MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

Japan International Cooperation Agency Agriculture and Food Authority Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
Horticultural Crops Directorate State Department for Crop Development & Agricultural Research

Smallholder Horticulture Empowerment & Promotion Project

for Local and Up-Scaling (SHEP PLUS)
“Changing Farmers’ Mindset from “Grow and Sell” to ”Grow to Sell””

CABBAGE PRODUCTION
Presented to the County & AFA (HCD) Staff in charge of the
SHEP PLUS Model Farmer Groups during the FT-FaDDE

Prepared by SHEP PLUS

MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

1. Introduction:
1.1 Background
• Cabbage is a member of the
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family
which includes crops such as Kale,
1-1 Cauliflower, Broccoli and Radish
• Three main types: Green, Red and
Savoy
• One of the most widely grown,
popular and nutritious vegetables in
Kenya mainly for the domestic market
• Grown by both small and medium scale
farmers
• Contains Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, C
& E, Minerals, Riboflavin,
Cabbage (Kabeji) Nicotinamine and Ascorbic Acid
• Cabbage has cleansing effect of
stomach and intestinal tract if
consumed raw without salt due to high
2
sulphur and chlorine content
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

1.2 Some Common Varieties

“Gloria F1”
• A medium-late maturing variety ready for
harvesting 90 days after transplanting. Has
solid blue green color and thick waxy layer.
1-2 Tolerant to Black Rot disease. It is not
prone to splitting and keeps well after
harvesting.
• Tolerant to Black Rot and resistant to
Fusarium yellows
• Plant Spacing: 60 cm x 60 cm
• Plant population: 11,111 per an acre
• Maturity: 90 days after transplanting
(medium-late maturing)
• Average head weight 3 kg
Photos: http://thekenyan.co.ke/farming/cabbage-
• Has solid blue green color and thick waxy
growing-in-kenya/ layer
• Not prone to splitting and keeps well after
“Gloria F1” harvesting 3
• Yield: 30-50 t/acre
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

1.2 Some Common Varieties

1-3 “Copenhagen Market”:

• Requires a cool/warm climate
• Plant Spacing: 60 cm x 45
cm
• Plant population: 14,800 per
an acre
• Maturity: 65 – 70 days after
transplanting (early maturing)
• Head: small to medium round
shape with uniform size,
weighing 2 – 2.5 kg
Photo: http://thekenyan.co.ke/farming/cabbage-growing-in-
• Yield: 20 – 30 t/acre
kenya/

“Copenhagen Market”
4
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1.2 Some Common Varieties Cont’

1-4 1-5

Photo: Photo: http://www.easeed.com/index.php/2015-07-16-12-56-

http://www.seminis.com/global/us/products/Pages/CabbageBl 29/vegetables/cabbage-baraka-f1
ueDynasty.aspx

“Blue Dynasty F1” “Baraka F1” 5

MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

1.2 Some Common Varieties Cont’

“Blue Dynasty F1”
• Good tolerance to Black Rot, Cabbage Ring Spot, Diamond Back
Moth (DBM) & Fusarium Yellows
• Can do well in warm areas
• Plant Spacing: 60 cm x 60 cm
• Plant population: 11,111 heads per an acre
• Maturity: 80 – 85 days after transplanting (medium-late maturing)
• Head: round compact shape, weighing 4 – 5 kg
• Yield: 45 – 68 t/acre
“Baraka F1”:
• High yielding bluish green round heads weighing 4 – 6 kg
• Maturity: 75 days
• Good field holding capacity
• High tolerance to Black Rot, Ring Spot & Cabbage Yellows
• Good ground clearance
• Yield: 40 – 50 t/acre
6
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1.2 Some Common Varieties Cont’

1-6 1-7

Photo: http://profyseeds.com/products/cabbage-pruktor-f1-hybrid-80-
seeds_130.html

Photo:
http://www.seminis.com/global/in/products/Pages/GreenChalle
nger.aspx

“Green Challenger F1” “Pruktor F1” 7

MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

1.2 Some Common Varieties Cont’

“Green Challenger F1”
• Blue green colour with rich creamy internal colour
• Tolerance to Diamond Back Moth (DBM), Black Rot & Fusarium
Yellows
• Plant Spacing: 30 x 30 cm/60 x 60 cm
• Plant population: 11,111 - 44,444 per an acre
• Maturity: 60 days after transplanting (early maturing)
• Head: round shape with compact size, weighing 2.5 – 3 kg
• Yield: 40 – 50 t/acre
“Pruktor F1”:
• Plant Spacing: 60 cm x 60 cm
• Sweet flavor
• Tolerant to Black Rot and Diamond Back Moth (DBM)
• Tolerant to low night temperatures
• Maturity: 80 days after transplanting
• Head: uniform size, weighing 5 – 6 kg
8
• Yield: 50-60 t/acre
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

1.2 Some Common Varieties Cont’

“Riana F1”
• Plant Spacing: 60 cm x 60 cm
• Plant population: 11,111 per an acre
• Both heat and cold tolerant, blue green, white internal
color
• Resistant to splitting when irrigated or rain fed
• Maturity: 90 – 100 days after transplanting
• Head: Round and compact, weighing 1.5 – 2.5 kg
• Tolerant to Black Rot and Tip Burn
• Yield: 15 – 30 t/acre
“Amigo F1”:
• Tolerant to Black Rot and Diamond Back Moth (DBM)
• Green and semi round heads 4 – 6 kg
• Requires warm/cool areas, Maturity: 90 – 100 days 9
• Yield: 45 – 68 t/acre
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

