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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
GEOGRAPHY
1. The process that continually adds new crust is (69th BPSC)
A. Subduction
B. Earthquake
C. Seafloor spreading
D. Convection
Answer: C. Seafloor spreading
Term Description
Subduction: The definition of subduction is the process that occurs when two tectonic plates meet at
convergent boundaries, and one of the plates moves under the other one due to gravity
and differences in density. The boundary area where this occurs is the subduction zone.
Earthquake: An earthquake in simple words is the shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused
due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.
The vibrations called seismic waves are generated from earthquakes that travel through
the Earth and are recorded on instruments called seismographs.
The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called
the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called
the epicenter.

Seafloor spreading: The seafloor spreading hypothesis was proposed by the American geophysicist Harry H.
Hess in 1960. Seafloor spreading is the process of magma welling up in the rift as the old
crust pulls itself in opposite directions. Cold seawater cools the magma, creating a new
crust.
Convection: It is the vertical movement of air which expands and rises after being heated by radiation
or conduction at lower layers of atmosphere.

2. The theory that states "pieces of Earth's crust are in constant, slow motion driven by movement in
the mantle" is called(69th BPSC)
A. the theory of Pangaea
B. the theory of plate tectonics
C. the theory of plate boundaries
D. the theory of continental drift
Answer: B. the theory of plate tectonics
The theory of Pangaea:
German meteorologist Alfred Wegener first presented the concept of Pangea (meaning “all lands”) along with the
first comprehensive theory of continental drift, the idea that Earth's continents slowly move relative to one another,
at a conference in 1912 and later in his book The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915).
The theory of plate tectonics:
❖ The plate tectonic theory is a fundamental concept in geology that explains the movement of the Earth’s
lithospheric plates, which make up the Earth’s outermost shell.

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
❖ This theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamic processes that shape the
Earth’s surface, including the formation of continents, ocean basins, mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic
activity.
❖ The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into several large and smaller plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere
beneath them. These plates are made up of the Earth’s crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
❖ Plate tectonics is driven by the movement of the Earth’s mantle, specifically convection currents. The heat from
the Earth’s interior causes the mantle to convect, creating circulation patterns. This movement of material in the
mantle drags the overlying lithospheric plates with it.
Continental Drift Theory
❖ Continental Drift Theory was put forward by the German scientist Alfred Wegner in 1915.
❖ According to the Continental Drift Theory, part of the crust are capable of horizontal movement round the globe
causing the continents to slowly change their positions in relation to one another.
❖ The fact that South America is a mirror image of Africa is presented as a proof of the continental drift theory (see
video below for an animation showing the migration of both of these continents).
❖ For hundreds of millions of years, all the land of Earth was joined together in one large mass or super continent.
Scientists call it Pangaea (meaning “all lands” in Greek). Then about 200 million years ago the land began to drift
apart. It broke into two pieces, and scientists have called the continent in the north Laurasia and the continent in
the south Gondwanaland (named by Eduard Suess, an Austrian geologist).The two large continents continued to
break apart into the smaller continents that exist today. Scientists call this movement ‘continental drift’.

3. In the context of ‘Shipwreck Tourism’, shipwrecks in Indian waters have been explored at Sunchi Reef,
Amee Shoals and Grade Island. Where are these locations? (69th BPSC)
A. Off the coast of Lakshadweep
B. Off the coast of Tamil Nadu
C. Off the coast of Odisha
D. Off the coast of Goa
Answer: D. Off the coast of Goa
Sila Tripati had authored the chapter An overview of shipwreck explorations in Indian waters, part of the
book Shipwrecks around the World: Revelations of the past (October 2015).
He had written that while India’s maritime history was 5,000 years-old, details on ancient or historical period
shipwrecks was very inadequate.
“The recorded shipwreck history of India starts from the European period onwards. Since the initiation of shipwreck
studies in Indian waters shipwrecks have been explored in (Sunchi Reef, St George’s Reef, Amee Shoals, SailRock,
Grande Island) off Goa, (four in Minicoy Island and one in Suheli Par) off Lakshadweep Islands, and one each off
Poompuhar and Konark in Tamil Nadu and Odisha waters respectively,” the chapter had noted.

4. Consider the following statements regarding the ‘Gangetic Dolphin’:

1. The Gangetic River Dolphin has been categorized as ‘endangered’ under the IUCN’s Red list.
2. It does not have a crystalline eye lens rendering it effectively blind.
3. Navigation and hunting are carried out using echolocation.
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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
4. It has been recognized as India’s National Aquatic Animal.
Which of the above statements are correct? (69th BPSC)
A. Only 1, 3 and 4
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 4
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Major Points Related to Ganga River Dolphin
ABOUT: THE GANGA RIVER DOLPHIN (PLATANISTA GANGETICA), ALSO KNOWN AS THE “TIGER
OF THE GANGES” WAS OFFICIALLY DISCOVERED IN 1801.
HABITAT: ❖ Ganges river dolphins historically distributed in major river systems (Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu) of India, Nepal and Bangladesh.
❖ According to the recent study in the Ganga River Basin, the species recorded from
the main stream of Ganga River followed by the tributaries, Ghagra, Kosi, Gandak,
Chambal, Rupnarayan, and Yamuna.
FEATURES: ❖ The Ganges river dolphin can only live in freshwater and is essentially blind. They
hunt by emitting ultrasonic sounds, which bounces off of fish and other prey,
enabling them to “see” an image in their mind.
❖ They are frequently found alone or in small groups, and generally a mother and calf
travel together.
❖ Females are larger than males and give birth once every two to three years to only
one calf.
❖ Being a mammal, the Ganges river dolphin cannot breathe in water and must
surface every 30-120 seconds.
❖ Because of the sound it produces when breathing, the animal is popularly referred
to as 'Susu'.
IMPORTANCE: ❖ They have significant importance because it is a reliable indicator of the health of
the entire river ecosystem.
❖ The government of India declared it the National Aquatic Animal in 2009.
❖ It is also the State Aquatic Animal of Assam.
MAJOR THREATS: ❖ Unintentional killing through entanglement in fishing gear.
❖ Poaching for dolphin oil, used as fish attractant and for medicinal purposes.
❖ Habitat destruction due to development projects (e.g. water extraction and the
construction of barrages, high dams and embankments), pollution (industrial waste
and pesticides, municipal sewage discharge and noise from vessel traffic).
PROTECTION STATUS: ❖ International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN): Endangered
❖ Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 : Schedule I
❖ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) : Appendix I
❖ Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix 1
RELATED GOVERNMENT ❖ Project Dolphin
INITIATIVES: ❖ Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary has been established in Bihar.
❖ National Ganga River Dolphin Day (5th October)

5. Assertion(A): Rich placer deposits of gold are found on the Ghana coast and gold-bearing veins are
found in Brazil.
Reason(R): At some points of time, these continents were joined together along the Atlantic coast.
Select the correct answer: (69th BPSC)
A. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
B. A is false but R is true
C. A is true but R is false
D. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Answer: D. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast and the absolute absence of source rock in the
region is an amazing fact. The gold bearing veins are in Brazil and it is obvious that the gold deposits of the Ghana are
derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.

6. Which one of the following is the world’s richest region from a marine biodiversity perspective,
comprising twenty-one islands with estuaries, beaches, forests of the nearshore environment, sea
grasses, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves? (69th BPSC)
A. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
B. Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve
C. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
D. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
Answer: D. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
Reserves Description
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve situated in Uttarakhand includes parts of
Chamoli, Almora, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts. The major forest types
of the reserve are temperate. A few important species are silver weed and
orchids like latifolie and rhododendron. The biosphere reserve has a rich fauna,
for example the snow leopard, black bear, brown bear, musk deer, snowcock,
golden eagle and black eagle. Major threats to the ecosystem are the collection
of endangered plants for medicinal use, forest fires and poaching.
Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve It is located in the swampy delta of the river Ganga in West Bengal. It extends
over a vast area of 9,630 sq. km and consists of mangrove forests, swamps and
forested islands. Sunderbans is the home of nearly 200 Royal Bengal tigers. The
tangled mass of roots of mangrove trees provide safe homes for a large number
of species, from fish to shrimp. More than 170 birds species are known to
inhabit these mangrove forests. Adapting itself to the saline and fresh water
environment, the tigers at the park are good swimmers, and they hunt scarce
preys such as chital deer, barking deer, wild pig and even macaques. In the
Sunderbans, the mangrove forests are characterised by Heritiera fomes, a
species valued for its timber.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), the first of the fourteen biosphere reserves
of India, was established in September 1986. It embraces the sanctuary
complex of Wyanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Mudumalai, the entire forested
hill slopes of Nilambur, the Upper Nilgiri plateau, Silent Valley and the Siruvani
hills. The total area of the biosphere reserve is around 5,520 sq. km. The Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve possesses different habitat types, unspoilt areas of natural
vegetation types with several dry scrubs, dry and moist deciduous,
semievergreen and wet evergreen forests, evergreen sholas, grasslands and
swamps. It includes the largest known population of two endangered animal
species, namely the Nilgiri Tahr and the Lion-tailed macaque. The largest south
Indian population of elephant, tiger, gaur, sambar and chital as well as a good
number of endemic and endangered plants are also found in this reserve.
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 105,000 hectares on
Reserve the southeast coast of India. It is one of the world’s richest regions from a
marine biodiversity perspective. The biosphere reserve comprises 21 islands
with estuaries, beaches, forests of the nearshore environment, sea grasses,
coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves. Among the Gulf’s 3,600 plant and
animal species are the globally endangered e.g. sea cow (Dugong dugon).
Besides six mangrove species, endemic to Peninsular India are also endangered.

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)

7. What is the local time of Thimphu(Bhutan) located at 90° East longitude when the time at
Greenwich(0°) is 12:00 noon? (69th BPSC)
A. 4:00 p.m
B. 7:00 p.m
C. 6:00 a.m
D. 6:00 p.m
Answer: D. 6:00 p.m
The time increases at a rate of 4 minutes per one degree of longitude, east of the Prime Meridian.
Difference between Greenwich and Thimpu = 90° of longitudes
Total Time difference = 90 × 4 = 360 minutes = 360/60 hours
= 6 hours\Local time of Thimpu is 6 hours more than that at Greenwich, i.e. 6.00 p.m.

8. Which of the following statements is correct? (69th BPSC)

A. Mica is found in Kodarma.
B. Cuddapah series is famous for diamonds
C. Petroleum reserves are found in Aravalli hills.
D. Natural gas is found in Dharwar rock formation.
Answer: A. Mica is found in Kodarma.
❖ Koderma is one of the districts of Jharkhand which is blessed with abundant natural resources and rich mineral
deposits throughout the district. Earlier it was famous for production of world class mica and was known as the
Mica Capital of India or Abrakh-Nagri.
❖ Cuddapah System: It is called the Cuddapah system because the rock outcrops were first observed in the
Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh. These were deposited in the synclinal basins. These are unfossiliferous
rocks. Some of the rocks in this category are clay, slates, sandstones, and limestones. These rocks contain ores of
iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, nickel, etc.
❖ Petroleum is found in Krishna-Godavari basin, Cauvery basin, Assam Gujarat and Rajasthan. Aravallis have
deposits of copper zinc limestone gypsum etc but not Petroleum.
❖ Natural gas is found in sedimentary basins, generally in the areas of marine sediments. The Dharwar system
consists of minerals like manganese, iron-ore, copper, lead etc but not petroleum.

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
9. How many latitudes are there on the globe drawn at 1 degree interval? (69th BPSC)
A. 179
B. 178
C. 180
D. None of the above
Answer: A. 179
The latitude of a place on the earth’s surface is its distance north or south of the equator, measured along the
meridian of that place as an angle from the centre of the earth. Lines joining places with the same latitudes are called
parallels. The value of equator is 0° and the latitude of the poles are 90°N and 90°S (Fig. 3.1 on the next page). If
parallels of latitude are drawn at an interval of one degree, there will be 89 parallels in the northern and the
southern hemispheres each. The total number of parallels thus drawn, including the equator, will be 179.

10. The average height of the Kosi plain from mean sea level is (69th BPSC)
A. 30m
B. 150m
C. 300m
D. None of the above
Answer: A. 30m
The Kosi basin is the integral part of the lower Ganga plain. It is monotonously levelled plain. The average elevation in
the basin is between 30 M and 40 M general slope is form to south and from north-west to south-east.

11. On which plateau, the Tropic of Cancer and the Indian Standard Time Line intersect each other? (69th
BPSC)
A. Malwa
B. Baghelkhand
C. Bundelkhand
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Baghelkhand
Tropic of Cancer is 23.5° N and Indian Standard date line is 82.5° E. They intersect in Baghelkhand. The crossing point
of the topic of cancer and Indian Standard Time in Chhattisgarh is Surajpur.
Bundelkhand is north of the Tropic and Malwa is west of the dateline.

12. Which district of Uttarakhand is not situated along the Tibbet boundary? (69th BPSC)
A. Almora
B. Chamoli
C. Uttarkashi
D. None of the above
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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
Answer: A. Almora

UTTRAKHAND GK
Formation 09 November 2000
Capital Dehradun
Population 1,00,86,292
Area 53,483 sq. km.
Total Districts 13
Ancient Name of the State Uttaranchal
Number of Administrative Divisions 02 (Garhwal and Kumaon)
High Court Nainital

13. Where does the El Nino current flow? (69th BPSC)

A. The Bay of Bengal
B. The Indian Ocean
C. The Pacific Ocean
D. More than one of the above
Answer: C. The Pacific Ocean
❖ El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific
Ocean.
❖ It is the “warm phase” of a larger phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
❖ It occurs more frequently than La Nina.

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
14. The emirates of UAE are (69th
BPSC)
A. Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Jeddah, Kuwait, Bahrain, Umm Al-Quwain
B. Umm Al-Quwain, Fujairah, Ras Al-Khaimah, Riyadh, Dammam, Taif, Dubai
C. Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Dubai, Bahrain, Kuwait
D. Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Fujairah, Ras Al-Khaimah
Answer: D. Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Fujairah, Ras Al-Khaimah

15. The river Subarnarekha originates near which of the following villages? (69th BPSC)
A. Ormanjhi
B. Mandar
C. Hehal
D. Nagri
Answer: D. Nagri
The Subarnarekha is one of the longest east flowing inter-state rivers. It originates near Nagri village in Ranchi district
of Jharkhand at an elevation of 600 m.
Rivers in India, Their Lengths, Origins and Tributaries
S. No Rivers Origin Length End.
(km)
1 Ganga Gangotri Glacier (Bhagirathi), 2.525 Bay of Bengal
Uttarakhand
2 Yamuna Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand 1,376 Merges with Ganga at Allahabad
(Triveni Sangam – Kumbh Mela spot
3 Brahmaputra Himalayan Glacier in Tibet, but 1,800 Merges with Ganga and ends in Bay
enters India in Arunachal Pradesh. of Bengal
4 Chambal Tributary of Yamuna river, starting 960 Joins Yamuna river in UP
at Madhya Pradesh
5 Son Tributary of Ganga, starting at 784 Joins Ganga just above Patna – also
Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh considered part of Vindhya river
system
6 Gandak Nepal; Ganges tributary at Indo- 630 Joins Ganga near Patna
Nepal border (Triveni Sangam)
7 Kosi Starts from Bihar near Indo-Nepal 720 Joins Ganga near Katihar district of
border Bihar
8 Mahanadi Dhamtari, Dandakaranya, 858 Bay of Bengal, near False Point,
Chhattisgarh Kendrapara, Odisha
9 Damodar Tributary of Hugli near Chandwara, 592 Merges with Hugli in West Bengal
Jharkhand

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
10 Mahananda Paglajhora falls, Darjeeling, West 360 Merge in Ganga
Bengal

16. In the end of its mountainous journey at Attock, the Indus river is joined by which river from
Afghanistan? (68th BPSC)
A. Amu Darya
B. Kabul River
C. Helmand River
D. More than one of the above
Answer: B. Kabul river
❖ The Kabul River joins the Indus River near Attock, Pakistan. It is the main river of eastern Afghanistan and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Its major tributaries include the Logar, Panjshir, Alingar, Surkhab, Kunar, Bara,
and Swat Rivers.
❖ The Amu Darya River is one of the largest rivers in Central Asia. Most of the water flow of the Amu Darya River
comes from Tajikistan (72.8 percent), while Afghanistan and Uzbekistan account for 14.6 percent and 8.5 percent
of its water flow, respectively.
❖ The Helmand is Afghanistan's longest river. It originates near Kabul in the western Hindu Kush mountain range. It
flows in a south-westerly direction through desert areas for a total of about 1,150 kilometers before emptying
into Lake Hamun, which straddles the Afghanistan-Iran border.

