To express their feelings they create rhythmic movements by

REVIEWER IN PATHFIT 3 stamping, shaking their bodies, chanting and other bodily
expressions with the use of natural accompaniment like food,
(LESSON 1 - 3) bamboos, and dried leaves and others to accompany their
rhythmic movements they all develop them into dance by
PREPARED BY: TIRATIRA, JOHN JOEL P. generally perpetuating the movement and passing the tradition
to the next generation. The inter moving factors of rhythm into
PATHFIT 3 – Menu of Dance, Sports, Martial Arts, Group
human being created the dance and later developed into high
Exercise, Outdoor and Adventure
quality movement and become a part of an established arts form
Lesson 1: RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES up to this time.

Rhythmic Activities – are rhythmic movement s using the body RHYTHM – the regular pattern of movement or sound. It is also
as a means of experiencing a communication. It can either be the relationship between time and force which is felt, seen or
through fundamental rhythms using locomotors or axial heard. This refers to movement activities with musical
movements in higher form of dance. accompaniment.

Is the regular recurrence of accented and unaccented beats. Everyone reacts to music or rhythm in one form or another. A
head swaying, a foot tapping, fingers snapping, shoulders and
Locomotor Movement – refers to movements that transport the body moving while a musical piece is played are physical
body from one place to another. reactions.

Non Locomotor Movement - refers to movements that do not SPACE – The distance between two points, object a limited
result in travel from one place to another. extent or area for specific purpose.

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RHYTHMIC Elements of Rhythm:

ACTIVITIES AND DANCE 1. Beat—the underlying pulse of a rhythm.
2. Tempo—rate of speed of a movement.
Art and religion were the most serious concern of primitive 3. Intensity—variation of stress of movement.
civilizations. Their art concern was mainly for source of food and 4. Pitch—lowness or highness of a tone.
how to increase its supply. Although unaware of it, they made use 5. Accent—emphasis on certain beats.
the art of hunting, fishing and other way of life. Religion in this 6. Meter—the regular recurrence of beats which divides a
matter, regards their beliefs in the supernatural beings that musical design into measure.
governs their faith.
7. Phrase—measures grouped together. 1. Personal Space- is the maximum space available to a
8. Bar—in music a vertical line across a staff dividing it into person in stationary position. This includes the space that
equal measures of time. a person can reach, bending, stretching and twisting.
9. Count—a pulse beat, a time limit. 2. General Space – is the area which includes person
10. Note—a printed symbol of a musical tone. moving in space like gymnasium, rooms, ballroom area,
11. Measure—a group of pulse beats. plaza and others.
12. Note pattern—refers to a note or set of notes with or without
rest used for a certain dance step.
13. Step pattern—refers to the movement or movements done
for each of the dance steps. Lesson 2: DANCE

ELEMENTS OF SPACE Dance refers to the rhythmic succession of body movements

usually to the accompaniment of music and is used as form of
1. Direction – this refers to the movements forward, communication. Dance pertains to a definite set of
backward, upward, downward, sideways right and left movements performed on a definite music.
diagonals and combination of all of these.
2. Level – as the body moves in horizontal plane it creates From the definition, the following distinguishing
movement identified as high, medium/middle and low. It characteristics of the dance could be derived, namely:
may be represented in relative’s heights while standing,
sitting, lying and kneeling. 1. Dance makes the body as a medium to convey what one
3. Range – the maximum reach of an individual or feels or a means of expressing emotions. Dance therefore
sometimes referred to as personal space or the size of becomes a form of non-verbal communication.
movements. 2. Dance has rhythm of body in succession or flow.
4. Pathways or Space Design - the line or designed created 3. Dance may be accompanied by music. This means that
in space as one moves. Examples an arm circling (circle most dances have some form of musical accompaniment
design is created) or line drawn from running to the first
DANCING
base in softball.
5. Focus – this referred to as movement in space in relation Dancing denotes the total body movements where there is a
to an object or a person’s attention of direction. proper projection of the face to involve the emotion required
by the dance. The expression of the dancer’s face should
complete the whole dance.
2 KINDS OF SPACE
MOVEMENT
Movement is the act or an instance of moving wherein there GRAVITY - is the force that holds you to the earth. It is a
is a change in place or position. It refers to the dance steps force you have to work with because it constanly inhibits
and basic body movements required of a particular dance. movement.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE BALANCE - is concerned with more than balancing on one

