Sterling Accuris Pathology Sample Report Unlocked
Sterling Accuris Pathology Sample Report Unlocked
MC-2202
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Blood Group
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
Lipid Profile
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
Biochemistry
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
Explanation:-
• Total haemoglobin A1 c is continuously synthesized in the red blood cell throught its 120 days life span. The concentration of HBA1c in the cell
reflects the average blood glucose concentration it encounters.
• The level of HBA1c increases proportionately in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. It reflects the average blood glucose concentration over an
extended time period and remains unaffected by short-term fluctuations in blood glucose levels.
• The measurement of HbA1c can serve as a convenient test for evaluating the adequacy of diabetic control and in preventing various diabetic
complications. Because the average half life of a red blood cell is sixty days, HbA1c has been accepted as a measurement which reflects the mean
daily blood glucose concentration, better than fasting blood glucose determination, and the degree of carbohydrate imbalance over the preceding
two months.
• It may also provide a better index of control of the diabetic patient without resorting to glucose loading procedures.
Biochemistry
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
In random urine specimens, normal urinary albumin excretion is below 17 mg/g creatinine for males and below 25 mg/g creatinine for females.(3)
Microalbuminuria is defined as an albumin:creatinine ratio of 17 to 299 for males and 25 to 299 for females.
A ratio of albumin:creatinine of 300 or higher is indicative of overt proteinuria.
Due to biologic variability, positive results should be confirmed by a second, first-morning random or 24-hour timed urine specimen. If there is
discrepancy, a third specimen is recommended. When 2 out of 3 results are in the microalbuminuria range, this is evidence for incipient nephropathy
and warrants increased efforts at glucose control, blood pressure control, and institution of therapy with an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE)
inhibitor (if the patient can tolerate it).
022321600126-Mr. Hardik Sompura-41 Years-Male
Reference :
1. Bennett PH, Haffner S, Kasiske BL, et al: Screening and management of microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus: recommendations
to the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Kidney Foundation from an ad hoc committee of the Council on Diabetes Mellitus of the National
Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;25:107-112
2. Krolewski AS, Laffel LM, Krolewski M, et al: Glycosylated hemoglobin and the risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1251-1255
3. Zelmanovitz T, Gross JL, Oliveira JR, et al: The receiver operating characteristics curve in the evaluation of a random urine specimen as a
screening test for diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1997;20:516-519
Protein
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
Bilirubin
022321600126-Mr. Hardik Sompura-41 Years-Male
Iron Studies
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
Immunoassay
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
• Testing also recommended for patients 40 years of age with coronary artery disease to exclude
homocystinuria.
• Elevations in tHcy levels have also been used as an independent risk factor of coronary or cerebral
vascular disease. Treatment of moderate hyperhomocystinemia with folic acid supplementation for primary
and secondary cardiovascular protection has met with inconsistent results and at present cannot be
routinely recommended.
Limitations:
• The plasma must be seprated immediately on collection to avoid continuous synthesis of Hcy by red cells.
• Samples must be immediately stored on ice and serum centrifuged immediately before a complete clot is
formed.
• Certain drugs, such as anticonvulsants, methotrexate, or nitrous oxide, may interfere with the assay.
• Cigarette smoking and coffee consumption increase tHcy levels.
• Intraindividual variability is approximately 8%; it can be as much as 25% in patients with
hyperhomocystinemia.
• Generally, a single measurement of tHcy is considered adequate.
Biochemistry
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
Electrolytes
Sodium (Na+) 143.00 mmol/L 136 - 145
Direct- ISE
Immunoassay
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
• Vitamin D intoxication
• Excessive exposure to sunlight
Decreased In
• Malabsorption
• Steatorrhea
• Dietary osteomalacia, anticonvulsant osteomalacia
• Biliary and portal cirrhosis
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Pancreatic insufficiency
• Celiac disease
• Rickets
• Alzheimer disease
Limitations:
More recently, it has become clear that receptors for vitamin D are present in a wide variety of cells and that this hormone has biologic effects extending
beyond the control of mineral metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency is not clear. Levels needed to prevent rickets and osteomalacia (15 ng/mL) are lower
than those that dramatically suppress parathyroid hormone levels (20–30 ng/mL). In turn, those levels are lower than levels needed to optimize intestinal
calcium absorption (34 ng/mL). Neuromuscular peak performance is associated with levels approximately 38 ng/mL. A recent study states that
increasing mean baseline levels from 29 to 38 ng/mL was associated with a 50% lower risk for colon cancer and levels of 52 ng/mL with a 50% reduction
in the incidence of breast cancer. It is recommended to have clinical correlation with serum 25(OH)vitamin D, serum calcium, serum PTH & serum
alkaline phosphatase.
Immunoassay
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
Interpretation:
• Increased In : Chronic granulocytic leukemia , COPD and Chronic renal failure , Leukocytosis , Liver cell damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis) , Obesity and
Severe CHF , Polycythemia vera , Protein malnutrition.
