CARDIOVASCULAR

Cardiovascular System at a Glance

• Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System

– Distribute blood to all areas of body
– Delivery of needed substances to cells
– Removal of wastes
Cardiovascular System at a Glance

• Organs of Cardiovascular System

– Heart
– Arteries
– Capillaries
– Veins
 Cardiovascular Combining
Forms
• angi/o vessel
• aort/o aorta
• arteri/o artery
• ather/o fatty substance
• atri/o atrium
• cardi/o heart
 Cardiovascular Combining
Forms
• coron/o heart
• hemangi/o blood vessel
• phleb/o vein
• sphygm/o pulse
• steth/o chest
• thromb/o clot
 Cardiovascular Combining
Forms
• valv/o valve
• valvul/o valve
• vascul/o blood vessel
• vas/o vessel, duct
• ven/o vein
• ventricul/o ventricle
 Cardiovascular System Suffixes

• –manometer instrument to measure

pressure
• –ole small
• –tension pressure
• –ule small
 Anatomy and Physiology
• Also called circulatory system
• Maintains distribution of blood throughout
body
– Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and
amino acids to cells
– Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products
from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys
for elimination
 Anatomy and Physiology
• Is composed of:
– Heart
– Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Divided into pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation
 Systemic Circulation
• Between heart and
cells of body
• Carries oxygenated
blood away from
left side of heart to
body
• Carries
deoxygenated
blood from body to
right side of heart
 Pulmonary Circulation
• Between heart and
lungs
• Carries deoxygenated
blood away from right
side of heart to lungs
• Carries oxygenated
blood from lungs to left
side of heart
 Heart

• Muscular pump
– Made up of cardiac muscle fibers
– Could be called a muscle instead of an organ
• Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute
(bpm), or about 100,000 times a day
• Each time the muscle contracts:
– Blood is ejected from heart
– Pushed throughout body within blood vessels
 Heart

• Located in the mediastinum

– More to left side of chest
– Directly behind sternum
• About size of a fist
• Shaped like upside-down pear
• Tip of heart at lower edge
– Called the apex
 Heart Layers
Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium
⚫ Inner layer ⚫ Middle layer ⚫ Outer layer
⚫ Lines heart ⚫Thick muscle ⚫ Forms the
chambers ⚫ Contraction of visceral layer of
⚫ Smooth, thin this layer pericardial sac
layer that develops the ⚫ Fluid between
reduces friction pressure layers of
as the blood required to pericardial sac
passes through pump blood reduces friction
heart chambers through blood as heart beats
vessels
– Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers,
and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
 Heart Chambers
• Divided into four chambers
– Two atria
– Two ventricles
• Heart is divided into right and left sides by a
wall called the septum
 Atria

• Left and right upper

chambers
• Receiving chambers
• Blood returns to
atria in veins
– Superior and inferior
vena cava
– Pulmonary veins
 Ventricles

• Left and right lower

chambers
• Pumping chambers
– Thick myocardium
• Blood exits
ventricles into
arteries
– Aorta
– Pulmonary artery
– Internal view of heart specimen illustrating heart chambers, septum, and
heart valves.
 Heart Valves
• Four valves in heart
– Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
• Act as restraining gates to control direction of
blood flow
• Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
• Allow blood to flow only in forward direction
by blocking it from returning to previous
chamber
 Tricuspid Valve

• An atrioventricular
valve
• Between right atrium
and ventricle
– Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
• Has 3 leaflets or
cusps
 Pulmonary Valve

• A semilunar valve
• Between right
ventricle and
pulmonary artery
– Prevents blood in
artery from flowing
back into ventricle
• Semilunar – valve
looks like half moon
 Mitral Valve
• An atrioventricular
valve
• Between left atrium
and ventricle
– Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
• Also called bicuspid
valve - has two cusps
 Aortic Valve

• A semilunar valve
• Between left
ventricle and aorta
– Prevents blood in
aorta from flowing
back into ventricle
– Superior view of heart valves illustrating
position, size, and shape of each valve.
 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
1. Deoxygenated blood
from body enters
relaxed right atrium via
two large veins called:
– Superior vena cava
– Inferior vena cava
 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
2. Right atrium contracts
– Blood flows through
tricuspid valve into
relaxed right ventricle
 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
3. Right ventricle contracts
– Blood is pumped
through pulmonary valve
into pulmonary artery
– Carries blood to lungs
 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
4. Relaxed left atrium
receives blood that has
been oxygenated by
lungs
– Blood enters left atrium
from the four
pulmonary veins
 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
5. Left atrium contracts
– Blood flows through
mitral valve into
relaxed left ventricle
 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
6. Left ventricle contracts
– Blood is pumped
through the aortic valve
and into aorta
– Largest artery in the
body
– Carries blood to all
parts of body
 – The path of blood flow through the
chambers of the left and right side of the heart.
 Systole and Diastole