leg. It’s aim is to achieve and constantly maintain an inner
THEME - is the main story line of the dance. It tells what the balance of the whole body.
dance is all about. This can be a love theme, can be futuristic,
can be ritual, etc. POSTURE - to achieve this element, you need to change your
perception of your body, since there is often a wide
MOVEMENTS - refer to the dance steps and basic body discrepancy between what feels right and what looks right.
movements required of a particular dance.
GESTURE - involves using the body as an expressive
TECHNIQUE - is a system of movements performed by a instrument to communicate feelings and ideas in patterns of
dancer. This is developed through constant practice of movement.
certain difficult dance steps.
RHYTHM - finding rhythm is largely a matter of paying
CHOREOGRAPHY - pertains to the organization of the attention. It is something everybody has; though some people
movement and figures in the dance. This makes use of the are not as aware or sensitive to it.
theme and movements of dance steps.
MOVING SPACE - you need to be as aware of the space
MUSIC - gives life to the dance. This should be in accordance around you as a cat. You have to move with care and
with the theme and pattern of movements of the dance. awareness, gauging the space. Space is not just as empty air
but a tangible element that you move through.
ACCESSORIES, COSTUME, AND PROPERTIES -
Accessories are what the dancers wear in addition to the BREATHING - is crucial to dance. Not only does it bring
costume such as the earrings, necklace, bells, feathers, etc. oxygen to the body but it also gives your movement fluency
Costume refers to what the dancers should wear, and and harmony. It is an expressive tool.
properties refer to the things held and used by the dancer.
DANCE AND THE HUMAN BODY
SCENERY - denotes the background on stage. It completes
the whole setting of the dance. This involves the back draft of The body can perform such actions as rotating, bending,
the stage, and the properties placed on stage. stretching, jumping and turning. By varying these physical
actions and using different dynamics, human beings can
DESIGN - refers to the floor pattern in relation to space. devise an infinite number of body movements. For example:
 Ø Eyeballs and eyebrows are involved in classical dances q A feeling of satisfaction and fulfillment on the part of
of India in addition to gestures and postures. the performer for being able to show one’s skills to
other.
Ø Hip movements are important in the ote’a dance style
of Tahiti while in the aparima, gestures are important q The modern field of Dance Therapy developed as a
much like the Hawaiian hula. means of helping people express themselves and
relate to others and in Adapted Dance, cater to the
Ø Emphasized hops, skips and jumps characterize many needs of clumsy or disabled individual to express
dances of the Balkan region and Eastern Europe. themselves aesthetically.

Ø Irish dances make considerable use of complicated DANCE AND CULTURE

footwork with practically less use of the arms.
People of different cultures dance differently and for a variety of
Ø Torso movements are emphasized in many dances of purposes, their varied forms of dance can reveal much about
equatorial Aftrica while high kicks are features of their way of life and the many uses of dance to different cultures
many dances of the Zulu of South Africa. and nations.

Ø Arm, hand and finger movements are considerably To different people and societies, dance can be art, ritual or
used in many traditional dances of the Southeast recreation. It goes beyond the functional purposes of the
Asia. movements used in work or athletics. Dance to different cultures
may serve for the purpose of:
Besides the physical pleasure that is derived from dancing, it can
also have psychological effects. ü Expressing emotions, moods or ideas;

q Feelings and ideas can be expressed and communicate ü Telling a story;

if words are not uttered or not enough to get the
message through. ü Serving religious, political, economic or social needs; or

q In many societies, dancing can often lead to trance and ü Being an experience that gives pleasure, excitement or
other altered states of consciousness and such states aesthetic value to the performers and audience.
can be interpreted as signaling spirit possessions or
may be sought as a means to emotional release. FACTORS THAT AFFECT MOVEMENT

q Sharing rhythms and movements can make a group PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR

feel unified.
Phenomena such as fear, anxiety and others affect movement • Example: Court of Royal Entertainment: Thai
either positively or negatively. All these may somehow affect the Classical Court Dance, Thailand
performance of an individual.
CLASSICAL BALLET
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTOR
· A dance of supreme standards learned from an academe.
Physical fitness and the body that Poor low built are two main
concerns that affects human development, muscles movement, · This originated from Italy from the word “bal-lo” meaning to
and fitness level will surely affect the movement. dance and Royal Court flourished in the of France.

SOCIOLOGICAL FACTOR · Modern Dance principles developed A deviation from the of

classical ballet Isadora by Duncan. She believes in the
This refers to the relationship of the performer to the group principles of naturalness and true expression of the human
regarding social conformity and norms. body.

WHY DO PEOPLE DANCE? · Contemporary Dance is a combination of ballet modern

dance whereby it This and uses dance the varied medium of
AS A PROFESSION - to educate and to entertain others forms like folk, other ethnic or tribal dance.