17. Which one of the following is the well-publicized wildlife campaign in the world launched in 1973?
(68th BPSC)
A. Project Tiger
B. Lion Project
C. Sundarban Project
D. More than one of the above
Answer: A. Project Tiger
❖ Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation initiative in India that was launched in 1973 during PM Indira Gandhi’s
tenure.
❖ The primary objective of Project Tiger is to ensure the survival and maintenance of the tiger population in their
natural habitats by creating dedicated Tiger Reserves.
❖ The Project is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority(NTCA).
❖ Largest Tiger Reserve in India– Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana)
❖ Smallest Tiger Reserve in India– Bor Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra)
List of Tiger Reserves in India

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)

18. Which of the following statements is true about the Troposphere? (68th BPSC)
A. It is the topmost layer of the atmosphere.
B. The temperature at this layer increases with the height.
C. Its average height is 13 km.
D. More than one of the above
Answer: C. Its average height is 13 km.
Layers Characteristics
Troposphere ❖ It is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere.
❖ The average height of the troposphere is 13 km; its height is about 8 km near the poles and
about 18 km at the equator. At the equator, its thickness is greatest because heat is
transported to great heights by strong convection currents.
❖ All the climatic and weather changes take place in this layer of the atmosphere.
❖ The temperature decreases with the increase in height; for every 165 m of height, the
temperature decreases by 1℃ (normal lapse rate).
❖ Tropopause is a zone that separates the troposphere from the stratosphere. The temperature
in this zone is nearly constant (-80℃ over the equator and about -45℃ over the poles) and
hence, it is called the tropopause.
Stratosphere ❖ The stratosphere is found above the tropopause and extends up to a height of 50 km.
❖ One important feature of the stratosphere is that it contains the ozone layer.
❖ The lower portion of the stratosphere has a maximum concentration of ozone is called
Ozonosphere.
❖ It is found in between the height of 15 km to 35 km above sea level.
❖ This layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation and shields life on the earth from intense, harmful
forms of energy.
❖ Therefore, temperature rises in this layer.
❖ This layer is free from atmospheric disturbance, making conditions most ideal for flying
aeroplanes.
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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
❖ This layer is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomena.
❖ The transition separating the stratosphere from the mesosphere is termed as stratopause.
Mesosphere ❖ Located between about 50 and 80 kilometers above Earth’s surface, the mesosphere gets
progressively colder with altitude.
❖ The top of this layer is the coldest place found within the Earth system, with an average
temperature of about minus 85 °C (-120 °F).
❖ The very scarce water vapor present at the top of the mesosphere forms noctilucent clouds,
the highest clouds in Earth’s atmosphere.
❖ Most meteors burn up in this atmospheric layer. Sounding rockets and rocket-powered
aircraft can reach the mesosphere.
❖ The transition boundary which separates the mesosphere from the stratosphere is called the
stratopause.
Thermosphere ❖ It is located between about 80 and 700 kilometers above Earth’s surface, whose lowest part
contains the ionosphere.
❖ Because this layer is much closer to the sun, it can reach temperatures up to 2,000 °C (3,600
°F)
❖ In this layer, temperatures increase with altitude due to the very low density of molecules
found here. It is both cloud- and water-vapor-free.
❖ The aurora borealis (Northern lights) and aurora australis (Southern lights) are sometimes
seen here.
❖ The International Space Station (ISS) orbits in the thermosphere.
Ionosphere ❖ It is not a distinct layer as the others mentioned above. Instead, the ionosphere overlaps the
mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
❖ It’s a very active part of the atmosphere, and it grows and shrinks depending on the energy it
absorbs from the sun.
❖ It is an electrically conducting region capable of reflecting radio signals back to Earth.
❖ The electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions,
giving the ionosphere its name and endowing this region with some special properties.
Exosphere ❖ This is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere extending beyond the ionosphere above a
height of about 400 km.
❖ The air is extremely rarefied and the temperature gradually increases through the layer.
❖ Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.
❖ Temperature gradually increases through the layer. (As it is exposed to direct sunlight)
❖ This layer coincides with space.

19. The southern continent broken from Pangaea is called (68th BPSC)
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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)
A. Laurasia
B. Gondwanaland
C. Pacific Ocean
D. More than one of the above
Answer: B. Gondwanaland
❖ About 300 million years ago a supercontinent called Pangea existed. According to Alfred Wegener, all the
continents were "connected" in what was called "Pangaea".
❖ This supercontinent was surrounded by a vast ocean called "Panthalassa".
❖ The split in Pangea resulted in the formation of two large continental masses, Laurasia and Gondwanaland. The
northern continent was called Laurasia and the southern continent was called Gondwanaland.

20. The Arctic region and the Antarctica continent are situated near (68th BPSC)
A. The Sahara Desert
B. The North and South Poles
C. The Amazon Basin
D. More than one of the above
Answer: B. The North and South Poles
❖ The Arctic region is located near the North Pole and the Antarctic region is located near the South Pole.
❖ The Sahara Desert is in Africa. It is the largest desert in the world.
❖ The Amazon basin is related to the continent of South America.

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Pram IAS BPSC PYQ भूगोल (By Radhika ma’am)

21. Which states of India have a common border with Myanmar? (68th BPSC)
A. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
B. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram
C. Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura
D. More than one of the above
Answer: A. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
Note:
❖ Myanmar belongs to South-East Asia. Its capital is Naypyidaw.
❖ The currency of Myanmar is the kyat.
❖ The main mountain range of Myanmar is Arakanyoma. It is an extended form of Arakan Yoma Himalaya.
❖ Irrawaddy River is the main river flowing in Myanmar.

Neighbour Length of Border Bordering States

(in Km)
Bangladesh 4096 West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram
China 3488 Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhad, Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh
Pakistan 3322 Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat
Nepal 1751 Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim
Myanmar 1643 Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
Bhutan 699 Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
Afghanistan 106 Jammu & Kashmir (at Wakhan Corridor in PoK)

22. Which one of the following is the world’s richest region from a marine biodiversity perspective,
comprising 21 islands with estuaries, beaches, forests of the nearshore environment, seagrasses,
coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves? (68th BPSC)
A. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere reserve
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B. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
C. Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve
D. More than one of the above
Ans: A. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere reserve
❖ Located at the south-eastern tip of India, the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve is the first Marine
Biosphere Reserve in South and South-East Asia. The Gulf is where the southward extension of the Bay of Bengal
meets the Indian Ocean, and is one of the most biologically diverse regions in India.
❖ The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve is in Uttarakhand, while the Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve is located in the
Sundarbans deltaic region in West Bengal.

23. India’s territorial limit extends towards the sea up to how many nautical miles/km from the coast?
(68th BPSC)
A. 16 nautical miles (about 25.9 km)
B. 12 nautical miles (about 21.9 km)
C. 10 nautical miles (about 19.9 km)
D. More than one of the above
Ans: B. 12 nautical miles (about 21.9 km)
❖ It is noteworthy that the distance of the sea is measured in nautical miles.
❖ According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea held in 1982, a distance of 12 nautical miles
from the baseline of any country comes under the territorial limits of that country.
❖ The distance of 24 nautical miles from the baseline is called the Contiguous Zone.
❖ A distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline is called the Exclusive Economic Zone

24. Which of the following river valleys is rich in coal reserves in India? (68th BPSC)
A. Damodar River Valley
B. Son River Valley
C. Mahanadi River Valley
D. More than one of the above
Answer: D. More than one of the above
In India, more than 97 percent of coal reserves are found in the Damodar, Son, Mahanadi and Godavari river basins.
The most important Gondwana coalfield is located in the Damodar Valley.

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Additional information
Damodar River
❖ The Damodar river rises in the Palamu hills of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the state of Jharkhand.
❖ It passes through two Indian states namely, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
o The Damodar occupies the eastern margins of the Chotanagpur Plateau where it flows through a rift
valley and finally joins the Hugli.
o The Barakar river is its main tributary.
❖ Due to the devastating floods caused by the Damodar river and its tributaries in the plains of West Bengal, it is
also known as the ‘sorrow of Bengal’.
Mahanadi River
❖ The Mahanadi River system is the third largest of peninsular India after Godavari and Krishna, and the largest
river of Odisha state.
❖ The catchment area of the river extends to Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.
❖ Its basin is bounded by the Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by
the Maikala range in the west.
❖ It rises from a place near Sihawa, near Raipur in the state of Chhattisgarh to the south of Amarkantak.
Son River
❖ It is one of the largest southern tributaries of the Ganges after the Yamuna River.
❖ Course:
o Origin: It originates from the Amarkantak highlands in the hills of the Maikala range in Bilaspur district
of Chhattisgarh at an elevation of 640 m. (The Narmada River also originates from Amarkantak, though it
flows westward while Sone journeys towards the east).
o The river cuts through the Kaimur Range and joins the Ganges above Patna in Bihar after a 487-mile (784-km)
course.
o It flows through the states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand.
❖ Major Tributaries: The main tributaries of the Sone River are the Rihand River and the Koel River. The other
tributaries are the Gopad River and the Kanhar River.
❖ Dehri is the major town situated on the Son River.

25. Towards the end of summer, there are pre-monsoon showers which are a common phenomenon in
Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka. Locally they are known as (68th BPSC)
A. Blossom Showers
B. Norwesters
C. Mango showers
D. More than one of the above
Answer: C. Mango showers
❖ Mango showers : Mango showers is the name of the pre-monsoon showers in Karnataka, Kerala, Konkan and
Goa that help in the ripening of mangoes. They are also known as April rains or summer showers. The reason of
the Mango Showers is thunderstorms over the Bay of Bengal. These summer rains normally come in the second
half of the month of April, though the arrival is difficult to predict. The showers prevent the mangoes from
dropping prematurely from trees and are crucial for the mango cultivators of South India.

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❖ Blossom Showers – Pre-Monsoon Rains: Blossom Showers, occur mainly during the March- May months, i.e.,
before the arrival of monsoon into India. Therefore, they are also called as the April Rains. Blossom Showers in
Kerala, help in the flowering of plantation crops like Coffee and Tea.
❖ Norwesters: Norwesters or the Kalbaishakhi is a local rain fall and thunder storm which occurs in India and
Bangladesh. Kalbaishakhi occurs, with increasing frequency, from March till monsoon establishes over North-East
India.

26. The atmosphere is mainly heated by the (68th BPSC)

A. Short-wave solar radiation
B. Reflected solar radiation
C. Long-wave terrestrial radiation
D. More than one of the above
Answer: C. Long-wave terrestrial radiation
The energy of the sun reaches earth through radiation and circulates through various processes such as conduction,
convection, advection, and terrestrial radiation.
The different ways of heating and cooling of the atmosphere are mentioned below:
❖ Terrestrial Radiation: The earth’s surface after being heated up by the insolation, starts to radiate energy to the
atmosphere in the form of long waves. The long-wave radiation is absorbed by the atmospheric gases particularly
by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Thus, the atmosphere is indirectly heated by the terrestrial
radiation.
❖ Conduction: It is the transfer of heat at the zone of contact between earth’s surface and atmosphere.
❖ Convection: It is the vertical movement of air which expands and rises after being heated by radiation or
conduction at lower layers of atmosphere.
❖ Advection: It is the transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air (wind).

27. The Sargasso Sea is a part of the (67th BPSC)

A. Arctic Ocean
B. North Atlantic Ocean
C. South Atlantic Ocean
D. Indian Ocean
Answer: B. North Atlantic Ocean
❖ The Sargasso Sea is a characteristic of the Atlantic Ocean, which is an area of calm and steady water currents
flowing around between 20° to 40° north latitude and 35° to 75° west longitude.
❖ It is an area situated between the Gulf Stream, Canary and North Equatorial Currents.

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❖ Rootless and thick grass floats on the coast of this sea, which is known as Sargassum, due to this grass this area is
called Sargasso Sea.
❖ The highest salinity and temperature of the Atlantic Ocean are found in this region.

28. What is the boundary line between India and China called? (67th BPSC)
A. Radcliffe Line
B. Indira Point
C. Durand Line
D. McMahon Line
Answer: D. McMahon Line
Name of Lines/Boundaries Between Features/ Description
Durand Line Pakistan Delimited by Sir Mortimer Durand with the
and agreement of the erstwhile Amir of Afghanistan in
Afghanistan 1893.
Present-day Afghanistan does not recognize the
Durand line.

McMahon Line China and It was drawn by Sir Henry McMahon in consultation
India with Tibetan representatives in 1914.
China disputes the legal status of this line but it is
the de facto border between India and China.

Radcliffe Line India and It was demarcated by Sir Cyril Radcliffe for the
Pakistan Partition of India and the formation of East and
West Pakistan.
It includes present-day India, Bangladesh and
Pakistan.

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Indira Point
❖ Indira Point, southernmost point of India's territory, is a village in the Nicobar district at Great Nicobar Island of
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It is located in the Great Nicobar tehsil.
❖ The point was formerly known as Pygmalion Point and Parsons Point.
❖ This village was named Indira Point after former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi visited the local light house on 19
February 1984. The official renaming ceremony happened on 10 October 1985.
❖ Galathea National Park and Lighthouse are the major attractions here.

29. Rajasthan receives very little rain because (67th BPSC)

A. It is too hot
B. There is no water available and thus the winds remain dry.
C. The winds do not come across any barriers to cause the necessary uplift to cool the air.
D. The monsoon fails to reach the area.
Answer: C. The winds do not come across any barriers to cause the necessary uplift to cool the air.
❖ Rajasthan receives very little rainfall as it lies in the rain-shadow region of the Aravalli hills.
❖ The climate of Rajasthan varies greatly across the state. In desert areas it is very hot and dry in summer with dust
storms, while it is very cold during winter

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30. For which cultivation, “Karewas” are famous? (67th BPSC)

A. Saffron
B. Mango
C. Grapes
D. Banana
Answer: A. Saffron
The Karewa formation are glacio- fluvial-lacustrine and aeolian loess of Plio-Pleistocene age. The Karewa deposits are
composed of sand, silt, clay, shale, mud, lignite, gravel and loessic sediments. Therefore, it is extremely important for
agricultural and horticultural practices in the valley. The world famous variety of saffron, which is locally known as
zafran is cultivated on these deposits. It also helps in the cultivation of almond, walnut, apple and orchards.