• Heart chambers alternate between:

– Relaxing to fill
– Contracting to push blood forward
• Relaxation phase is diastole
• Contraction phase is systole
 Conduction System of the Heart

• Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate

– Therefore, no voluntary control over heart
• Special heart tissue conducts electrical
impulses
– Stimulate different chambers to contract in
correct order
 Path of the Conduction System
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node, or
pacemaker, is where
electrical impulse
begins
– From SA node a wave of
electricity travels
through atria
– Causing them to
contract, or go into
systole
 Path of the Conduction System
2. Next, atrioventricular
node (AV) is stimulated
3. This node transfers
stimulation wave to
bundle of His
 Path of the Conduction System
4. Electrical wave travels
down bundle branches
within interventricular
septum
5. Finally, Purkinje fibers in
ventricular myocardium
are stimulated
– Results in ventricular
systole
– The conduction system of the heart.
– An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave.
 Blood Vessels

• Pipes that circulate blood through body

• Three types:
– Arteries
– Capillaries
– Veins
• Lumen is the channel within blood vessels
 Arteries

• Large thick-walled vessels

• Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or
constrict
• As arteries travel through body they branch
into progressively smaller vessels called
arterioles
– Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
 Arteries

• Carry blood away from heart

– Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body
– Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to
lungs
– Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
• Coronary arteries supply myocardium
– The coronary arteries.
– The major arteries of the body.
 Capillaries
• Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels
called a capillary bed
• Connecting unit between arteries and veins
– Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
– Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
• Location for:
– Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
– Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in
– Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
 Veins
• Much thinner walls than arteries
• Much lower pressure system than in arteries
– Have valves to insure blood flows only towards
heart
– Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood
return to heart
• Smallest veins are called venules
– Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
 Veins
• Carry blood towards the heart
– From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of
body
– Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
lungs
– Superior and inferior vena cava carry
deoxygenated blood from body
– The major veins of the body.
 Blood Pressure
• Measurement of force exerted by blood
against walls of a vessel
• May be affected by several characteristics of
blood and blood vessels
– Elasticity of arteries
– Diameter of blood vessels
– Viscosity of blood
– Volume of blood
– Amount of resistance to blood flow
 Blood Pressure
• During ventricular systole
– Blood is under great pressure
– Gives highest pressure—systolic
– Top number of blood pressure reading
• During ventricular diastole
– Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all
– Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic
– Bottom number of blood pressure reading
 Word Building with angi/o
–gram angiogram record of a vessel
–itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel
–plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel
involuntary muscle
–spasm angiospasm
contraction in a vessel
–stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel
Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o

–ic aortic pertaining to the aorta

–al arterial pertaining to an artery

–ole arteriole small artery

–rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery

Word Building with ather/o & atri/o
surgical removal of fatty
–ectomy atherectomy
substance
fatty substance
–oma atheroma
tumor/growth

–al atrial pertaining to the atrium

pertaining to between the
inter– –al interatrial
atrium
 Word Building with cardi/o
–ac cardiac pertaining to the heart
brady– –ia bradycardia state of slow heart
electr/o record of heart’s
electrocardiogram
–gram electricity
–megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart
pertaining to heart
my/o –al myocardial
muscle
–ologist cardiologist heart specialist
–rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart
tachy– –ia tachycardia state of fast heart
–ary coronary pertaining to the heart

–itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein

pertaining to a blood
–ar vascular
vessel
Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o

–plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve

–itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve

–ar valvular pertaining to a valve
Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o

–ous venous pertaining to veins

–ule venule small vein
–gram venogram record of a vein

–ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles

pertaining to between
inter– –ar interventricular
ventricles
 Cardiovascular Vocabulary
listening to sounds within body using a
auscultation
stethoscope
branch of medicine for diagnosis and
cardiology treatment of cardiovascular disease;
physician is a cardiologist
flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids
catheter into or out of body; may be used to place
dye into a vein to view blood vessels
 Cardiovascular Vocabulary
area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood
infarct
supply
local and temporary deficiency of blood
ischemia
supply due to a circulatory obstruction
abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing
murmur
sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit
orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when
hypotension standing up suddenly
 Cardiovascular Vocabulary
palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery;
plaque
hallmark of atherosclerosis
to flow backwards; in CV system refers to
regurgitation
backflow of blood through a valve
 Cardiovascular Vocabulary
blood pressure cuff; measures
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure
stainless steel tube placed within
stent
blood vessel to widen the lumen
instrument for listening to body
stethoscope
sounds
 Heart Pathology
severe pain and sensation of constriction
angina
around heart; caused by myocardial
pectoris
ischemia
irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and
arrhythmia
others are life threatening
electrical impulse is blocked from traveling
bundle
down bundle branches; results in ventricles
branch
beating at different rate than atria; also
block (BBB)
called heart block
 Heart Pathology

cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity

myocardial disease; may be caused by
viral infection, congestive heart failure,
cardiomyopathy
or alcoholism; common reason for heart
transplant
congenital hole, present at birth, in heart septum;
septal defect allows mixing of oxygenated and
(CSD) deoxygenated blood
 Heart Pathology

congestive left ventricle muscle is too weak to

heart failure efficiently pump blood; results in
(CHF) weakness, breathlessness, & edema
coronary poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
artery disease obstruction of coronary arteries; may
(CAD) cause angina pectoris and heart attack
inflammation of lining membranes of
endocarditis heart; if cause is bacterial may have a
bacterial colony form, called vegetation
 Heart Pathology
extremely serious arrhythmia characterized
fibrillation by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest
and death can occur
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly,
flutter
but in a regular pattern
heart valve cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;
prolapse allowing regurgitation
heart valve cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;
stenosis allowing regurgitation
 Heart Pathology
myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a
infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac
combination of four congenital
anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
tetralogy of
interventricular septal defect, improper
Fallot
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery
 Blood Vessel Pathology
weakness and ballooning of arterial
aneurysm wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial
arteriosclerosis
walls; often due to atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis;
atherosclerosis
lipid plaques form in arterial wall
– Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the
lumen of an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
 Blood Vessel Pathology
coarctation of
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
aorta (CoA)
obstruction of blood vessel by blood
embolus clot that has broken off from a
thrombus in another site
hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region
 Blood Vessel Pathology
high blood pressure; essential or
hypertension primary hypertension is due to CV
(HTN) disease; secondary hypertension results
from another disease
decrease in blood pressure; may be due
hypotension
to shock or anemia
patent ductus congenital heart anomaly where fetal
arteriosus connection between pulmonary artery
(PDA) and aorta fails to close at birth
 Blood Vessel Pathology
inflammation of vein resulting in blood
thrombophlebitis
clots within a vein
blood clot within a blood vessel; may
thrombus partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
swollen and distended veins; often in
varicose veins
the legs
 Clinical Laboratory Tests
blood test determines level of enzymes
cardiac specific to heart muscle in blood; an
enzymes increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
serum blood test measures amount of cholesterol
lipoprotein and triglycerides in blood; indicator of
level atherosclerosis risk
 Diagnostic Imaging
X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye
angiography
into blood vessel
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive
cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage
 Diagnostic Imaging
using ultrasound to produce an
image of blood flowing through blood
Doppler
vessels in order to determine
ultrasonography
velocity; indicates blood clots or deep
vein thromboses
use of ultrasound to visualize internal
echocardiography
cardiac structures; especially valves
X-ray of veins; used to identify a
venography
thrombus
 Cardiac Function Tests
catheter is threaded through blood
vessel to heart; detects
cardiac
abnormalities, collects cardiac
catheterization
blood samples, and determines
blood pressure inside heart
process of recording electrical
electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose
(ECG, EKG) arrhythmias and myocardial
damage
 Cardiac Function Tests
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up
Holter
to a few days to assess heart activity as
monitor
person goes through daily activities
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient
exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
stress
steadily increasing work load; EKC and
testing
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test
 Medical Procedures
procedure to restore cardiac output
cardiopulmonary
and oxygenate air for person in cardiac
resuscitation
arrest; uses chest compressions and
(CPR)
artificial respiration
procedure that converts irregular
defibrillation heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using
an electric shock
extracorporeal routing blood to a heart-lung machine
circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure
 Medical Procedures
device implanted into the heart to
implantable
deliver an electric shock to restore
cardioverter-
normal heart rhythm; especially helpful
defibrillator
for ventricular fibrillation
device implanted into the heart to
pacemaker
substitute for the natural pacemaker;
implantation
especially helpful for bradycardia
 Cardiovascular Pharmacology
ACE inhibitor produce vasodilation to Lotensin,
drugs decrease blood pressure Capoten
reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor,
antiarrhythmic
arrhythmias Corvert
prevents blood clot Warfarin,
anticoagulant
formation Coumadin
reduces blood cholesterol Lipitor,
antilipidemic
level Zocor
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
lowers heart rate to treat
Beta- Lopressor,
hypertension and angina
blocker Inderal
pectoris
decreases force of heart beat to
Calcium
treat hypertension, angina Cardizem,
channel
pectoris, and congestive heart Procardia
blocker
failure
increases force of heart
cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive Lanoxin
heart failure
 Cardiovascular Pharmacology
increases urine
production to reduce
diuretic Lasix
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
dissolves existing
thrombolytic Plavix, Activase
blood clot
 Cardiovascular Pharmacology
contracts smooth muscle in
vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise Aramine
blood pressure
relaxes smooth muscle in
wall of blood vessel to
Nitro-Dur,
vasodilator reduce blood pressure and
Vasodilan
increase blood flow to
ischemic area