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Metals and Non Metals

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44 views

Metals and Non Metals

Uploaded by

yaju
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ch 3 Metals and Non-Metals Class 10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Physical Properties
→ Metals
→ Non-Metals
• Chemical Properties of Metals
→ Reaction of metals with air
→ Reaction of metals with water
→ Reaction of metals with acids (Dilute)
→ Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts
• Reactivity Series
→ Reaction of Metals with Non-metals
• Ionic compounds
→ Properties of Ionic Compounds
→ Occurrence of Metals
• Extraction of Metals from Ores
• Steps Involved in Extraction of Metals from Ores
→ Important terms
→ Refining of metals
• Corrosion
→ Process of Prevention of Corrosion

Introduction
→ Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals on the basis
of their properties.
• Examples of some metals are: Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver
(Ag), Copper (Cu)
• Examples of some non-metals are: Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N),
Sulphur (S), Oxygen (O)
Physical Properties

Property Metals Non-Metals

They do not have shining


surface.
1. Lustre Metals have shining surface. • Except Iodine.

They are generally hard. Generally soft.


• Except Sodium, Lithium and • Except Diamond, a form of
2. Hardness Potassium which are soft and carbon which is the hardest
can be cut with knife. natural substance.

Exist as solids. Exist as solids or gaseous.


3. State • Except Mercury. • Except Bromine.

Metals can be beaten into thin


sheets.
• Gold and Silver are the most
4. Malleability malleable metals. Non-metals are non-malleable.

Metals can be drawn into thin


5. Ductility wires. They are non-ductile.

Metals are good conductors of


heat and electricity.
• Silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu):
Best conductors of heat. Non-metals are poor conductor
6. Conductor of • Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) poor of heat and electricity.
heat & electricity conductor of heat. • Except Graphite.

Generally have high density and


high melting point. Have low density and low melting
7. Density • Except Sodium and Potassium. point.

Metals produce a sound on


8. Sonorous striking a hard surface. They are not sonorous.

Metallic oxides are basic in Non-metallic oxides are acidic in


9. Oxides nature. nature.
Chemical Properties of Metals
• Reaction of metals with air
→ Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxide.
Metal + O2 → Metal oxide

Examples:
(i) 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Copper oxide (black)
(ii) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Aluminium oxide
(iii) 2Mg + O 2 → 2MgO

The reactivity of different metals are different with O2.


→ Na and K react so vigorously that they catch fire if kept in open so
they are kept immersed in kerosene.
→ Surfaces of Mg, Al, Zn, Pb are covered with a thin layer of oxide
which prevent them from further oxidation.
→ Fe does not burn on heating but iron fillings burn vigorously.
→ Cu does not burn but is coated with black copper oxide.
→ Au and Ag does not react with oxygen.

→ Amphoteric Oxides: Metal oxides which react with both acids as


well as bases to produce salts and water are called amphoteric
oxides.

Examples:
(i) Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + H2O

(ii) Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O


Sodium Aluminate
• Reaction of metals with water

→ Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

→ Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide


Examples:
(i) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 + Heat
(ii) Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
(iii) Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
(iv) 2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2
(v) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

• Reaction of metals with acids (Dilute)


→ Metal + Dilute acid → Salt + H2
→ Cu, Ag, Hg do not react with dil. acids.
Examples:
(i) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
(ii) Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2+ H2
(iii) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
(iv) 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2

• Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts


→ Metal A + Salt solution B → Salt solution A + Metal B
→ Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their
compounds in solution form.

Fe + CuSO4→ FeSO4 + Cu
Reactivity Series
The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their
decreasing activities.

• Reaction of Metals with Non-metals


→ Reactivity of elements is the tendency to attain a completely filled
valence shell.
→ Atoms of the metals lose electrons from their valence shell to
form cation. Atom of the non-metals gain electrons in the valence
shell to form anion.

E.g.: Formation of NaCl


Na → Na+ + e-
2, 8, 1 2, 8

Sodium cation
Cl + e- → Cl-
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8

Chloride anion

Ionic compounds
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to
a non-metal are called ionic compounds or electrovalent
compounds.

• Properties of Ionic Compounds


(i) Physical nature: They are solid and hard, generally brittle.
(ii) Melting and Boiling Point: They have high melting and boiling
point.
(iii) Solubility : Generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents
such as kerosene, petrol etc.
(iv) Conduction of electricity : Ionic compounds conduct electricity in
molten and solution form but not in solid state.

• Occurrence of Metals
(i) Minerals: The elements or compounds which occur naturally in
the earth’s crust are called minerals.

(ii) Ores: Minerals that contain very high percentage of particular


metal and the metal can be profitably extracted from it, such
minerals are called ores.

Extraction of Metals from Ores


Step 1. Enrichment of ores.
Step 2. Extraction of metals.
Step 3. Refining of metals.

Steps Involved in Extraction of Metals from Ores


Gangue → Roasting → Calcination → Reduction

• Important terms
(a) Gangue : Ores are usually contaminated with large amount of
impurities such as soil, sand etc. called gangue.

(b) Roasting : The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by


heating strongly in the presence of excess air. This process is called
roasting.
2ZnS + 3O2 →(Heast) 2ZnO + 2SO2

(c) Calcination : The carbonate ores are changed into oxides by


heating strongly in limited air. This process is called calcination.
ZnCO3 →(Heat) ZnO + CO2

(d) Reduction : Metal oxides are reduced to corresponding metals by


using reducing agent like carbon.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO

• Refining of metals
The most widely used method for refining impure metal is
electrolytic refining.

(i) Anode : Impure copper


(ii) Cathode : Strip of pure copper
(iii) Electrolyte : Solution of acidified copper sulphate

→ On passing the current through electrolyte, the impure metal from


anode dissolves into the electrolyte.
→ An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is
deposited at the cathode.
→ The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode
and is called anode mud.

Corrosion
The surface of some metals get corroded when they are exposed to
moist air for a long period of time. This is called corrosion.

Examples:
(i) Silver becomes black when exposed to air as it reacts with air to
form a coating of silver sulphide.
(ii) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains a
green coat of copper carbonate.
(iii) Iron when exposed to moist air acquires a coating of a brown
flaky substance called rust.

• Prevention of Corrosion
→The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing,
galvanizing, chrome plating, anodizing or making alloys.

→ Galvanization : It is a method of protecting steel and iron from


rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc.

→ Alloy : An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals


or a metal and a non- metal.

→ Examples of alloy:

(i) Iron : Mixed with small amount of carbon becomes hard and
strong.
(ii) Steel : Iron + Nickel and chromium
(iii) Brass : Copper + Zinc
(iv) Bronze : Copper + Tin (Sn)
(v) Solder : Lead + tin
(vi) Amalgam : If one of the metal is mercury (Hg)

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