31. Consider the following statements

1. In India, Project Tiger was launched in 1973.
2. The theme for National Biodiversity Day in 2022 is “Building a shared future for all life”.
3. The Project Tiger is a tiger conservation programme.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? (67th BPSC)
A. 1 and 3

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B. 2 and 3
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1
Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3
❖ Project Tiger' is a centrally sponsored scheme run by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
❖ On 1 April 1973, the Government of India started Project Tiger from Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.
❖ 'Project Tiger' is being run by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
❖ The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest
and Climate Change established in the year 2006 by amending the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972.
❖ The theme of National Biodiversity Day for the year 2022 was "Building a shared future for all life".
❖ The theme of the 2024 International Day for Biodiversity is 'Be part of the Plan'. The theme calls upon the
international community to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity worldwide and support the implementation
of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

32. At which of the following places, the newspaper print paper industry is located? (67th BPSC)
A. Durgapur
B. Nepanagar
C. Kanpur
D. Satana
Answer: B. Nepanagar
The biggest newspaper print mill of India is located in Nepanagar. It is an industrial township situated in the district of
Burhanpur, which is in Madhya Pradesh. It is located between the cities Burhanpur and Khandwa. The word ‘Nepa’ is
an abbreviation for ‘National Environment Protection Authority’, and hence the city is named Nepanagar.
The newspaper printing mill is called ‘Nepa Mills Limited’. It was earlier called as The National News Print Limited.
The Nepa mill is spread over an area of 107 acres, and the company has also constructed 2164 residential quarters in
the town. It was founded in 1948 and it started its production from April of 1956. The raw materials that they used
were Salai wood and Bamboo, which were available abundantly in the forests surrounding Nepanagar.
State-wise distribution of paper mills are:
❖ West Bengal: Major Mills in the state are situated along Hooghly River. The important mills of the state are
Calcutta, Tribeni, Titagarh, Alambazar, Kakinara, Bansberia, Baranagar and Ranigunj.
❖ Orissa: Right now, three mills are producing paper at Brajarajnagar, Rayagada and Chowdwar.
❖ Madhya Pradesh: Major Mills are located at Nepanagar, Vidisha, Rewa, Ratlam, Shahdol etc. Nepa Nagar is the
only newsprint manufacturing unit in the country.
❖ Andhra Pradesh: Major Mills are situated at Rajamundry, Kagaznagar, Bodhan and Bhadrachalam.
❖ Maharashtra: Mills are located at Kalyan, Khopli, Ballarpur, Pune, Nagpur, Bhiwandi, Bombay and Kamptee etc.
Most of these mills are old and worn out.
❖ Karnataka: Leading paper manufacturing units in the state are Bhadravati, Belagola, Dandeli, Ramanagram,
Bangalore, Krishnaraj Sagar.
❖ Tamil Nadu: Cheranmahadevi, Pallipalayam, Udmalpet, Chennai, Salem, Amravathinagar, Pahanasam, Madurai,
etc. are the major producers.
❖ Uttar Pradesh: Saharanpur and Lalkuan have mills of large size. The other centres are at Meerut, Modinagar,
Ghaziabad, Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Pipraich, Muzaffamagar, Allahabad (Naini), Varanasi, Kalpi, Budaun and
Mainpuri.

33. Where was the first coal mine in India mined? (67th BPSC)
A. Raniganj
B. Dhanbad
C. Asansol
D. Jharia
Answer: A. Raniganj

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Raniganj region of West Bengal was the very first coalfield in India where coal mining was started by the East India
Company in the year 1774
List of Coal Mines in India

Coal Mine States

Jharia Coalfield Jharkhand
Bokaro Coalfield
Jayanti Coalfield
Godda Coalfield
Giridih (Karbhari Coal Field)
Ramgarh Coalfield
Karanpura Coalfield
Daltonganj Coalfield
Korba Coalfield Chhattisgarh
Hasdeo Arand Coalfield
Mand-Raigarh Coalfield
Singareni Collieries Company Andhra Pradesh /
Limited Telangana
Kantapalli Coalfield
Kothagudem Coalfield
Neyveli Lignite Coalfield Tamil Nadu
Jharsuguda Coalfield Odisha
Rampia Coalfield
Talcher Coalfield
Ib Valley Coalfield
Ledo Coalfield Assam
Makum Coalfield
Najira Coalfield
Janji Coalfield
Lakhimpur Coalfield
Ledo Coalfield
Darrangiri (Garo hills) Meghalaya
Maolong and Langrin Coalfields
(Khasi & Jaintia Hills)
Cherrapunji Coalfield
Liotryngew Coalfield
Singrauli Coalfield Madhya Pradesh
Satpura Coalfield
Sohagpur Coalfield
Johila Coalfield
Umaria Coalfield
Satpura Coalfield
Pench-Kanhan Coalfield Maharashtra
Wardha Valley Coalfield

34. According to the Census of India, 2011, which Scheduled Tribe is the largest in India? (67th BPSC)
A. Kol
B. Bhil
C. Gond
D. Santhal
Answer: B. Bhil

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❖ According to the 2011 census, Bhils are the largest tribal group in India. They constitute about 38% of the total
Scheduled Tribe population of India.
❖ Bhil tribe is found in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh as well as Tripura.
❖ Gond is the second largest and Santhal is the third largest tribal community
Census 2011 facts
❖ The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 for the first time since 1931.
❖ It seeks to canvass every Indian family in rural and urban India, and ask about their:
o Economic status, to allow Central/State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation
which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person.
o Specific caste name, to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups are economically worse off
and which are better off.
State with the highest population density Bihar
State with the lowest population density Arunachal Pradesh
Union territory with least population Lakshadweep
State with the highest population Uttar Pradesh
State with the lowest population Sikkim
State with the highest sex ratio Kerala
State with the lowest sex ratio Haryana
State with the highest literacy rate Kerala
State with the lowest literacy rate Bihar

Literacy Rate
Literacy Rate in India (Category) Data from Census of India 2011
Males 82.14%
Females 65.46%
Overall Literacy 74%

35. Which is the chief heavenly body of the solar system? (67th BPSC)
A. Jupiter
B. Saturn
C. Sun
D. Earth
Answer: C. Sun
❖ The Sun is a star and the creator of our solar system.
❖ The source of the Sun's energy is the conversion of hydrogen atoms in its center into helium by nuclear fusion.
That is, there is a process of nuclear fusion in the Sun.
❖ The minimum distance from the Earth to the Sun is 147 million km.
❖ The maximum distance of the Sun from the Earth is 152.1 million km.
❖ The average/mean distance of the Sun from the Earth is 14.98 crore km.
Planets Facts
Mercury It is the nearest to the Sun and also the smallest planet in our solar system.
It has no satellite of its own.
It takes 1408 hours to complete a rotation.
Venus It is called morning or an evening star, although it is not a star.
Sometimes it is called as Earth’s twin.
Venus has no moon or satellite of its own.
It rotates from east to west while the Earth rotates from west to east.
It takes 5,832 hours to complete a rotation.

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Earth The Earth is the only planet in the solar system on which life is known to exist.
The axis of rotation of the Earth is 23.5 degrees relative to the orbital plane – the plane of
Earth’s orbit around the sun. The tilt is responsible for the change of seasons on the Earth.
The Earth has only one moon.
The Earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation.
Mars It appears slightly reddish and, therefore, it is also called the red planet.
Mars has two small natural satellites.
It takes 25 hours to complete a rotation.
Jupiter Jupiter is the largest planet of the solar system.
Jupiter has 53 named satellites and another 26 awaiting official names.
It also has faint rings around it.
It takes only 10 hours to complete a rotation.
Saturn The Saturn is yellowish in colour.
It has an icy ring around it.
It has more than 60 known moons.
It takes 11 hours to complete a rotation (second-shortest day in the solar system).
Uranus Uranus also rotates from east to west (like Venus).
It has a highly tilted rotational axis.
It takes 17 hours to complete a rotation.
Neptune It is the eighth and most distant planet in our solar system.
The Neptune is dark, cold and has a presence of supersonic winds.
It takes 16 hours to complete a rotation.

36. Which elements are abundant in the formation of the interior layer of the Earth? (67th BPSC)
A. Silica and Magnesium
B. Basalt and Silica
C. Nickel and Ferrum
D. Silica and Aluminium
Answer: C. Nickel and Ferrum
Three Layers of Earth
❖ Crust/ Lithosphere / (SiAl-Silica + Aluminium): This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock,
mostly basalt and granite.
❖ Mantle/ Mesosphere / (SiMa- Silica + Magnesium): It lies below the crust and is up to 2900 km thick. It consists
of hot, dense, iron and magnesium-rich solid rock.
❖ Core/ Inner Circle (Centrosphere) / (NiFe- Nickel + Ferrous): It is the center of the earth and is made up of two
parts: the liquid outer core and solid inner core. The outer core is made of nickel, iron and molten rock.
37. Who among the following postulated the concept of the “Geographical cycle of erosion”? (67th BPSC)
A. W.M Davis
B. S.W Woolridge
C. Kober
D. A.Holmes
Answer: A. WM Davis
WM Davis was an American geographer. He gave the concept of "geographical cycles" which came to be known as
"erosion cycles" in 1899.

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38. In which hemisphere, roaring forties, furious fifties and shrieking sixties are blowing? (67th BPSC)
A. Southern Hemisphere
B. Eastern Hemisphere
C. Western Hemisphere
D. Northern Hemisphere
Answer: A. Southern Hemisphere
❖ The winds blowing continuously in both the hemispheres from the subtropical high pressure belt towards the
sub-polar low pressure belt are called westerly winds.
❖ In the Northern Hemisphere, their direction is from South-West to North-East and in the Southern Hemisphere
from North-West to South-East.
❖ Since the area of the land is less in the southern hemisphere, the westerly wind has developed the most in the
southern hemisphere.
❖ The maximum development of these winds has taken place between 40 degree to 65 degree latitudes in the
Southern Hemisphere.
❖ Between 40 degree south latitude, these winds are called Roaring Forties.
❖ At 50 degree south latitude, these winds are called Furious Fifties.
❖ At 60 degree south latitude it is called Shrieking Sixties

39. Pattiseema Project is associated with the integration of which of the following rivers? (67th BPSC
CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Krishna and Kaveri
B. Krishna and Godavari
C. Godavari and Mahanadi
D. Ganga and Brahmaputra
Answer: B. Krishna and Godavari
Pattiseema Lift Irrigation project is the first river-linking project in India, connecting Godavari with Krishna through
the Polavaram right canal. It will divert surplus Godavari water to Krishna river. Its name is also recorded in 'Limca
Book of Records'. The project was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Chandrababu Naidu in
March 2016, while the project was completed in a record time of one year.

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40. Combustion of underground coal occurs in the state of(67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. West Bengal
B. Bihar
C. Jharkhand
D. Odisha
Answer: C. Jharkhand
Underground coal burning has been happening in Jharia of Jharkhand state since the last 100 years.
Coal catches fire due to spontaneous heating and the fire spreads out over bigger areas. Fires in coal mines originate
from spontaneous combustion occurring either underground or on the surface. 75 % of the fires occur due to
spontaneous combustion.

41. The rivers Damodar, Koel and Subarnarekha originate from which of the following? (67th BPSC
CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Deccan Plateau
B. Central Highland
C. Chota Nagpur Plateau
D. Meghalaya Plateau
Answer: C. Chota Nagpur Plateau
Chotanagpur Plateau
❖ Chotanagpur plateau represents the north-eastern projection of the Indian Peninsula.
❖ Mostly in Jharkhand, northern part of Chhatisgarh and Purulia district of West Bengal.
❖ The Son river flows in the north-west of the plateau and joins the Ganga.
❖ The average elevation of the plateau is 700 m above sea level.
❖ This plateau is composed mainly of Gondwana rocks.
❖ Rivers like the Damodar, the Subarnrekaha, the North Koel, the South Koel and the Barkar have developed
extensive drainage basins.
❖ The Damodar river flows through the middle of this region in a rift valley from west to east. Here are found
the Gondwana coal fields which provide bulk of coal in India.
❖ North of the Damodar river is the Hazaribagh plateau with an average elevation of 600 m above mean sea level.
This plateau has isolated hills. It looks like a peneplain due to large scale erosion.

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❖ The Ranchi Plateau to the south of the Damodar Valley rises to about 600 m above mean sea level. Most of the
surface is rolling where the city of Ranchi (661 m) is located.
Central Highland
❖ Central Highland, or the Madhya Bharat Pathar or Madhya Bharat Plateau, is east of the Marwar or Mewar
Upland.
❖ The basin of the Chambal river, which flows in a rift valley, makes up the majority of the plateau.
❖ Its principal tributaries include the Kali Sindh, which emerges from Rana Pratap Sagar; the Banas, which runs
across the Mewar plateau; and the Parwan and Parbati, which emerge from Madhya Pradesh.
Meghalaya Plateau
❖ Beyond the Rajmahal hills, to the east, the peninsular plateau stretches to Meghalaya or the Shillong plateau.
❖ The plateau’s highest peak is Shillong (1,961 m).
❖ This plateau is separated from the main block by the Garo-Rajmahal Gap.
❖ Down-faulting caused this gap to appear. Later, sediments left behind by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra filled it.
❖ The Meghalaya plateau slopes southward toward the Surma and Meghna rivers and northward toward the
Brahmaputra valley.
❖ Its western border roughly corresponds with the border with Bangladesh.
❖ The Khasi-Jaintia Hills (1,500 m), the Mikir Hills (900 m), and the Garo Hills (900 m) are the names of the western,
middle, and eastern portions of the plateau, respectively (700 m).
Deccan Plateau
❖ About five lakh square kilometres are covered by the Deccan Plateau.
❖ The Satpura and Vindhya in the northwest, the Mahadev and Maikal in the north, the Western Ghats in the west,
and the Eastern Ghats in the east define its triangle shape.
❖ The Deccan Plateau is 600 metres above sea level on average. The elevation varies from 500 m in the north to
1000 m in the south.
❖ The flow of its principal rivers serves as a good indicator of its general slope, which runs from west to east.

42. Geodesy is the science that deals with (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Dating of terrestrial rock
B. Measurement of dimension of the Earth.
C. Measurement of elevation and depression of the earth
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Measurement of dimension of the Earth.
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Geodesy is the science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space,
and gravity field.

43. The theory of continental drift was developed by (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. J.J Wilson
B. A.Wegener
C. Du Toit
D. H.Hess
Answer: B. A.Wegener
❖ The famous German scholar Alfred Wegener presented this theory in 1912. He found that a geographical
uniformity could be given by joining the present continents. He called it the Jig-saw fit.
❖ According to him, all the landmasses of the earth were connected together in the Carboniferous era. He named
this large continent as 'Pangaea'. There was an expanse of a great ocean around it which was called 'Pathalasa'.
❖ In the last Jurassic era, the division of Pangea started and one part of it shifted towards the north and the other
part towards the south.
❖ The northern part is called Laurasia (Angaraland) and the southern part is called Gondwanaland.

44. Which of the following statements are concerned with eskers and drumlins?
1. Eskers are ridges of crudely bedded gravels and sands.
2. Drumlins are constituted mostly of boulders and clay.
3. Basket of eggs topography is characteristic of terrains with eskers.
4. While eskers are built by glacier streams, drumlins result from glacier action.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1, 2 and 4
C. 3 and 4 only
D. 1 and 2 only
Answer: B. 1, 2 and 4
Basket of eggs topography is characteristic of Drumlins.
❖ Eskers: These are ridges made of sands and gravels, deposited by glacial meltwater flowing through tunnels
within and underneath glaciers, or through meltwater channels on top of glaciers.
o Over time, the channel or tunnel gets filled up with sediments. As the ice retreats, the sediments are left
behind as a ridge in the landscape.
❖ Drumlins: Drumlins are oval-shaped ridge-like features that are mainly composed of glacial till with few masses
of sand and gravel. Their long axis is parallel to the direction of the movement of the ice. They are believed to
have been formed due to the streamlined movement of glacial ice sheets, during which dumping of rock debris
occurs beneath heavily loaded ice via fissures caused in the glacier. The end of the drumline that faces the glacier
is called the “stoss end”, while the other end is called the “tail”. The moving ice pushes the stoss end because of
which it gets blunter and steeper. Generally, drumlins are found in clusters having thousands in number. They
indicate the direction of glacier movement.