ENTERTAINMENT - mass people, royalty and nobility · POPULAR DANCE This is highly recognized as a dance
television form in and other centers like discotheque dance
COURTSHIP - means two of the opposite sex, to show what you houses and other social gatherings.
can do for the other person
· FOLK DANCE The term traditional implies flavor
DANCE THERAPY - emotional outlet and rehabilitation characteristics people and of the feelings and sentiments.

DANCE FORMS & CLASSIFICATIONS · ETHNIC or TRIBAL - This dance reveals the peculiar
characteristics of specific their tribes cultural, specially
CLASSICAL DANCE racial, religious and traditional similarities.
• Dances with standardized rules and restrictions. · Even if the movement patterns are not specific.
• It can related be religious dance or court and royal · BALLROOM DANCE A popular term for performed on
entertainment form. ballroom dance areas for purposes of recreation and
entertainment.
· Example: Cha-Cha, Swing, Waltz, Boogie, Tango, Rumba, documenting the remaining folk dances of the country. What
Samba and others. started as an ordinary task of collecting folk songs, dances and
games which became the contents of her Master’s thesis which
· CHEER DANCE A combination of cheering and dancing also began dance notation in the country. The work was revised
and published into a book entitled Philippine Folk Dances and
· Components include the mandatory cheer as well as moves or Games.
as and such back hand a number of gymnastic acrobatic
cartwheels springs. The results of all their works become part of Physical Education
Program of the Philippines. The University of the Philippines
· HIP-HOP or STREET DANCE traced the Has its roots York, Folk song and Dance Troupe was organized to test and perform
from American and to New African Latino American the documental dances. In 1949, Mrs. Aquino organized the
communities. Philippine Folk Dance Society which aimed to promote the
development and teaching folk dances.
· It with is usually associated rap music a form of chanting or
poetry delivered at the speed of 16 bar measures (time PFDS actively conduct the Annual Folk Dance Workshop - for
frame). teachers and dance enthusiasts over the country.

