sentence so that it has similar meaning to the first one.
1. The soil is poisoned because farmers use too many pesticides and
herbicides. If
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I can’t help you unless you tell me what’s
wrong. If
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Many people have stomachache due to the contaminated
food. If
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Stop swimming in that lake, or you will have skin
rashes. If
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. John lives in the area affected by air pollution, so he has breathing
problems. If
……………………………………………………………………………………………………