45. Sunda Trench lies parallel to the island of (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Java
B. Maldives
C. Sumatra
D. Mauritius
Answer: C. Sumatra
The Sunda Trench is located parallel to the island of Sumatra.
The Sunda Trench, earlier known as the Java Trench, is located in the northeastern Indian Ocean, with a length of
2,600 kilometres. It is the deepest point in the Indian Ocean.

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46. Compare the Himalayan River with the Peninsular River based on the following comparisons:
1. Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial, whereas most of the Peninsular rivers are rainfed.
2. The gradient of the Himalayan river is steeper than the Peninsular river.
3. The Peninsular river causes more erosion on its way in comparison to the Himalayan river.
Choose the correct answers from the options given below: (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A. 1 and 2 only
The slopes of the Himalayan rivers is very steep on the upper reaches. That is one reason that they erode and
transport huge amounts of sediments. Further, the landforms over these rivers flow is also young. On the other hand,
the peninsular rivers have not very steep gradient and they flow on already eroded old topography. Further, the hard
rocks of the peninsular region are not as susceptible to erosion as those of the Himalayan region.

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47. An effective Coriolis force results from (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Solar System
B. Earth rotation
C. Interior of the Earth
D. Colorado and Gulf Streams
Answer: B. Earth rotation
Coriolis Force
Coriolis force is the invisible force that appears to deflect the objects. The Coriolis force is determined by the object’s
rate of rotation and mass of the object.
Coriolis Effect on Earth
Coriolis force is perpendicular to the object’s axis. As the Earth spins on its axis from west to east, the Coriolis force
acts north-south. At the Equator, the Coriolis force is zero.
Causes of Coriolis Effect
The key to the Coriolis Effect lies in Earth’s rotation. The earth rotates faster at the equator than it does at the poles.
Earth being wider at the equator, the equatorial regions race nearly 1,600 kilometres per hour. At the poles, the earth
rotates at a rate of 0.00008 kilometres per hour.

48. Which of the following countries does not have a land border with the Dead Sea? (67th BPSC
CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Lebanon
B. Israel
C. Palestine
D. Jordan
Answer: A. Lebanon
❖ The Dead Sea, also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel to the west.
❖ However, the western shore’s southern half belongs to Israel, while the shore’s northern half is in the West Bank,
an area claimed by both Israel and Palestine.
❖ It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
❖ It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley and is fed mainly by the Jordan River, which enters the lake from the north.

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49. Ilmenite, which is widely distributed along the Indian coastline, is a mineral of (67th BPSC CANCELLED
EXAM)
A. Tungsten
B. Titanium
C. Gallium
D. Tin
Answer: B. Titanium
Ilmenite (FeO.TiO2) is important titanium mineral. It is widely distributed along the Indian coastal lines. With proven
reserves exceeding 270 million tonnes, about 37 per cent of the total world Ilmenite reserves are located in the
beach sands of the southern peninsular India. Titanium known for its excellent corrosion resistance, high strength
and low density, is widely used for aero-engine and airframe structures in both civilian and military aircraft. Titanium-
alloy components also find applications in satellite launch vehicles, rockets and missiles. As of now, India’s total
titanium requirement is being met by imports even though it possesses a large reserve base of titanium minerals.
Ilmenite is the most important ore of titanium and the main source of titanium dioxide, which is used in coatings,
printing inks, fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreens, food, and cosmetics.

50. Ganga Plain has been described as a (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Pediplain
B. Peneplain
C. Geosyncline
D. Karst Plain
Answer: C. Geosyncline
❖ Geosyncline means a huge depression. Ganga Plain can be best described as a geosyncline.
❖ Peneplain (an almost plain) is a low-relief plain which is formed as a result of stream erosion. It is produced by
fluvial erosion that would, in the course of geologic time, reduce the land almost to base level (sea level), leaving
so little gradient that essentially no more erosion could occur.
❖ Pediplain is an extensive plain formed in a desert by the coalescence of neighbouring pediments.
o Pediment: It is a gently sloping bedrock surface created by lateral erosion or by mechanical weathering.
❖ Karst plain can be best described as limestone plain

51. Which of the following is a freshwater lake? (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Chilika
B. Sambhar
C. Wular
D. None of the above
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Answer: C. Wular
Chilika Lake:
❖ It is a brackish water lake and a shallow lagoon with estuarine character spread across the districts of Puri,
Khurda and Ganjam in the state of Odisha.
❖ It is connected to the Bay of Bengal by a 32 km long and 1.5 km wide channel that mostly runs parallel to the Bay
separated by a narrow spit.
❖ It is located at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 km2.
Sambhar Lake
❖ 80 km south-west of Jaipur in east-central Rajasthan, it is the country’s largest inland saline water body.
❖ Represents the depression of the Aravalli Range.
Wular Lake
❖ It is the largest freshwater lake in India.
❖ It is located in the Bandipore district of Jammu and Kashmir.

52. Which of the following planets has the least density? (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Earth
B. Mars
C. Venus
D. Saturn
Answer: D. Saturn
❖ Saturn has the lowest density (0.7).
❖ Earth has the highest density (5.5).
Saturn
❖ Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in our solar system.
❖ Adorned with thousands of beautiful ringlets, Saturn is unique among the planets.

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❖ It is not the only planet to have rings—made of chunks of ice and rock—but none are as spectacular or as
complicated as Saturn's.
❖ Saturn has the highest number of satellites or moon, i.e., 82 in the solar system.
❖ Like fellow gas giant Jupiter, Saturn is a massive ball made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
❖ Few missions have visited Saturn: Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 flew by, But Cassini orbited Saturn 294 times
from 2004 to 2017.

53. What is the most famous feature of Chiria located in West Singhbhum? (67th BPSC CANCELLED EXAM)
A. Iron Ore Mining
B. Dam
C. Bird Sanctuary
D. National Park
Answer: A. Iron Ore Mining
Chiria located in West Singhbhum is famous for Iron Ore Mining. Chiria is a census town situated in Pashchimi
Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand, India. India's largest iron ore mine with a reserve of 2 billion tonnes of
iron ore is stored there.

54. Where is Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary located? (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Goa
B. Srinagar
C. Odisha
D. Maharashtra
Answer: A. Goa
The Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is located on western tip of the Island of Chorao along the Mandovi River in Goa. The
sanctuary is an estuarine mangrove habitat and is named after Salim Ali, the famous Indian ornithologist. The
sanctuary is host to little bittern, black bittern, red knot, jack snipe, pied avocet, striated heron, western reef heron,
mudskippers, fiddler crabs, etc.

55. Khetri Mines situated in Rajasthan is famous for (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Copper
B. Iron
C. Diamond

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D. Coal
Answer: A. Copper
Khetri Copper Complex
❖ Khetri is situated at the foothills of the Aravalli Range, which hosts copper mineralisation, giving rise to a 80 km
long metallogenetic province from Singhana in the north to Raghunathgarh in the south, popularly known
as Khetri Copper Belt.
❖ The belt comprises of tightly folded Proterozoic metasediments that rest over basement gneisses and is a part of
the North Delhi fold belt.
❖ Prominent deposits of the belt are: Khetri, Kolihan, Banwas, Chandmari, Dhani Basri, Baniwali Ki Dhani (Neem Ka
Thana, Rajasthan).
o Other deposits are: Dholamala, Akwali, Muradpura - Pacheri (Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan), and Devtalai (Bhilwara,
Rajasthan).
Copper Deposits in India: Mainly located in Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh), and Jhunjhunu
and Alwar (Rajasthan) districts.
Minor deposits are found in Agnigundala (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg and Hasan (Karnataka), and South Arcot
(Tamil Nadu) districts.

56. Addu Atoll is situated in which ocean? (66th BPSC Re-exam)

A. Atlantic Ocean
B. Arctic Ocean
C. Indian Ocean
D. Pacific Ocean
Answer: C. Indian Ocean
Addu Atoll, also known as Seenu Atoll, is the southernmost atoll of the Maldives.
Apart from its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, Addu is the second largest city in the archipelago, home to over
30,000 people.

57. Mekong Ganga Cooperation was launched in 2000 at (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Laos
B. Thailand
C. Cambodia
D. India

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Answer: A. Laos
Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC)
❖ MGC is an initiative by six countries for cooperation in tourism, culture, education, as well as transport and
communications.
❖ It was launched in 2000 at Vientiane, Lao.
❖ Both the Ganga and the Mekong are civilizational rivers, and the MGC initiative aims to facilitate closer contacts
among the people inhabiting these two major river basins.
❖ The MGC is also indicative of the cultural and commercial linkages among the member countries of the MGC
down the centuries.

58. Rupsi Airport is situated in which state of India? (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Arunachal Pradesh
B. Assam
C. Goa
D. Port Blair
Answer: B. Assam
Rupsi Airport is an airport located in the city of Rupsi in Dhubri district of Assam, north-east India.

59. Niagara Falls in North America is located between (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Lake Superior and Lake Michigan
B. Lake Michigan and Lake Huron
C. Lake Huron and Lake Ontario
D. Lake Ontario and Lake Erie
Answer: D. Lake Ontario and Lake Erie
Niagara Falls is located between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The Niagara River acts as an international border
between the USA & Canada. The Niagara Falls consists of three waterfalls, The American Falls, the Bridal Veil Falls and
the “Horseshoe” Falls of Canada.

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60. One of the following pairs is a mismatch. Find it (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Masai: Central Eastern Africa
B. Sakai: Malaysia
C. Bedouin: Arabian Peninsula
D. Kirghiz-Central Asia
Answer: B. Sakai: Malaysia
Sakai is a tribe living in Sumatra island of Indonesia.

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Important tribes
Aleuts: Alaska Kazakhs: Kazakhistan
Ainus: Japan Kirghiz: Asiatic steppes
Bedouin: Sahara and Middle East Koryakas: N. Siberia, Eurassian
Bindibu or Aborigins: Australia Lapps: N. Finland, Scandinavian country
Bushman: Kalahari Maoris: New Zealand
Chukchi: NE Asia, USSR, North Siberia Masai: East & Central Africa
Eskimos: Greenland, North Canada, Alaska, N Siberia Meos: Myanmar
Fulani: Western Africa Orang Alsi: Malaysia
Gobi Mongols: Gobi Pygmies: Congo basin, Zaire
Guicas: Amazon forest area Red Indian: N. America
Hausa: North Nigeria Semangs: East Sumatra
Hotten tots: Hot tropical Africa Tapiro: Papua New Guinea
Ibanas: Equatorial rain forest region of South-East Asia Turregs: Sahara
India Tribes: Amazon basin Yoakuts: Siberia
Kalmuk: Central Asia Zulus: South Africa

61. Which of the following is not a coalfield of Germany? (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Ruhr Valley
B. Lorraine Basin
C. Saar Basin
D. Achen Basin
Answer: B. Lorraine Basin
Germany:
Germany is another main coal-producing country of Europe. Ruhr, Saar, Sexony and Silesia are the main coalfields of
Germany.
The Ruhr Region is having good quality of coking coal. The coal belt of this region is 65 km long and 16 km wide and it
extends in the east and west of Ruhr. Saar Region is having bituminous coalfields. Its main deposits are in Rhineland.
Saxony Coalfield is located in eastern part of Germany. Halle, Magdeburg and Leapzig are the main coalfields.
Coal-Producing Regions of the World
Country Region
China Datong in Shansi province, Huo-Lin GHe in Inner Mongolia, Huainan and Huaibei in Anhui. Xuzhou
in Jiangsu, Lipanshin in Guizhou, and Kailuan in Heger province.
The USA Western Pennsylvania to Alabama, Kentucky, and Western Virginia in the Appalachian coal region.
Illinois, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Europe Franco-Belgian coalfields, Campine-Limburg coalfield, Ruh, Saar, Silesia, Saxony, and Pilsen. Pennine
ranges and Scottish highland.
Australia New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia (Victoria State).
India Raniganj, Jharia, Giridih, Ramgarh in Jharkhand. Wardha Valley in Maharashtra, Umaria, and
Sohagpur region of Madhya Pradesh.
South Africa Transvaal and Natal States

62. Name the city of Russia that is known as “Venice of North”? (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Vladivostok
B. St. Petersburg
C. Novosibirsk
D. Moscow
Answer: B. St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is known as the cultural center of Russia.
GEOGRAPHICAL SOBRIQUETS
Sobriquets : Place City of Seven Hills : Rome (Italy)
Gift of Nile : Egypt Eternal City : Rome (Italy)
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Queen of Adriatic : Venice (Italy) World’s Bread Basket : Prairies of North America
Island of Cloves : Zanzibar City of Golden Temple : Amritsar
Land of Thunderbolts : Bhutan Land of five Rivers : Punjab
Land of Canals : Pakistan The Sorrow of Bengal River : Damodar
Empire City : New York (US) Gateway of India : Mumbai
Dark Continent : Africa Queen of Arabian Sea : Kochi
Pearl of Antilles : Cuba Spice Garden of India : Kerala
Sugar Bowl of the World : Cuba Switzerland of India : Kashmir
Land of Golden Pagodas : Myanmar City of Seven Islands : Mumbai
Land of Kangaroos : Australia Twin Cities : Hyderabad-Secunderabad
Britain of South : New Zealand The Sorrow of Bihar : River Kosi
Key of Mediterranean : Gibraltar Queen of Chotanagpur : Netarhat (Jharkhand)
Holy Land : Palestine / Jerusalem Queen of Mountains : Mussoorie
Sick Man of Europe : Turkey Manchester of India : Ahmedabad
Playground of Europe : Switzerland Venice of East : Kochi
The Sorrow of China River :Hwang HO