• Decreased In : Abnormalities of cobalamin transport or metabolism , Bacterial overgrowth , Crohn disease , Dietary deficiency (e.g. in vegetarians)
, Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm) infestation , Gastric or small intestine surgery , Hypochlorhydria , Inflammatory bowel diseas , Intestinal
022321600126-Mr. Hardik Sompura-41 Years-Male
Immunoassay
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
• Transurethral resection
• Prostatic ischemia
Decreased in
• Castration
• Prostatectomy
• Radiation therapy
• Ejaculation withi 24 - 48 hours
• 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor reduces PSA by 50% after 6 months in men without cancer
Limitations
• PSA has been recommended by the American Cancer Society for use in conjunction with a DRE for early detection of prostate cancer starting
at the age of 50 years for men with at least 10 year life expectancy
• PSA levels that are measured repeatedly over time may vary because of biologic variability where the true PSA level in a given man is different
on different measurements.
• A change in PSA of >30% in man with a PSA initially below 2.0 ng/mL was likely to indicate a true change beyond normal random variation.
Immunoassay
Test Result Unit Biological Ref. Interval
IgE mediates allergic and hypersensitivity reactions. There is a significant overlap in total IgE between allergic and nonallergic individuals.
Interpretation:
- Increased In
• Atopic diseases
◦ Exogenous asthama in approximately 60% of patients
◦ Hay fever in approximately 30% of patients and Atopic eczema
• Influenced by type of allergen, duration of stimulation. Presence of symptoms, and hyposensitization treatment
022321600126-Mr. Hardik Sompura-41 Years-Male
• Parasitic diseases (e.g. ascariasis, visceral larva migrans, hookworm disease, schistosomiasis, Echinococcus infestation)
• Monoclonal IgE myeloma
- Decreased In
• Hereditary deficiencies
• Acquired immunodeficiency
• Ataxia-telangiectasis
• Non-IgE myeloma
Limitations:
• A normal level of IgE in serum does not eliminate the possibility of allergic disease.
• Serum total IgE levels for the majority of individuals with IgE-mediated disease can be expected to be elevated compared to the reference
range for healthy adults. However, not all allergic patients exhibit elevated serum total IgE levels.
• Since not all atopic reactions are IgE-mediated, a total IgE result in the reference range should always be interpreted in light of other clinical
observations.
• Heterophilic antibodies in human serum can react with the immunoglobulins included in the assay components causing interference with in vitro
immunoassays.
HIV I & II Ab/Ag with P24 Ag 0.070 S/Co Non Reactive : <1.0
Chemiluminescence
Reactive : >1.0
Interpretation Non Reactive
HBsAg 0.290 S/Co Non Reactive : <1.0
Chemiluminescence
Reactive: >1.0
Interpretation Non Reactive
Additional Information:
022321600126-Mr. Hardik Sompura-41 Years-Male
1. A NON REACTIVE result implies that no Anti HIV-1 or HIV -2 antibodies have been detected in the sample by this method. This means that either
the patient has not been exposed to HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection or the sample has been tested during the "WINDOW PHASE" (before the
development of detectable levels of antibodies).
2. A PROVISIONALITY REACTIVE / BORDERLINE REACTIVE result suggests possibility of HIV-1 or/and HIV-2 infection. However these results
must be verified by confirmatory WESTERN BLOT / HIV PCR method before declaring the patient positive for HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection.
3. Very high levels of IgM Antibodies or Anti-HLA ABC and DR Antibodies can give false positive reaction.
**Pre & Post test counselling for HIV testing is responsibility of reffering Physician.
HB Electrophoresis By HPLC
Instrument Name: BIORAD VARIANT - II Haemoglobin Testing System
Interpretation:
• All results have to be correlated with age and history of blood transfusion if there is history of blood transfusion in last 3 months, repeat testing
after 3 month from last date of transfusion is recommended.
• In case of haemoglobinopathy, parents or family studies and councelling is advised.
• This test detects beta thalassaemia and haemoglobinopathies, DNA analysis is recommended to rule out alpha thalassaemia and silent
carriers.
• Linearity range of HbF is 1-40%, However, values in excess of the reportable range have been provided for ease of interpretation.
• Mild to moderate increase in fetal haemoglobiin can be seen in some acquired condition like pregnancy, megaloblastic anaemia, Throtoxicosis,
Hypoxia, Chronic kidney disease, Recovering marrow, MDS, Aplastic anaemia, PNH, Medications (Hydrocyurea, Erythropoietin) ect.
• P3 window-Above 10% is often indicative of either denatured froms of hemoglobins or may suggest a possibility of abnormal haemoglobin
variant. Hence, repeat analysis with fresh sample or DNA studies is advised.
• P2 Window-Above 10% is indicative of either glycated haemoglonin requring correlation with diabetic staus or may suggest a possibility of
abnormal haemoglobin variant further DNA studies for confirmation.
F Concentration = 0.3 %
A2 Concentration = 2.8 %
Analysis comments:
45.0
37.5
30.0
22.5
1.30
%
3.64
1.72
15.0
1.18
1.08
-
1.00
2.34
A2 -
7.5
-
-
F-
-
0.0
-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (min.)
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