UNIT 1

Functional units of computer

o Functional units of a computer system are parts of the CPU (Central Processing Unit) that
performs the operations and calculations called for by the computer program. A computer
consists of five main components namely, Input unit, Central Processing Unit, Memory unit
Arithmetic & logical unit, Control unit and an Output unit.

Input unit:

o Input units are used by the computer to read the data. The most commonly used input devices
are keyboards, mouse, joysticks, trackballs, microphones, etc.
o However, the most well-known input device is a keyboard. Whenever a key is pressed, the
corresponding letter or digit is automatically translated into its corresponding binary code and
transmitted over a cable to either the memory or the processor.
o The most common example of an input device is a keyboard, Joystick, trackball, mouse, scanner
etc.

Output Unit:

o The primary function of the output unit is to send the processed results to the user. Output
devices display information in a way that the user can understand.
o Output devices are pieces of equipment that are used to generate information or any other
response processed by the computer. These devices display information that has been held or
generated within a computer.
o The most common example of an output device is a monitor, Printer and speakers etc.
Memory unit

o The Memory unit can be referred to as the storage area in which programs are kept which are
running, and that contains data needed by the running programs.
o The Memory unit can be categorized in two ways namely, primary memory and secondary
memory.
o Primary storage is the fastest memory that operates at electronic speeds. Primary memory
contains a large number of semiconductor storage cells, capable of storing a bit of information.
The word length of a computer is between 16-64 bits.
o It is also known as the volatile form of memory, means when the computer is shut down, anything
contained in RAM is lost.
o ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for your computer.
o The most common examples of primary memory are RAM and ROM.

Arithmetic & logical unit

o Most of all the arithmetic and logical operations of a computer are executed in the ALU
(Arithmetic and Logical Unit) of the processor. It performs arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and also the logical operations like AND, OR, NOT
operations.

Control unit

o The control unit is a component of a computer's central processing unit that coordinates the
operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and
output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
o The control unit is also known as the nerve center of a computer system.
What is operand

In this instruction, "ADD" is the operation code (opcode), and "R1," "R2," and "R3" are operands. This
instruction instructs the CPU to add the values in registers R2 and R3 and store the result in register R1.

Basic Computer Terminologies

Computers are an integral part of every part of human life. A computer in itself is a wide term. It includes
various concepts, terms, and terminologies. It is very essential to understand each and every component
of a computer and its terminologies to understand a computer as a whole. we will look at the most
basic computer terminology.

• RAM, ROM, and Secondary Memory

• Register Memory
• Stored Program Concept
• ALU and CU
• I/O Devices
• Information (Data /Instructions) Encoding
• Loading and Saving
Some example of basic computer terminologies:
Bus Structures:

The bus is a group of conducting path which are used as transfer voltage or signal from one functional
unit to other fictional unit is called as bus.

Lines--→Carry data
---→ Address
---→control purpose
Types of Bus structure:

1. Address bus
2. Data bus
3. Control bus
1. Address Bus:

1. Address bus carry the memory address while reading from writing into memory.
2. Address bus carry I/O post address or device address from I/O port.
3. In uni-directional address bus only the CPU could send address and other units could not
address the microprocessor.
4. Now a days computer is having bi-directional address bus.
2. Data Bus:

1. Data bus carry the data.

2. Data bus is a bidirectional bus.
3. Data bus fetch the instructions from memory.
4. Data bus used to store the result of an instruction into memory.
5. Data bus carry commands to an I/O device controller or port.
6. Data bus carry data from a device controller or port.
7. Data bus issue data to a device controller or port.
3. Control Bus:

Different types of control signals are used in a bus:

1. Memory Read: This signal, is issued by the CPU or DMA controller when performing a read
operation with the memory.
2. Memory Write: This signal is issued by the CPU or DMA controller when performing a write
operation with the memory.
3. I/O Read: This signal is issued by the CPU when it is reading from an input port.
4. I/O Write: This signal is issued by the CPU when writing into an output port.
5. Ready: The ready is an input signal to the CPU generated in order to synchronize the show
memory or I/O ports with the fast CPU.
A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system,
combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should
be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation.
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