63. Bharmour Tribal region is located in (66th BPSC Re-exam)

A. Sikkim
B. Himachal Pradesh
C. Uttarakhand
D. Ladakh
Answer: B. Himachal Pradesh
Bharmar tribal area comprises Bharmar and Holi tehsils of the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It has been
notified tribal area since 1975. Bharmarour is inhabited by Gaddi a tribal community who have maintained a district
identity in the Himalayas region as they practiced transhumance.
Major Tribes of India
Tribes Description
Bhil This ethnic Adivasi group is primarily found in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan,
and Maharashtra. Bhil is the largest tribal group in India as per the 2011 census, known for their
exceptional archery skills.
Gond The Gond tribe, second in population only to the Bhils, spans across various states, including
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka,
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Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Odisha. Gonds are subdivided into Raj Gonds, Dhurve
Gonds, Madia Gonds, and Khatulwar Gonds, primarily speaking the Gondi language.
Munda The Munda tribe, an Austro-Asiatic speaking group, is concentrated in the South and East Chhota
Nagpur plateau region of Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal. They predominantly speak Mundari,
a language belonging to the Munda sub-group of Austro-Asiatic languages, and celebrate the Sarhul
festival.
Tharu Tharu, a Scheduled Tribe found in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, mostly resides in forest
areas and practices agriculture. They speak various dialects of Tharu, an Indo-Aryan sub-group
language, as well as variants of Hindi, Urdu, and Awadhi.
Tharus revere Lord Shiva as Mahadev and refer to their supreme being as Narayan, believing in their
role as the provider of sunshine, rain, and harvests.
Meena The Meena tribe is thought to be a blend of multiple tribes, primarily recognized as a fishing
community with their distinct Meena language.
They are found in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and
the Union Territory of Delhi in India.
Meena communities predominantly inhabit compact villages and were granted Scheduled Tribe
status by the Government of India in 1954.
Bhutia Bhutia tribes typically trace their origins to Tibet and migrated to Sikkim in the 16th century, settling
in the Northern part known as Lachungpa.
The majority of the tribes are concentrated in the dry valley of North Sikkim, referred to
as Denzongpa in Sikkim.
They are also present in Darjeeling and Kalimpong.
Bodo The authentic ethnic tribal community in the North-Western parts of Assam is the Bodo tribe.
Residing in the Brahmaputra valley, they are recognized as the earliest settlers in Assam and were
the first to cultivate rice and rear silkworms. They constitute the largest ethnic and linguistic group
of tribes.
Chakma Chakma is the largest tribe in the hilly area of Eastern Bangladesh, known as the Chittagong hill
tracts.
Primarily Buddhist, the Chakma tribe is significant in the region.
Jarawa The Jarawa, one of the four tribes in the Andamans, are hunters and gatherers living on two large
islands.
With a population ranging from 200-400, they are considered substantial compared to other tribes
in the Andaman Islands.
Nomadic in nature, they live in groups of 40-50 individuals.
Khasi Khasi, the earliest immigrant tribes, migrated from Myanmar and settled in the plains of East Assam.
They once had their own kingdom until British control. The term “Khasi” is derived from
Shankradeva’s Baghavata Purana, an Indo-Aryan literature.
Khond These tribes are typically found in Bihar and are recognized as Scheduled Tribes, originating from
Odisha and holding significance as one of India’s major tribes. Khonds are also present in Andhra
Pradesh.
They are also referred to as Kandhs, with the tribe divided into groups such as hill or kutia and plain-
dwelling Khonds.
Naga Originally not identified as tribes, the Naga tribes are associated with tribes in Assam and Myanmar.
Belonging to the Indo-Mongoloid family, each Naga tribe is divided into as many as twenty clans.
Major Naga tribes include Angami, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Phoms, Rengma, Sema, Pochury, and
Zeliang.
Oraons The Oraons are among the most progressive tribes in India, actively involved in education and
worshiping in churches.
Santhal The Santhal tribe, the third-largest in India, primarily resides in West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha,
Jharkhand, and Assam.
Belonging to the pre-Aryan period, they were formidable fighters during the British regime in India,
and a smaller group of Santhals can also be traced back to Bangladesh.

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Toda Toda tribe is the most ancient and unusual tribe of the Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu. Todas have their
own language.
They have their own secretive customs and regulations.
Todas worship nature like Hill Gods, Lord Amodr (the realm of the dead) and Goddess Teikirzi Toda
community is well known for its embroidery garments, buffalo rearing, and expertise in silver-smith
works.

64. Chandra and Bhaga rivers in India flow through the region (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Spiti
B. Ladakh
C. Lahaul
D. More than one of the above
Answer: D. More than one of the above
❖ Chenab is the largest tributary of the Indus. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers Chandra and Bhaga.
❖ These streams pass through Lahaul-Spiti in Himachal Pradesh and join each other at Tandi near Keylong. From
here it is known as Chandrabhaga.
❖ The river flows 1,180 km before entering Pakistan.

65. Rana Pratap Sagar Hydro-electric Project on Chambal river is located in the state of: (66th BPSC Re-
exam)
A. Jharkhand
B. Rajasthan
C. Uttar Pradesh
D. Chhattisgarh
Answer: B. Rajasthan
Rana Pratap Sagar is a 172MW hydro power project. It is located on Chambal river/basin in Rajasthan, India.
States River Hydroelectric Power Plant
Andhra Pradesh Krishna Nagarjunasagar Hydro Electric Power plant
Andhra Pradesh Krishna Srisailam Hydro Electric Power plant
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa Machkund Machkund Hydro Electric Power plant
Gujarat Narmada Sardar Sarovar Hydro Electric Power plant
Himachal Pradesh Baira Baira-Siul Hydroelectric Power plant
Himachal Pradesh Sutlej Bhakra Nangal Hydroelectric Power plant
Himachal Pradesh Beas Dehar Hydroelectric Power plant
Himachal Pradesh Sutlej Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Power plant
Jammu and Kashmir Chenab Salal Hydro Electric Power plant
Jammu and Kashmir Jhelum Uri Hydro Electric Power plant
Jharkhand Subarnarekha Subarnarekha Hydroelectric Power plant
Karnataka Kalinadi Kalinadi Hydro Electric Power plant
Karnataka Sharavathi Sharavathi Hydroelectric Power plant
Karnataka Kaveri Shivanasamudra Hydroelectric Power plant
Kerala Periyar Idukki Hydro Electric Power plant
Madhya Pradesh Sone Bansagar Hydroelectric Power plant
Madhya Pradesh Narmada Indira Sagar Hydro Electric Power plant
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh Rihand Rihand Hydroelectric Power plant
Maharashtra Koyna Koyna Hydroelectric Power plant
Manipur Leimtak Loktak Hydro Electric Power plant
Odisha Sileru Balimela Hydro Electric Power plant
Odisha Mahanadi Hirakud Hydro Electric Power plant
Sikkim Rangit Rangit Hydroelectric Power plant
Sikkim Teesta Teesta Hydro Electric Power plant
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Uttarakhand Bhagirathi Tehri Hydro Electric Power plant
Himachal Pradesh Baspa Baspa-II Hydro Electric Power plant
Himachal Pradesh Satluj Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Electric Power Plant
Himachal Pradesh Beas Pandoh Dam
Himachal Pradesh Ravi Chamera-I
Himachal Pradesh Ravi Chamera-II
Himachal Pradesh Beas Pong
Jammu and Kashmir Chenab Dulhasti

66. Pyrenees Mountain ranges in Europe separate the countries (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Spain and France
B. Spain and Portugal
C. France and Germany
D. Germany and Switzerland
Answer: A. Spain and France
The Pyrenees mountain range separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe, stretching more than 430km
between Spain and France and rising higher than 3,400m in elevation.

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67. Jawahar Nehru Port is located in the State of (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Goa
B. Gujarat
C. Andhra Pradesh
D. Maharashtra
Answer: D. Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru Port, abbreviated as JNPT, also known as Nhava Sheva, is the largest container port in India.
Located east of Mumbai (previously known as 'Bombay') in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, this port on the Arabian Sea
is accessed via Thane Creek.

68. Which state of India is the largest producer of copper? (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Rajasthan
C. Jharkhand
D. Chhattisgarh
Answer: A. Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of copper in India. It accounts for producing 53% of copper in this country.
Rajasthan accounts for 43%, and Jharkhand accounts for 4% of copper production in India.
Copper Ore Distribution in India
Chilpi Series It encompasses parts of Madhya Pradesh’s Balaghat and Chhindwara districts. Quartzite,
copper-pyrite, mica schist, and marble comprise the series. The copper from this series is
used at the Malanjkhand Copper Plant.
Ghatsila This copper smelting plant is located in Jharkhand. It is a refinery that uses electrolysis. It
produces brass sheets. It also obtains gold, silver, and nickel from copper processing.
Khetri It is an integrated copper mining and ore refining plant in Rajasthan’s Jhunjhunu District. It
was founded in 1967. It also gets copper ore from Madhya Pradesh’s Malanjkhand copper
mines. There is also a sulfuric acid plant and a fertiliser plant.
Malanjkhand Malanjkhand is an open cast copper mine in Madhya Pradesh’s Balaghat District. In
Malanjkhand, a copper plant has been established. The copper ore is also sent to
Rajasthan’s Khetri Copper Plant.
Rakha Initiative The Rakha Copper Plant is located in the Rakha District of Jharkhand’s Singhbhum. It obtains
copper ore from the Rakha mines.
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Tajola The Tajola Copper Plant is located in the Maharashtra town of Raigadh. Copper cathodes
were imported for the plant. It produces copper rods

69. Pahalgam in Kashmir is located on the bank of river (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Shyok
B. Jhelum
C. Lidder
D. Chenab
Answer: C. Lidder
❖ Pahalgam is a town and a notified area in Anantnag district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
❖ It is situated 45 km from Anantnag on the banks of Lidder river.
❖ Pahalgam is a popular tourist destination and hill station.
❖ It is also an important stop on the Amarnath Yatra.
Shyok River
The Shyok River is a tributary of the Indus River that flows through northern Ladakh and enters Gilgit–Baltistan,
in Pakistan, spanning some 550 km (340 mi).
Jhelum River:
❖ It is a river that flows in India and Pakistan.
❖ It is a tributary of the Indus River.
❖ The Jhelum (Vyeth in Kashmiri, Vetesta in Sanskrit and Hydaspes in Greek) is the main waterway of the Kashmir
valley.
❖ It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab and passes through the Jhelum District in the North
of Punjab province, Pakistan.
❖ The largest tributary of the Jhelum is the Kishenganga (Neelum) River, which joins near Muzaffarabad and enters
the Punjab province, Pakistan.
❖ Kunhar River is the second largest tributary of the river, which connects Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) and
Pakistan on the Kohala Bridge of Kanghan Valley.
❖ Other tributaries include Sandran River, Bringi River, Arapath River, Watlara River, Lidder River and Veshaw River.
Chenab River
❖ Source: It rises in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh state.
❖ The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi, 8 km southwest of Keylong, in
the Lahaul and Spiti district.
❖ Flows Through: It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan,
before flowing into the Indus River.

70. Dandakaranya region lies in the State of (66th BPSC Re-exam)

A. Odisha
B. Chhattisgarh
C. Andhra Pradesh
D. More than one of the above
Answer: D. More than one of the above
Dandakaranya is a physiographic region of India which spans over the central and eastern parts of India. It covers a
vast area of about 35,600 square miles and encompasses the Eastern Ghats in the east and the Abujhmar Hills in the
west along with parts of the Indian states Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. It stretches to about 200 miles
from north to south and 300 miles from east to west. It has been the home to the people belonging to Gond
community.

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71. Which of the following is not a cattle breed of Rajasthan? (66th BPSC Re-exam)
A. Tharparkar
B. Rathi
C. Hallikar
D. Mewati
Answer: C. Hallikar
Hallikar is the main cow breed of Karnataka.
Cow breeds of Rajasthan :- Tharparkar, Rathi, Mewati, Haryanvi, Nagauri, Kankrej, Ajmera, Gir
Note:
1. Recently, Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister welcomed a pair of Punganur cows, specially brought from Andhra
Pradesh. The Punganur cow is a dwarf cattle breed native to the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. It is one
of the world's smallest humped cattle breeds.
2. Pulikulam Cattle breed
o It is a popular draught and game breed of Tamil Nadu.
o The cattle originated from Pulikulam, a village located in Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu.
o It is also known as Palingu maadu, Mani maadu, Jallikattu maadu, Mattu maadu and Kilakattu maadu.
o These are maintained as migratory herds, and its draught and manure capabilities play a significant role in
the rural livelihood of the communities rearing them for draught and organic agricultural production.
o This breed of cattle is famous for a local game called Jalikattu where bulls are used as a bull-taming sport.
o It is commonly seen in Salem and Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu and part of Bangalore district of
Karnataka.
o Pulikulam / Alambadi bulls are dark grey, almost black and cows grey or white.

72. The largest island in terms of geographical area is (66th BPSC)

A. Hokkaido
B. Honshu
C. Shikoku
D. Kyushu
Answer: B. Honshu
❖ Honshu is the largest island of Japan with an area of 2,27,960 km².
❖ It is the seventh largest island in the world and also the second most populous island in the world after
Indonesia's Java Island.
❖ Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is located in the central-east of Honshu.

73. Greenland is a part of which one of the following countries? (66th BPSC)
A. Denmark
B. Finland
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C. Canada
D. United Kingdom
Answer: A. Denmark
❖ Greenland is an autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, located at the crossroads between the Arctic
and Atlantic oceans.
❖ It is the world’s largest Island and lies east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

74. Among the following continents, which one has the highest number of countries? (66th BPSC)
A. Europe
B. Asia
C. Africa
D. North America
Answer: C. Africa
Among the seven continents of the world, Africa has the maximum number of countries, 54 countries.
There are 52 countries in Asia, 49 countries in Europe and 23 countries in North America.

75. The state of India with the highest percentage of tribal population to its total population as per 2011
census is(66th BPSC)
A. Arunachal
B. Mizoram
C. Nagaland
D. Meghalaya
Answer: B. Mizoram
About 95% of the population of Mizoram is of diverse tribal origin.
As of the 2011 India census, Mizoram had a population of 1,091,014. It is the second least populous state in the
country
Schedule Caste Popula on - 20,13,78,086 (16.6% of total Popula on)
Schedule Tribe Popula on - 10,42,81,034 (8.6% of total Popula on)

Important Facts about Census 2011

2001 2011
Population 1,02,87,37,436 1,21,01,93,422
1. Male 53,22,23,090 (51.73%) 62,37,24,248 (51.54%)
2. Female 49,65,14,346 (48.27%) 58,64,69,174 (48.53%)
Urban Population 27.80% 31.16%
Decadal Growth Rate 21.54% 17.64%
Annual Growth Rate 1.97% 1.64%
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Sex Ratio 933:1000 943:1000
Literacy 64.83% 74.04%
1. Male 75.26% 82.14%
2. Female 53.67% 65.46%
Density (Persons per sq 324 382
km)

76. Which one of the following coffee growing areas is not in Karnataka? (66th BPSC)
A. Chikmagalur
B. Coorg
C. Baba Budangin
D. Pulneys
Answer: D. Pulneys
Pulneys is not in the state of Karnataka. It is a famous coffee growing region of Tamil Nadu.
All others are major coffee growing regions located in the state of Karnataka.
Karnataka – Major Producer of Coffee
❖ 71% of India’s coffee is produced in Karnataka.
❖ The largest coffee-producing region of Karnataka is Kodagu (Coorg) district.
❖ Kodagu district of Karnataka produces 33% of the total coffee produced in India.
❖ The other main coffee-producing regions of Karnataka are Chikmagalur, Hassan, Shimoga, and Mysore.

77. Which one of the following districts of India is the largest in terms of geographical area? (66th BPSC)
A. Leh
B. Kutch
C. Jaisalmer
D. Barmer
Answer: A. Leh
Initially Kutch was the largest district of India but, from October 31, 2019, Leh has become the largest district of
India.
Kutch district (Gujarat) is the second largest district of India with an area of 45,652 km2.
Smallest District in India – Mahe
❖ State: Puducherry
❖ Area: 9 square kilometers
❖ Mahe, a district within Puducherry, emerges as India’s smallest district with a mere 9 square kilometers of area
and a population of 41,816. Nestled along the picturesque western coast, Mahe is characterized by its compact
size yet vibrant community of 4,646 households. Despite its small stature, Mahe exudes cultural richness, scenic
beauty, and historical significance, offering a unique glimpse into India’s diverse heritage and landscapes.

78. The state of India with the maximum number of wildlife sanctuaries is (66th BPSC)
A. Karnataka
B. Tamil Nadu
C. Maharashtra
D. Madhya Pradesh
Answer: C. Maharashtra
Among the given options, the state of Maharashtra has the maximum number of wildlife sanctuaries.
There are about 42 wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra.
The largest number of wildlife sanctuaries in the whole of India are in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There are 96
wildlife sanctuaries in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Largest wildlife sanctuary in Maharashtra
Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve: The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is a wildlife sanctuary in Maharashtra’s
Chandrapur district. It is the oldest and largest national park and Maharashtra’s most important wildlife sanctuary.