Lesson 3 : Dance education program in the Philippines Regional and Provincial Chapters conducting Echo
Seminar-Workshops all over the country.
Brief History of Dance Education in the Philippines
Many of the folk dances taught in school today are the results of
In 1921, Francisca Reyes-Aquino, a student assistant the the efforts of the society to document more unpublished folk
instructor at the University of the Philippines, Physical dances with its host of dance ethnographers like:
Education Department, was given the task by Dr. Jeorge Bocobo,
President of UP, to present a program of Philippine Folk dances Crisostomo Barrera (Iloilo) Mila Janson (Cebu) Ceasar Nimor
for some foreign visitors. At that time, the problem was the (Cebu) Edwin Masangkay (Aklan) Elsie Padeo (Mt. Province)
limited numbers of documented folk dances (mostly done by Estelita Aquino (South Cotabato) Juan Miel (Samar) Ramon
foreign ethnologist) especially those coming from the lowland Obusan (ROFG of Pasay City)
regions. This was also the American Period, with the rapid influx
or westernization that threatened to modify the lifestyles and Significance of the Dance Education
cultures of Filipinos. The threat of American culture also
affected the state of traditional fewer because they neglected the Dancing is part of the dynamic cultural expression of all societies
traditional forms in favor of American imports like films, and every individual has the potential ability to dance. The
baseball, vaudeville, cakewalk and Charleston. Francisca inclusion of dancing in the Physical Education program of
encouraged by Dr. Bocobo, undertook the task of collecting and schools is simply to develop such potential into actual skill and
expose everyone, especially the youth to the many benefits of Physical Education and dance teachers to undergo training in
learning to dance folk dancing. There has also been the growing enthusiasm of
organizing folk dance groups by Filipinos based abroad,
Dancing promotes personality development since people involved particularly in many parts of the United States.
in dance improve their: grace and rhythm posture and
biomechanics discipline dedication, motivation and The dance education informally starts early in life. In fact, in
determination self-esteem and self-confidence self-actualization tribal communities, children at a very young age are exposed to
values of cooperation, resourcefulness, obedience and respect the dances of their communities as a means of telling stories or
stressing social values. In traditional Asian societies, the training
Dancing improves emotional, mental social and physical of classical and theater dancers start at a very early age.
well-being. Dancing provides a happy, fulfilled and satisfying life. Formally, the dance education program starts as soon as the
Dancing improves reflexes and awareness of one’s own body and child goes to school. The teaching of dance chronologically
the immediate environment. Dancing educates oneself and the arrange from simple rhythm development to complicated forms:
audience during the performance of a dance.
Creative Rhythms
From this original Philippine folk dance group sprang the
Philippine Women's University Dance Group (1954), the is the end product of the development movements as children
predecessor of the world-famous Bayanihan Philippine National learn to move the different parts of their bodies as a means of
Dance Company (established in 1957 by Lucresia Reyes Urtula, their own ideas and expression. Because of their imitative nature
director and choreographer). and being based on creative interpretation of themes and motifs,
creative rhythms are something called interpretative dance.
Baranggay Folk Dance Troupe (1946) of Philippine Normal
University, UP Filipiniana of the University of the Philippines. Creative Rhythms can be taught to children using the following
themes as bases:
Larawan Dance Troupe which later changed its name to the
Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group (ROFG), and a host of other Nursery rhymes Poems Songs Animal/Plant movements
schoolbased and community-based groups all over the country - Domestic/Occupational activities
all with the mission of continuing the brilliant works began by
Madame Aquino. Folk / Ethnic Dance Folk Dances are so-called because they have
ancient origins from within a community of people (folk). These
Dance Education with emphasis on the teaching of Philippine dances are also known as traditional dances based on the fact
folk/ ethnic dances is now part of the Physical Education that they are handed down from generation to generation
curriculum of the Philippines, from the elementary to tertiary (tradition), being learned by the younger generations informally
levels in all states, public and private schools of the country. Part through imitation rather that by formal instruction. Dances of
of this thrust is the training of students of Education majoring in the people depict their way of life, their culture, traditions,
rituals, occupation, emotions, etc. Folk dances show strieis of the Some forms of social dance are ballroom dance which is
people, products od certain tribes, mimicry of certain animals, performed by a male and female couple during grand balls.
etc. Many ballroom dances originated as folk dances from Europe
such as polka, schottische, waltz and mazurka, or had origins
Folk Dances are sometimes referred to as ethnic dances, because from Latin America, cha cha cha, salsa, rumba, rumba, conga
of their ethnic which means being a characteristic of a particular and mambo from Cuba and cumbia from Colombia. Ballroom
group of people. favorites like jive, foxtrot, Lindy hop, swing and Charleston are
obviously of American origins. In Physical Education, these
Ethnic Dance does not just refer to those dances which are dances are taught so that the dancers develop social graces,
labeled as tribal or those done by indigenous groups or primitive coordination and teamwork.
tribes dancing around the bonfire.
The Jive is lively and fast-paced dance that is typically danced to
The term ethnic could also refer to the dance called polka, which up-beat swing or contemporary music.
is the social dance which had its beginnings from the native
inhabitants of Bohemia in what is now Czech Republic. The foxtrot is a graceful ballroom dance, in which couples use a
combination of long walking movements and short quick steps to
Social Ballroom Dance Social Dances are usually done to glide across the dance floor.
introduce people attending a formal social gathering to each
other or welcome guests to a social gathering. Many of the social The Lindy Hop, known as the Jitterbug, is considered the
dances like the polka and mazurka started as folk dances while original form of swing dance, blending AfricanAmerican and
others were deliberately designed for that purpose, such as waltz, European partner dance styles. It features both partnered and
rigaudon and palonaise. solo movements, highlighted by the iconic “swingout” step.

Waltz is characterized by rise and fall and by sway on the side Swing dancing is an upbeat and playful partner dance often set
steps. The feet remain in contact with the floor at all times, to jazz music.
creating a smooth, gliding look.
Charleston, social jazz dance highly popular in the 1920s and
Rigaudon, sprightly 17th-century French folk dance for couples. frequently revived. Characterized by its toes-in, heels-out
Its hopping steps were adopted by the skillful dancers of the twisting steps, it was performed as a solo, with a partner, or in a
French and English courts. group.

Polonaise is a stately Polish processional dance, performed by Recreational Dances

couples who walk around the dance hall. The circular cell
migration of epiblast cells on both sides of the forming PS in -are informal kind of dances performed in an informal
avian embryos. atmosphere. Dances are done merely for fun and enjoyment. It
includes square dance, dance mixers, line dance, circle dance,
game dance, song-dance and couple dance during an informal
social gathering. They could be either folk or popular dances.

Creative Dance - Creative Dance is the highest phase in the

dance program. Original dance pieces are created by the
choreographer. The purpose of creative dance is to entertain.
Creative dances are basically classed as spectacular dance that is
performed for viewing by an audience and requiring the dancers
to undergo diligent and extensive training in a particular dance
discipline