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The Tadoba Region’s national park was established in 1955, covering an area of 116.54 square kilometres. It was
merged with Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary in 1995 to form India’s 41st tiger reserve under Project Tiger. The park
boasts of teak and bamboo thickets, jagged cliffs, marshlands and lakes that are home to various animals such as
panthers, tigers, wild dogs, sloth bears, hyenas, jackals, barking deer, bison and so on. Tadoba is one of India’s best
wildlife destinations for an exciting tiger-sighting tour.
Famous wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra
❖ Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary
❖ Melghat Wildlife Sanctuary
❖ Bhamragarh Wildlife Sanctuary
❖ Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary
❖ Bor Tiger Reserve
❖ Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary

79. Atal Tunnel is across which one of the following Himalayan ranges? (66th BPSC)
A. Zaskar
B. Ladakh
C. Western Pir Panjal
D. Eastern Pir Panjal
Answer: D. Eastern Pir Panjal
Atal Tunnel (also known as Rohtang Tunnel) is a highway tunnel built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal
range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway in Himachal Pradesh. It is the longest tunnel tunnel in India (9.02
km)

80. India’s 13th major port is going to be set up in which state? (66th BPSC)
A. Kerala
B. Gujarat
C. Maharashtra
D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: C. Maharashtra
There were 12 major ports in India. The setting up of 13th major port at Vadhavan in Maharashtra was approved in
2020.

81. Which one of the following is a leading producer of solar energy in India? (66th BPSC)
A. Telangana
B. Karnataka
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C. Andhra Pradesh
D. Rajasthan
Answer: D. Rajasthan
Rajasthan — 17.8 GW
Rajasthan has the highest solar power generation potential of any state in the country. The state recently surpassed
Karnataka as the leading state in solar installations. As of August 2023, Rajasthan’s operational solar power projects
produced roughly 17.8 GW of solar energy. Rajasthan plans to install 30,000 MW of solar energy capacity by 2025.
Gujarat — 10.13 GW
Solar energy accounts for around 10,133 MW of Gujarat’s total renewable energy production of 19,414.8 MW. The
state has set a target of raising its renewable energy capacity to 68,000 MW by 2030.
Karnataka — 9.05 GW
Karnataka, in India’s southwest, is the state is the third largest producer of solar energy in India. Karnataka has a total
installed solar power capacity of around 9050 MW

82. Which one of the following countries is the largest country without borders in terms of geographical
area? (65th BPSC)
A. New Zealand
B. Philippines
C. Japan
D. Cuba
Answer: C. Japan
The total area of Japan is 3,77,915 sq km while that of the Philippines is 3,00,300 sq km, New Zealand is 2,68,021 sq
km and Cuba is 1,09,844 sq km.

83. The country which has the longest North-South (latitudinal) extension of its territory is (65th BPSC)
A. Russia
B. Chile
C. China
D. Brazil
Answer: B. Chile
The geography of Chile is extremely diverse, as the country extends from a latitude of 17° South to Cape Horn at 56°
and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes in the east. Chile is situated in southern South America,
bordering the South Pacific Ocean and a small part of the South Atlantic Ocean. Chile's territorial shape is considered

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among the world's most unusual; from north to south, the country extends 4,270 km (2,653 mi), and yet it only
averages 177 km (110 mi) in width.

84. Which of the following countries has the highest number of islands? (65th BPSC)
A. Philippines
B. Indonesia
C. Maldives
D. Cuba
Answer: B. Indonesia
Countries No. of No. of inhabited notes
islands islands
Indonesia 17,508 6,000 Largest archipelagic state. 5 major islands and about 30 smaller
groups, about 6,000 are inhabited.
Maldives 1,192 187 1,192 islands in total of 10 atolls; 187 islands are inhabited.
Philippines 7,641 2,000 Thousands of islands are unnamed, and tiny.
Cuba 4,195

85. Among the following countries, which one is the largest producer of saffron in the world? (65th BPSC)
A. Spain
B. Greece
C. New Zealand
D. Iran
Answer: D. Iran
Iran has over 90% share in the global saffron production yearly. Iran has a favourable climate, rich cultural heritage,
and centuries-old tradition of saffron cultivation. Khorasan Province in Iran is the birthplace of approximately 95% of
the world’s Persian/Iranian Saffron.

86. Which one of the following is the largest producer of Uranium in the world? (65th BPSC)
A. Kazakhstan
B. Canada
C. Australia
D. France
Answer: A. Kazakhstan
Rank Country/Region Uranium production (2021) (tonnes U) Percentage of World Production (2021)
1 Kazakhstan 21,819 45.14%
2 Namibia 5,753 11.90%
3 Canada 4,693 9.1%
4 Australia 4,192 8.67%

87. The hills situated closer to Kanyakumari are (65th BPSC)

A. Anaimalai Hills

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B. Nilgiri Hills
C. Cardamom Hills
D. Shevaroy Hills
Answer: C. Cardamom Hills
The hills situated closer to Kanyakumari is Cardamom Hills. Cardamom Hill is to the south of Annamalai hills and is
separated from them by the Shenkottai pass. also known as Ealaimalai, these hills are famous for Cardamom
cultivation.
Anamalai Also known as Elephant Hill, a range of mountains in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Hills with the highest peak Anamudi
Cardmom Part of the southern Western Ghats located in southeast Kerala and southwest Tamil Nadu
Hills
Nilgiri Hills Referred as Blue mountains, a range of mountains in the westernmost part of Tamil Nadu at the
junction of Karnataka and Kerala Hills are separated from the Karnataka plateau to the north by
the Moyar River and from the Anaimalai Hills & Palni Hills to the south by the Palghat Gap
Shevaroy The Servarayan hills, with the anglicised name Shevaroy Hills, are a towering mountain range near
Hills the city of Salem, in Tamil Nadu state, southern India. The local Tamil name comes from a local
deity, Servarayan.

88. Which one of the following hills does not have tea plantations? (65th BPSC)
A. Kanan Devan
B. Nilgiri
C. Darjeeling
D. Girnar
Answer: D. Girnar
❖ Among the given options, tea gardens are not located on Girnar Hill.
❖ 'Kanan Devan' is located in 'Kerala near Munnar' which is known for its tea plantations.
❖ 'Nilgiri hills' is located in 'Tamil Nadu' in the 'Eastern Ghats' and is also known for tea plantations.

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❖ Similarly 'Darjeeling located in West Bengal' is also known for its tea.
❖ The northern part of India is the biggest producer at about 83% of the country's annual tea production in 2021-
22 with the majority of the production coming from Assam followed by West Bengal.
o The Assam valley and Cachar are the two tea producing regions in Assam.
o In West Bengal, Dooars, Terai and Darjeeling are the three major tea producer regions.
❖ The southern part of India produces about 17% of the country's total production with the major producing states
being Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.

89. Coral reefs are not found in which one of the following regions? (65th BPSC)
A. Gulf of Cambay
B. Gulf of Mannar
C. Gulf of Kutch
D. Lakshadweep and Minicoy Island
Answer: A. Gulf of Cambay
No coral reef is found in the Gulf of Cambay(Gulf of Khambhat)
❖ The three major types of coral reefs found in India are fringing, barrier and atolls.
❖ Coral reefs in India are found in a lot of areas including the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Andaman &
Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. The Gulf of Kutch in the northwest has some of the most northerly reefs in the
world.
❖ Patches of coral reefs are also found in Ratnagiri, Malvan and Redi, south Bombay and at the Gaveshani Bank
located in the west of Mangalore.
❖ Corals running parallel to the shore are found at Quilon near the Kerala coast to Enayem in Tamil Nadu. On the
east coast, between Parangipettai (south of Cuddalore) and Pondicherry, corals are found in abundance. When it
comes to island corals, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep Islands are rich with flourishing
corals.

90. Among the following religious groups, which one has recorded the highest percentage of literacy rate
as per the 2011 census? (65th BPSC)
A. Christians
B. Hindus
C. Jains
D. Sikhs
Answer: C. Jains
According to the 2011 census, the highest literacy rate is of the Jain community, which is 86.73 percent, while the
lowest literacy rate is 42.72 percent of the Muslim community

91. Which one of the following is a landlocked country? (64th BPSC)

A. Belgium
B. Hungary
C. Romania
D. Ukraine
Answer: B. Hungary
Those countries whose geographical boundaries are surrounded only by land and do not have direct access to sea,
ocean and ocean etc., are called landlocked countries.
There are 17 landlocked countries in Europe, out of which Hungary is also a landlocked country.
Hungary is bordered by Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Austria.
Note: North America has no landlocked countries, and Australia is rather obviously not landlocked.
❖ Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country of world. It has total area of 2,724,900 Sq Km. It is surrounded by 5
different neighbouring countries. These are – China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
❖ The smallest landlocked country of world is Vatican City which has area of 0.44 Sq Km and it is totally bordered
by Italy.
List of Landlocked countries:
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❖ Africa
o Zambia, Mali, Niger, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, Burkina Faso, Uganda, Rwanda,
Zimbabwe, Botswana, Burundi, Malawi, Eswatini, Lesotho
❖ Europe
o Austria, Serbia, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, Belarus, North Macedonia, Czech Republic, Luxembourg,
Moldova, Liechtenstein, Andorra, San Marino, Vatican City
❖ Asia
o Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Laos, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Mongolia, Bhutan, Nepal
❖ South America
o Bolivia, Paraguay

92. Which one among the following is the largest island in the area? (64th BPSC)
A. Borneo
B. Great Britain
C. Madagascar
D. Sumatra
Answer: A. Borneo
Of the above options, the largest island in terms of area is the island of Borneo. The island is located in the west
central Pacific Ocean. Its area is about 7,43,330 sq km.
Greenland is the largest island in the world with a total area of 21,66,086 sq km.

93. In which of the following areas, the Mediterranean climate does not prevail? (64th BPSC)
A. Central Chile
B. Cape Town
C. Adelaide
D. Pampas
Answer: D. Pampas
Mediterranean climate regions include
❖ central Chile,
❖ California (around San Francisco),
❖ South-western tip of Africa (around Cape Town)
❖ Southern Australia (in southern Victoria and around Adelaide, bordering the St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs),
❖ South-west Australia (Swanland).

94. The country which is the largest silk producer in the world is (64th BPSC)
A. India
B. China
C. Brazil
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D. Japan
Answer: B. China
China is the world's single largest producer and the world's leading supplier of silk to global markets. India is the
second-largest producer in the world. India boasts a diverse range of silk types, including Mulberry, Tasar, Muga, and
Eri. In the fiscal year 2021-22, Karnataka emerged as the leading state in India's silk production, making a substantial
contribution of 32%.

95. Which one among the following countries of the world except the United States of America is the
largest crude oil producer? (64th BPSC)
A. Russia
B. China
C. Saudi Arabia
D. Canada
Answer: A. Russia
Country Continent Oil production
December 2023
(bbl/day)[1]
United States North America 13,295,000
Russia Europe/Asia 10,126,000
Saudi Arabia (OPEC) Asia 8,950,000
Canada North America 4,971,000
Iraq (OPEC) Asia 4,375,000

96. Which one of the following is not a part of the Meghalaya plateau? (64th BPSC)
A. Bhuban Hills
B. Garo Hills
C. Khasi Hills
D. Jaintia Hills
Answer: A. Bhuban Hills
Meghalaya Plateau
❖ Beyond the Rajmahal hills, to the east, the peninsular plateau stretches to Meghalaya or the Shillong plateau.
❖ The plateau’s highest peak is Shillong (1,961 m).
❖ This plateau is separated from the main block by the Garo-Rajmahal Gap.
❖ Down-faulting caused this gap to appear. Later, sediments left behind by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra filled it.
❖ The Meghalaya plateau slopes southward toward the Surma and Meghna rivers and northward toward the
Brahmaputra valley.
❖ Its western border roughly corresponds with the border with Bangladesh.
❖ The Khasi-Jaintia Hills (1,500 m), the Mikir Hills (900 m), and the Garo Hills (900 m) are the names of the western,
middle, and eastern portions of the plateau, respectively (700 m).

97. The pass which is situated at the highest elevation is (64th BPSC)
A. Zoji La
B. Nathu La
C. Rohtang pass
D. Khyber pass
Answer: B. Nathu La
Nathula Pass of Sikkim is situated at the highest altitude. It is situated at an altitude of 4310 meters above sea level.
This pass connects India and China (Tibet).
Important Passes of Himalayas

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Jammu & Mintaka pass: In Karakoram range, near the tri junction of India-Afghanistan- China.
Kashmir and Aghil pass: North of K2, joins Ladakh with Xinjiang. Remains closed in winters.
Ladakh Banihal pass: Across PirPanjal range and remains closed for winters.
Khardungla: Near Leh in the Ladakh range and remains closed in winters. World’s highest
motorable pass.
Pir-Panjal pass: A traditional pass on Mughal Road and provides shortest and easiest link
between Jammu and Kashmir.
Zoji la: Provides important links between Srinagar and kargil and kargil and Leh.
Uttarakhand Lipulekh: At the trijunction of India-China-Nepal in Pithoragarh district links India with Tibet.
Mana pass: Little bit north of Badrinath Dham near the Indo-China border. It connects
Uttarakhand with Tibet. Remains closed for 6 months due to snowfall.
Mangsha Dhura: At Indo-China border in Pithoragarh and connects India and Tibet. Used as a
route to Kailash Mansarovar.
Niti pass: At the Indo-China border across the great Himalayas and joins Uttarakhand with Tibet.
Sikkim Nathu la: At Indo-China border and forms an off-shoot of ancient silk route. Connects Sikkim
with Tibet.
Jelep la: Passes through Chumbi valley and is an important link between Sikkim and Lhasa

98. As per Census 2011, the urban population percentage to the total population of India was about(64th
BPSC)
A. 21
B. 31
C. 36
D. 40
Answer: B. 31
According to the census, the percentage of urban population to the total population of India is 31.16% and the
percentage of rural population is 68.84%

99. As per Census 2011, the female literacy rate in India was (64th BPSC)
A. 60%
B. 63%
C. 65.5%
D. 68.5%
Answer: C. 65.5%
Literacy Rate
Literacy Rate in India (Category) Data from Census of India 2011
Males 82.14%
Females 65.46%
Overall Literacy 74%

100. Cocos Plate lies between (63rd BPSC)

A. Central America and Pacific Plate
B. South America and Pacific Plate
C. Red Sea and Persian Gulf
D. Asiatic Plate and Pacific plate
Answer: A. Central America and Pacific Plate
❖ The Cocos Plate lies beneath the Pacific Ocean meeting the west coast of Central America.
❖ The Nazca Plate is located between South America and the Pacific Plate.
❖ The Arabian Plate is situated between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
❖ The Philippine Plate is located between the Asian Plate and the Pacific Plate.
❖ The whole earth is divided into seven main plates and many smaller plates.

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❖ There are seven main plates: Eurasian Plate, Pacific Plate, African Plate, North American Plate, South American
Plate, Indo Australian Plate and Antarctic Plate.

101. “Rust Bowl “ of the USA is associated with which one of the following regions? (63rd BPSC)
A. Great Lakes region
B. Alabama Region
C. California Region
D. Pittsburgh region
Answer: D. Pittsburgh region
❖ The Rust Bowl of the United States belongs to the Pittsburgh region.
❖ It is a geographical area that was once a manufacturing or industrial powerhouse, but is now depopulated.
❖ The development of this area was rapid after the Second World War.
❖ These regions produced heavy industrial materials and consumer products. But due to the development of these
categories of industries in other areas, gradually these areas got closed and they turned into war bowls.

102. Which one of the following is known as the “Coffee Port of the World”? (63rd BPSC)
A. São Paulo
B. Santos
C. Rio de Janeiro
D. Buenos Aires
Answer: B. Santos
Santos port, Brazil is known as "coffee port" of world. The Port of Santos is located in the city of Santos, state of São
Paulo, Brazil. As of 2006, it is the busiest container port in Latin America. It possesses a wide variety of cargo handling
terminals—solid and liquid bulk, containers, and general loads. It is Brazil's leading port in container traffic.

103. Which one of the following soils is deposited by rivers? (63rd BPSC)
A. Red Soil
B. Black Soil
C. Alluvial Soil
D. Laterite Soil
Answer: C. Alluvial Soil
Type of Soil Feature Color Texture
Alluvial soil The alluvium is made up of finer rock particles formed Light Grey to Sandy to silty
by sea waves, Rivers. Ash Grey. loam or clay

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Red soil It is formed by weathering granites, gneisses, crystalline Reddish to Sandy to clay and
rocks, Ragi, groundnuts, millets, and tobacco grown Brownish loamy.
well in these soils.
Black soil Get its name black coloration of the Basalt rock, suited Deep black to Clayey
for cotton production. light black.
Arid and low in nitrogen, humus, phosphates, and nitrates – Red to Brown Sandy
Desert soils making them unsuitable for cultivation
Laterite and Acidic in higher elevations, low in calcium and Red color due to thick loam to
Lateritic soils magnesium – useful in growing rice as well as iron oxide clayey
plantation crops such as cashew, rubber
Mountain soils Ideal for growing plantation crops such as tea, coffee, dark brown clayey silt to
spices, and tropical fruits color loamy texture
Saline and These soils are infertile and uncultivable white alkali or sandy to loamy
Alkaline soils brown alkali
Peaty Soils forms in hot, humid conditions dark, almost spongy
black in hue

104. Which census year is called the “Demographic Divide” in the population study of India? (63rd
BPSC)
A. 1911
B. 1921
C. 1931
D. 1941
Answer: B. 1921
Fifth Census (1921):
❖ The decade of 1911-21 has been the only one till now to witness a decadal population decline of 0.31%.
❖ This was the decade that ended in the flu pandemic of 1918 which cost at least 12 million lives.
❖ India’s population was continuously increasing until Census 1921 and still has been doing so after the 1921
Census.
❖ Therefore, the census year of 1921 is called the year of “The Great Divide” in the demographic history of India.

105. The largest number of cotton mills in Tamil Nadu are found in (63rd BPSC)
A. Chennai
B. Madurai
C. Coimbatore
D. Salem
Answer: C. Coimbatore
The largest number of cotton mills in Tamil Nadu are found in Coimbatore. Coimbatore is often referred to as the
Manchester of South India due to its cotton production and textile industries.
First Cotton Mill of India
The first Indian cotton cloth mill was established in 1818 at Fort Gloaster near Kolkata, albeit this mill was a failure.
The second mill which was established by KGN Daber in 1854 is called the true foundation of modern cotton industry
in India. Its name was Bombay Spinning and weaving Company, Bombay.

106. Which one of the following states is the leading producer of rubber in India? (63rd BPSC)
A. Tamil Nadu
B. Kerala
C. Karnataka
D. Andhra Pradesh
Answer: B. Kerala
❖ Kerala is the largest producer of natural rubber in India.

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o Major areas: Kottayam, Kollam, Ernakulam, Kozhikode districts produce practically all the rubber of this state.
❖ Tamil Nadu:
o Nilgiri, Madurai, Kanniyakumari, Coimbatore and Salem are the chief rubber producing districts of Tamil
Nadu.
❖ Karnataka:
o Chikmagalur and Kodagu are the main producing districts.
❖ Tripura, Assam, Andaman and Nicobar, Goa etc are some other rubber producing States.

107. National Waterway 1 connects (63rd BPSC)

A. Kottapuram to Kollam
B. Sadiya to Dhubri
C. Haldia to Allahabad
D. Haldia to Kolkata
Answer: C. Haldia to Allahabad
Sl. NW River System Route Length Locations
No. Number (in km)
1 NW – 1 Ganga-Bhagirathi- Prayagraj – Haldia 1620 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Hooghly Jharkhand, West Bengal
2 NW – 2 Brahmaputra Sadiya-Dhubri 891 Assam
3 NW – 3 West Coast Canal, Kottapuram – Kollam 205 Kerala
Champakara Canal, and
Udyogamandal Canal
4 NW – 4 Krishna and Godavari Kakinada–Puducherry 1095 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
stretch of canals, and Puducherry
Kaluvelly Tank,
Bhadrachalam –
Rajahmundry,
Waziraba–Vijayawada
5 NW – 10 Amba River 45 Maharashtra
6 NW – 83 Rajpuri Creek 31 Maharashtra
7 NW – 85 Revadanda Creek – 31 Maharashtra
Kundalika River System
8 NW – 91 Shastri river–Jaigad 52 Maharashtra
creek system
9 NW – 68 Mandovi – Usgaon 41 Goa
Bridge to the Arabian
Sea
10 NW – 111 Zuari– Sanvordem 50 Goa
Bridge to Marmugao
Port
11 NW – 73 Narmada River 226 Gujarat and Maharashtra
12 NW – 100 Tapi River 436 Gujarat and Maharashtra
13 NW – 97 Namkhana to Indo-Bangladesh 172 West Bengal
(Sundarbans AtharaBankiKhal Protocol Route
Waterways)

108. What is the name of the mid-latitude grassland in South America? (60-62nd BPSC)
A. Prairies
B. Pampas
C. Veld
D. Steppes
Answer: B. Pampas
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Grasslands Region
Steppe Europe and North
Asia
Pustaz Hungary
Prairies USA
Pampas Argentina
Veld South Africa
Downs Australia
Canterbury New Zealand
Savannah Africa and Australia
Taiga Europe and Asia

109. The Great Victorian Desert is located at (60-62nd BPSC)

A. Australia
B. India
C. Egypt
D. North Africa
Answer: A. Australia
The Great Victorian Desert is located in Australia. The Great Victorian Desert is the largest desert in the Southern
Hemisphere.

Important Geographical Facts of Australia

❖ The northern half of Australia is situated in the tropical zone and the southern half is situated in the temperature
zone.
❖ The Tropic of Capricorn passes through the middle of this continent.
❖ Two-third part of Australia is covered with plateau which is known as ‘Western Plateau’, where rainfall is very
scanty and deserts have developed.
❖ The eastern part of Australia is covered with chain of high lands from the Cape York to the island of
Tasmania which is known as ‘Great Dividing Range’.
❖ There is a Coral Reef along the eastern coast of Australia. It is known as 'Great Barrier Reef'. It is more than 1900
km long. The northern part of the eastern side of this coral reef is very dangerous for the vessels.
❖ Mt. Kosciusko is the highest peak in Australia. Mt Cook is the highest peak of New Zealand.
❖ Major Rivers: Murray River, Murrumbidgee River, Darling River, Lachlan River, Warrego River, Cooper Creek, and
Paroo River.
❖ River Murray is the longest river in Australia. Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand.
❖ Major Waterfalls: Montezuma Falls, Tia Falls, Russel Falls, Mackenzie Falls, Blencoe Falls, Fitzroy Falls,
Ellenborough Falls, Mitchel Falls, Wallaman Falls, and Jim Jim Falls.
❖ There are 41 major lakes and over 4000 smaller lakes in the continent. Lake Taupo is a crater lake and one of the
beautiful lakes in New Zealand which was formed by the violent volcanic eruption. Lake Eyre, officially named
Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, is a large salt water lake in Australia.

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❖ Major Plateaus: Arnhem Plateau, Atherton Tableland, Australian Shield, Dorrigo Plateau,Einasleigh Uplands,
Mawson Plateau, Mount Carbine Tableland, Narrow Neck Plateau, Northern Tablelands, Shipley Plateau,Western
Plateau, and Woronora Plateau.
❖ Major Desert: Great Victoria Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Simpson Desert, Gibson Desert, Little
Sandy Desert, Strzelecki Desert, Sturt Stony Desert, Tirari Desert, and Pedirka Desert.
❖ Major Strait: Barker Passage, Bass Strait, Clarence Strait (Northern Territory), Dundas Strait, Endeavour Strait,
Investigator Strait, The Rip, South Passage (Houtman Abrolhos), Suda Bay Passage, and Torres Strait.
❖ Climate: The northern section of Australia has a more tropical influenced climate, hot and humid in the summer,
and quite warm and dry in the winter, while the southern parts are cooler with mild summers and cool,
sometimes rainy winters.

110. Which of the following activities is performed at Coolgardi? (60-62nd BPSC)

A. Coal Mining
B. Copper Mining
C. Gold Mining
D. Forestry
Answer: C. Gold Mining
Gold mining - Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie (Australia) and Johannesburg and Kimberley (South Africa)

111. Which of the following seas has the highest average salinity? (60-62nd BPSC)
A. Black Sea
B. Yellow Sea
C. Mediterranean Sea
D. Dead Sea
Answer: D. Dead Sea
Turkey's Van Lake (330%) has the highest salinity in the world while sea it is the highest in the Dead Sea (238%).
Some important seas of the world are as follows
❖ The South China Sea is a marginal sea which is a part of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between China, Taiwan,
Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and Vietnam. Its maximum depth is 5,016 mts.
❖ The Bering Sea is also a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. Covering a total area of 884900 sq. km, it has a
maximum depth of 4773 mts.
❖ Mediterranean sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean. It is largest of all seas enclosed by land. It extends
between North Africa, Southern Europe, Anatolia and Levant. The maximum known depth of the Mediterranean
sea is 4632 mts.
❖ The Black Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean. Located in the south-east the Black Sea is surrounded by
Europe, Caucasus and Anatolia Peninsula (Turkey).
❖ The Caspian sea is the world’s largest inland body of water, and world’s largest salt water lake. It is also the
world’s largest lake. It covers a total area of 371000 sq. km. It has borders with Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan,
Iran and Kazakhstan.
❖ The sea of Azov is a sea in Eastern Europe, which is almost completely enclosed by land, having just a narrow
opening into the Black Sea via Strait of Kerch. The sea borders Ukraine in North, Russia in the east and Crimea in
the west.
❖ The Aral sea is an important water body of the middle east. It lies between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
❖ Sargasso sea is a water body in the North Atlantic ocean. The sea is bounded by Gulf stream on the west, North
Atlantic Current on the North, Canary Current in the East and North Atlantic Equatorial Current on the south. The
sea is named after the brown Sargasso seaweed, which is found in abundance in the region
❖ The Tyrrhenian sea is a part of the Mediterranean sea off the western coast of Italy. The sea is bounded by
Corsica, Sardinia, Italy and Sicily. The Tyrrhenian sea is linked to other seas of the region through the Strait of
Messina, Strait of Bonifacio and Corsica channel.
❖ The countries of Africa surrounding the Mediterranean sea are Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.
❖ The south-west Asian country of Jordan does not have any boundaries with the Mediterranean Sea.

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❖ Turkey is a transcontinental country located mainly in western Asia with a small portion of it lying in south-east
Europe. Turkey is bordered by the Black Sea in the North, Aegean sea and Marmara sea in the west.
❖ The Black sea and Mediterranean sea determine the north and south political borders of Turkey respectively.
❖ Turkey shares borders with 8 countries which are as follows Bulgaria in the North-west, Greece in the west,
Georgia in the North-east, Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan in the East, Iraq and Syria in the south east

112. Match the following places with industries and select the correct answer using the code given
below: (60-62nd BPSC)
Place : Industry
A. Bengaluru 1. Iron and Steel
B. Korba 2. Copper
C. Jamshedpur 3. Aircraft
D. Malanjkhand 4. Aluminum
A. (A-1), (B-2), (C-3), (D-4)
B. (A-2), (B-1), (C-4), (D-3)
C. (A-4), (B-3), (C-2), (D-1)
D. (A-3), (B-4), (C-1), (D-2)
Answer: D. (A-3), (B-4), (C-1), (D-2)

113. What is the Golden Quadrilateral? (60-62nd BPSC)

A. Rail lines joining metros
B. Major Air routes
C. National Highway project
D. Gold trade routes
Answer: C. National Highway project
❖ The Golden Quadrilateral scheme is a part of the National Highways Project.
❖ It comprises construction of 5,846-km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic corridor, to connect India’s four big
metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata.

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114. The Dravidian races are mainly confined to which of the following parts of India? (60-62nd BPSC)
A. South India
B. North Western India
C. North Eastern India
D. North India
Answer: A. South India
The concentration of the Dravidian race in India is in South India. This species comes under the Negro species.

115. At which of the following hills, do the Eastern Ghats join the Western Ghats ? (60-62nd BPSC)
A. Palani Hills
B. Anaimudi Hills
C. Nilgiri Hills
D. Shevroy Hills
Answer: C. Nilgiri Hills
Nilgiri hills
❖ Trijunction of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka, north of the Palghat
❖ Meeting point of the Eastern and Western ghats
❖ Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and other conservation areas
❖ Highest peak – Doddabetta, 4 km from Otty

116. At which of the following places the copper industry is located? (60-62nd BPSC)
A. Tarapur
B. Titagarh
C. Ranchi
D. Khetri
Answer: D. Khetri
Khetri of Rajasthan is famous for its copper industry.
Rajasthan is the leading state in the country in terms of estimated reserves and production of copper.
Major copper mining centers :- Khetri-Singhana, KhoDariwa Bhagoni

117. At which of the following towns the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi combines to form the river
Ganga? (60-62nd BPSC)
A. Haridwar
B. Rishikesh
C. Rudraprayag
D. Devprayag
Answer: D. Devprayag
The concept of Panch Prayag
❖ Vishnuprayag: where the river Alaknanda meets river Dhauli Ganga
❖ Nandprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Nandakini
❖ Karnaprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Pinder
❖ Rudraprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Mandakini
❖ Devprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Bhagirathi -GANGA

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118. Which of the following iron ore is mined at Bailadila? (60-62nd BPSC)
A. Haematite
B. Siderite
C. Limonite
D. Magnetite
Answer: A. Haematite
❖ The iron ores are widely distributed, the prominent deposits being those of Bastar and Durg districts. Bailadila in
Bastar district and Dalli Rajhara in Durg district are important producers.
❖ Bailadila mine is the largest mechanized mine in Asia (Ore beneficiation only done here).
❖ A 270 km long slurry (a semi-liquid mixture) pipeline is being constructed to bring the ore from the Bailadila
pithead to the Vizag plant. Smelting is done in Vizag (Vishakhapatnam) Iron and Steel plant.
❖ Bailadila produces high-grade ore which is exported through Vishakhapatnam to Japan (there is no iron ore in
Japan, but the market is huge due to the Automobile industry) and other countries where it is in great demand.

119. The Pennines (Europe), The Appalachians (America) and the Aravallis (India) are examples of (56-
59th BPSC)
A. Block Mountains
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B. Fold Mountains
C. Young Mountains
D. Old Fold Mountains
Answer: D. Old Fold Mountains
Old Fold Mountains
❖ Before the Tertiary period, Old Fold Mountains existed (the tertiary period started 66 million years ago).
❖ This category includes fold mountain systems from the Caledonian and Hercynian mountain-building periods.
❖ North America's Appalachians and Russia's Ural Mountains are examples of this category.
❖ From India Aravali and Vindyachal are examples of this category.
❖ Because of their moderately rounded characteristics and medium elevation, they are also known as thickening
relict fold mountains.
❖ Erosion action has worn off the top layers.

120. Which of the following drainage systems fall into Bay of Bengal? (56-59th BPSC)
A. Ganga, Brahmaputra and Godavari
B. Mahanadi, Krishna and Cauvery
C. Luni, Narmada and Tapti
D. and (b)
Answer: D. (a) and (b)
The Ganges, the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Krishna and the Kaveri drain into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers form
deltas at their mouths.
The Narmada and the Tapti fall in the Gulf of Khambhat and the Luni in the 'Ran of Kutch'. Narmada and Tapti form
estuaries at their mouths.

121. The oldest oil field in India is (56-59th BPSC)

A. Bombay High, Maharashtra
B. Ankleshwar, Maharashtra
C. Navagam, Gujarat
D. Digboi, Assam
Answer: D. Digboi, Assam
The Digboi field of Assam is the oldest oil field in India. There is an oil field at Digboi and a refinery at Naharkatiya. In
1890, oil was extracted from an oil well in Digboi, Assam.

122. In India, the Yarlung Zangbo River is known as (56-59th BPSC)

A. Ganga
B. Indus
C. Brahmaputra
D. Mahanadi
Answer: C. Brahmaputra
❖ The Brahmaputra originates from Mansarovar Lake, which is also a source of the Indus and Sutlej.
❖ It is 3848kms long, a little longer than the Indus River.
❖ Most of its course lies outside India.
❖ It flows parallel to the Himalayas in the eastward direction. When it reaches Namcha Barwa, it takes a U-turn
around it and enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
❖ Here it is known as the Dihang River. In India, it flows through the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam and is
connected by several tributaries.
❖ The river is known as the Tsangpo in Tibet.
Left bank tributaries Right bank tributaries
Dhansiri, Kapili, Barak. Subansiri, Jia Bhoraeli, Manas, Sankosh, Tista
& Raidak

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123. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is located at (56-59th BPSC)

A. Chandigarh
B. Bharatpur
C. Gurgaon
D. Gandhinagar
Answer: C. Gurgaon
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is located 15 km north of Gurgaon. It falls in the Gurgaon district of Haryana.

124. Nagarjuna Sagar Multipurpose Project is on which river? (53-55th BPSC)

A. Tapti
B. Kosi
C. Godavari
D. Krishna
Answer: D. Krishna
❖ The Nagarjuna Sagar Multipurpose Project is located on the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh.
❖ The Krishna River originates near the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar.
❖ The Krishna River is the second longest river in peninsular India and the third longest river in India

125. “In which country, “Takla Makan” desert is situated? (53-55th BPSC)
A. Kazakhstan
B. Turkmenistan
C. Uzbekistan
D. China
Answer: D. China
❖ The TaklaMakan Desert is located in the Tarim Basin of China.
❖ It is bounded by the Tianshan Mountains in the north and the Kunlun Mountains in the south.
List of the largest deserts in the world, along with their locations:
❖ Antarctica – Antarctica
❖ Arctic – Northern America (Alaska, Canada, and Greenland), Northern Europe (Finland, Iceland, Norway, and
Sweden), Eastern Europe (European Russia), North Asia (Siberia)
❖ Sahara – North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia), West Africa (Mali, Mauritania, and
Niger), Middle Africa (Chad), East Africa (Eritrea)
❖ Australian Desert – Australia
❖ Arabian Desert – Western Asia (Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and
Yemen)

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❖ Gobi Desert – East Asia (China and Mongolia)
❖ Kalahari Desert – Southern Africa (Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa), Middle Africa (Angola)
❖ Patagonian Desert – South America (Argentina and Chile)
❖ Syrian Desert – Western Asia (Iraq, Jordan, and Syria)
❖ Great Basin – United States
❖ Chihuahuan Desert – Central America (Mexico), Northern America (United States)
❖ Karakum Desert – Turkmenistan
❖ Colorado Plateau – United States
❖ Sonoran Desert – Central America (Mexico), Northern America (United States)
❖ Kyzylkum Desert – Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan)
❖ Taklamakan Desert – China
❖ Thar Desert – Indian Subcontinent (India and Pakistan)
❖ Dasht-e Margo – Afghanistan
❖ Registan Desert – Afghanistan
❖ Atacama Desert – South America (Chile and Peru)
❖ Mojave Desert – United States
❖ Columbia Basin – United States
❖ Namib Desert – Southern Africa (Namibia), Middle Africa (Angola)
❖ Dasht-e Kavir – Iran
❖ Dasht-e Loot – Iran

126. Which strait connects the Red Sea and Indian Ocean? (53-55th BPSC)
A. Bab-el-Mandeb
B. Hormuz
C. Bosphorus
D. Malacca
Answer: A. Bab-el-Mandeb
Straits of the world
Straits Sea Location
Malacca Andaman Sea and China Indonesia and South Malaysia
Sea

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Sunda Java Sea and Indian Ocean Indonesia

Yucatan Gulf of Mexico and Mexico and Cuba

Caribbean Sea
Otranto Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea Italy and Albania

Cook Tasman Sea and South New Zealand (North and

Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean South Islands)
Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean MozambiqueMadagascar

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North Channel Irish Sea and Atlantic Ireland and England

Ocean

Torres Arafura Sea and Gulf of Australia and New Guinea

Papua

Bosporus Black Sea and Marmara Sea Turkey

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Davis Baffin Bay and Atlantic Greenland and Canada

Ocean

Florida Strait The Gulf of Mexico and the USA and Cuba
Atlantic Ocean

Magellan The Pacific Ocean and the Chile

Atlantic Ocean

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Makassar The Java Sea and the Indonesia

Celebes Sea
Hudson Strait The Hudson Bay & Canada
Labrador sea ( Atlantic
Ocean)

127. Where is “Ninety East Ridge” situated? (53-55th BPSC)

A. Pacific Ocean
B. Indian Ocean
C. Atlantic Ocean
D. Arctic Ocean
Answer: B. Indian Ocean
The Ninety East Ridge is a one-dimensional structure situated on the floor of Indian Ocean. This ridge is 5000 km long
and 200 m wide which is stretches from the Bay of Bengal to the Southeast Indian Ridge.
This landform is named as the 'Ninety East Ridge' because it is located near the spot where parallel strike along the
90th meridian at the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere. This is one of the important relief features of the Indian
Ocean because it divides the Indian ocean into West and East Indian Ocean.

128. Folding is the result of (53-55th BPSC)

A. Epeirogenetic force
B. Coriolis force
C. Orogenetic force
D. Exogenetic Force
Answer: C. Orogenetic force
Folding is the result of orogenetic force. Orogeny is a mountain building process. Orogenic processes involve severe
folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth's crust. In contrast to epeirogenic movement, orogenic
movement is a more complicated deformation of the Earth's crust.

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129. Which of the following is not a capital city? (53-55th BPSC)

A. Canberra
B. Sydney
C. Wellington
D. Riyadh
Answer: B. Sydney
The capital of Australia is Canawra. Sydney is the only city located in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The
capital of Saudi Arabia is Riyadh. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington.

130. Amritsar and Shimla are almost on the same latitude but their climate difference is due to (53-
55th BPSC)
A. The difference in their altitudes
B. Their distance from the sea
C. Snowfall in Shimla
D. Pollution in Amritsar
Answer: A. The difference in their altitudes
Amritsar and Shimla are located almost on the same latitude, but there is a difference in their climate. This is due to
the difference in height of both of them from the sea level.

131. Coal Mines in Jharkhand are located at (53-55th BPSC)

A. Jharia
B. Jamshedpur
C. Ranchi
D. Lohardaga
Answer: A. Jharia
The major coal mines located in Jharkhand are in Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Ramgarh, North and South Karanpura,
Lalmatia, Daltonganj etc. Jharia is famous for the production of coking coal. Presently Jharia is suffering from the
problem of underground coal combustion.

132. The longest day in Southern Hemisphere is (48-52nd BPSC)

A. 22nd June
B. 22nd December
C. 21st March
D. 22nd September
Answer: B. 22nd December
The winter solstice i.e. December 22 is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere while the longest day
is December 22 in the Southern Hemisphere.
In contrast, the summer solstice, on June 21, is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, while it is
the shortest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere.

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133. “Great Barrier Reef” is situated near (48-52nd BPSC)

A. South America
B. Europe
C. Australia
D. Africa
Answer: C. Australia
The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef in the world. It is located in the north-east of Queensland and New
South Wales on the continent of Australia.

134. India gets maximum rainfall mainly from (48-52nd BPSC)

A. North-East Monsoon
B. Retreating Monsoon
C. South-West Monsoon
D. Convectional Rainfall
Answer: C. South-West Monsoon
Most of the rainfall in India comes from the southwest monsoon.

135. “Dakshin Gangotri” is located in (48-52nd BPSC)

A. Uttarakhand
B. Arctic
C. Himalaya
D. Antarctica
Answer: D. Antarctica
India's first research station 'Dakshin Gangotri' in Antarctica was established in 1983. The second research center
'Maitri' was established in 1988-89. The operation of the third research center 'Bharti' started in 2012.

136. A mountain range of Europe is (48-52nd BPSC)

A. Alps
B. Himalaya
C. Andes
D. Rocky
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Answer: A. Alps
The Alps mountain range is located in Central Europe. The expanse of the Alps is in France, Austria, Germany and
Switzerland. The highest point of the Alps is Mont Blanc, whose height is 4810 m. This is an example of a new fold
mountain.
The Himalayas are located in Asia, the Andes in South America and the Rockies in North America.

137. The longest river of South America (48-52nd BPSC)

A. Nile
B. Amazon
C. Mississippi
D. None of these
Answer: B. Amazon
❖ The Amazon is the longest river in South America and the largest river in the world in terms of discharge. Its
length is 6387 km.
❖ In terms of length, the Nile River is the longest river in the world (6650 km). The flow area of the Nile River is in
Africa.
❖ Mississippi is the longest river in North America
River source outflow length(km)
Nile Tributaries of Lake Victoria, Africa Mediterranean Sea 6,690
Amazon Glacier-fed lakes, Peru Atlantic Ocean 6,296
Mississippi-Missouri- Source of Red Rock, Montana Gulf of Mexico 5,970
Red Rock
Chang Jiang Tibetan plateau, China China Sea 5,797
(Yangtze)
Ob Altai Mts., Russia Gulf of Ob 5,567
Huang He (Yellow) Eastern part of Kunlan Mts., West China Gulf of Chihli 4,667
Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mts., western Tuva, Russia Arctic Ocean 4,506
Parana Confluence of Paranaiba and Grande rivers Río de la Plata 4,498
Irtish Altai Mts., Russia Ob River 4,438
Zaire (Congo) Confluence of Lualab and Luapula rivers, Congo Atlantic Ocean 4,371

Heilong (Amur) Confluence of Shilka (Russia) and Argun (Manchuria) Tatar Strait 4,352
rivers
Lena Baikal Mts., Russia Arctic Ocean 4,268
Mackenzie Head of Finlay River, British Columbia, Canada Beaufort Sea (Arctic 4,241
Ocean)
Niger Guinea Gulf of Guinea 4,184
Mekong Tibetan highlands South China Sea 4,023
Mississippi Lake Itasca, Minnesota Gulf of Mexico 3,779
Missouri Confluence of Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison Mississippi River 3,726
rivers, Montana
Volga Valdai plateau, Russia Caspian Sea 3,687
Madeira Confluence of Beni and Maumoré rivers, Bolivia– Amazon River 3,238
Brazil boundary
Purus Peruvian Andes Amazon River 3,207

Sao Francisco Southwest Minas Gerais, Brazil Atlantic Ocean 3,198

Yukon Junction of Lewes and Pelly rivers, Yukon Territory, Bering Sea 3,185
Canada
St. Lawrence Lake Ontario Gulf of St. Lawrence 3,058
Rio Grande San Juan Mts., Colorado Gulf of Mexico 3,034
Danube Black Forest, Germany Black Sea 2,842
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Zambezi 11°21'S, 24°22'E, Zambia Mozambique 2,736
Channel
Colorado Grand County, Pennsylvania Mississippi River 2,348

138. Match correctly (48-52nd BPSC)

Place : Industry
A. The Hottest 1. Chile
B. The Coldest 2. Cherapunji
C. The Wettest 3. Antarctica
D. The Driest 4. Sahara
A. (A-1) (B-2) (C-3) (D-4)
B. (A-4) (B-3) (C-2) (D-1)
C. (A-2) (B-3) (C-1) (D-4)
D. (A-3) (B-2) (C-4) (D-1)
Answer: B. (A-4) (B-3) (C-2) (D-1)

139. Where Bhil tribe is found? (48-52nd BPSC)

A. Assam
B. Jharkhand
C. West Bengal
D. Maharashtra
Answer: D. Maharashtra
Bhil is the largest tribal community in India. The Bhil tribe resides in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and
Maharashtra. He is called the brave bow man of India
Important Tribes of India (Statewise)
State Tribes
Andhra Pradesh Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhil, Bhaghata, Dhulia,rona, Kolam, Gond, Thoti, Goundu, Kammara,
Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Sugalis, Nakkala, Pardhan, Gadabas, Chenchus A.k.a Chenchawar,
Kattunayakan, Jatapus, Manna Dhora
Arunachal Singpho, Monpa, Abor, Sherdukpen, Galo, Apatanis
Pradesh
Assam Boro, Kachari, Mikir (Karbi), Lalung, and Hajong.
Bihar Gond, Birjia, Asur, Savar, Parhaiya, Chero, Birhor, Santhals, Baiga
Chhattisgarh Nagasia, Biar, Khond, Agariya, Bhattra, Mawasi, Bhaina,
Goa Varli, Dubia, Siddi, Dhodia, Naikda
Gujarat Patelia, Bhil, Dhodia, Bamcha, Barda, Paradhi, Charan, Gamta
Himachal Swangal, Gujjars, Lahaulas, Khas, Pangwala, Lamba, Gaddis
Pradesh
Jammu and Balti, Garra, Sippi, Bakarwal, Mon, Gaddi, Purigpa, Beda
Kashmir
Jharkhand Gonds, Birhors, Savar, Mundas, Santhals, Khaira, Bhumji
Karnataka Gond, Patelia, Barda, Yerava, Bhil, Koraga, Adiyan, Iruliga,
Kerala Malai, Aarayan, Arandan, Uralis, Kurumbas, Arandan, Eranvallan
Madhya Pradesh Kharia, Bhils, Murias, Birhors, Baigas, Katkari, Kol, Bharia, Khond, Gonds,
Maharashtra Warlis, Khond, Bhaina, Katkari, Bhunjia, Rathawa, Dhodia.
Manipur Thadou, Aimol, Maram, Paite, Chiru, Purum, Kuki, Monsang, Angami
Meghalaya Pawai, Chakma, Raba, Hajong, Lakher, Garos, Jaintias Khasis
Mizoram Lusai, Kuki, Garo, Khasi, Jayantia, and Mikir.
Nagaland Nagas, Angami, Sema, Garo, Kuki, Kachari, Mikir, Konyak, Lotha
Odisha Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya, Oraons, Rajuar, Santhals.
Rajasthan Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka, Meenas(Minas), Patelia, Sahariya, Lambada(Banjara).
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Sikkim Bhutia, Khas, Lepchas.
Tamil Nadu Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar, Kanikar, Kotas, Todas.
Telangana Chenchus.
Tripura Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, Khasia, Lushai, Mizel, Namte.
Uttarakhand Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Raji, Tharu.
Uttar Pradesh Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu.
West Bengal Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, Rabha, Santhals, Savar.
Andaman and Great Andamanese, Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens.
Nicobar
Little Andaman Jarawa
Lakshadweep Aminidivis, Koyas, Malmis, Melacheris.
North-East Abhors, Chang, Galaong, Mishimi, Singpho, Wancho.

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