1.3 Optimal Ecological Requirements

Altitude 700 – 2,200 metres above sea

level
Rainfall At least 500 mm
Growing 16 – 20 0C
Temperature
Soils • Well drained sandy or silty
loam soils
• High organic matter content
• pH range 6.0 – 6.5 10
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

2. G20 technologies
 Make sure to support farmers carry out G20
techniques for any crop
1. Market survey 7. Incorporating crop
2. Crop planting residues
calendar 8. Basal application of
3. Soil testing compost/ manure
4. Composting 9. Recommended
5. Use of quality practices of seedling
planting materials preparation/
seedlings from
6. Recommended land registered nursery
preparation practices 11
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

2. G20 technologies

10.Recommended 16.Safe and effective

spacing use of pesticides
11.Recommended 17.Use of harvesting
fertilizer application indices
rate 18.Appropriate post
12.Supplementing harvest handling
water containers
13.Timely weeding 19.Value addition
14.Top-dressing techniques
15.IPM practices 20.Keeping farm
records 12
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.1 Crop Planting Calendar

A Sample of a Cabbage Planting Calendar

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

Land Transplant 30 Weed, 2nd top- Harvesting

preparation days after pests dress starts 75 –
seed
& diseases 200 kg CAN 120 days after
germination
Sowing in control per acre transplanting
nursery Spacing (10 g/hole
bed:100-120g 60cm x 45-60cm 1st top- = 2 bottle Sorting &
of seed/acre Fertilizer (DAP) dress tops/hole) grading
application 100 kg CAN Small < 1 kg Peak demand
Control of 80 kg/acre per acre Weed, Med. 1 – 2 kg
damping-off (10 g/hole = (5 g/hole pests Large > 3 kg for Cabbage
diseases & 2 bottle tops/ = 1 bottle & diseases
hole)
cutworms top/hole) control Yields 20 – 44
Manure tons/acre
application
8 tons/acre Marketing
(2–3 handfuls
/hole)
13
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3.2 Raising Seedlings

3-4

10 – 20 cm

Photo: SHEP PLUS

A Cabbage nursery 14
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.2 Raising Seedlings

(GHCP&PHHT20: Q9)
• Use certified seed with special attributes, such as tolerance/resistance
to pest and diseases and high yielding
• The seed rate is about 100-120g/acre (Depending on the variety (F1/
OP) and spacing)
Nursery Site Selection:
• Avoid setting up the nursery in fields previously having a Cabbage
crop
Nursery Establishment:
• Prepare a seedbed of 1 m width and of a convenient length
• Make drills on the seedbed at a spacing of 10 – 20 cm apart
• Thinly sow the seeds in the drills and cover lightly with soil
Management of Nursery:
• Water thoroughly after transplanting and regularly thereafter
• However, avoid over-watering which can lead to “Damping-off”
disease
• Start hardening the seedlings 1 – 2 weeks before transplanting by
reducing the frequency of watering and the shade over the nursery 15
• Mulching is important to provide favourable environment for seedlings
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.3 Transplanting
3-5

45cm
60 cm
Photo: SHEP PLUS

Cabbage crop 2 weeks after transplanting

16
17/41
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3.3 Transplanting
3.3.1 Appropriate Time
• Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after seed germination
• It is recommended that transplanting should be done either early in the
morning or late in the evening
3.3.2 Recommended Spacing (GHCP&PHHT20: Q10)
• The recommended spacing is 60 cm between rows and 45 – 60 cm
between plants depending on the variety
• Plant population: 11,000 – 44,400 plants/acre depending on variety
3.3.3 Fertilizer Application Rates (GHCP&PHHT2: Q11)
• Apply 2 – 3 handfuls of manure per planting hole (8 tons/acre) and 2
half-litre water bottle tops (10g) of DAP/TSP per planting hole
(80kg/acre) as a general recommendation but the actual rate will
depend on results of soil analysis.
[Note]
• DAP should not be applied on acid soils, use DSP, TSP or NPK
• Only thoroughly decomposed manure should be used to avoid possible
introduction of cutworms in the field
• The DAP fertilizer should be mixed thoroughly with the soil to avoid
possible scorching of the seedlings 17
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.4 Water Requirement

3-6

Photo: © Victor Omari, HCD

Cabbage under drip irrigation

18
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.4 Water Requirement

(GHCP&PHHT20: Q12)
• The optimal amount of rainfall required for Cabbage
during the growing period is 500 mm
• Regular watering ensures uniform head formation,
prevents head splitting and increases the size of the
head
• Watering should be reduced as crop matures
• Excessive watering increases water logging hence
deficiencies of Magnesium and Phosphorus
• Use potable water for irrigation for food hygiene

Irrigation Methods:
• Irrigation can be overhead, drip or furrow
19
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.5 Top-dressing
(GHCP&PHHT20: Q14)
The application rate will depend on results of soil analysis. But
generally application rate can be as follows:
• The crop should be top dressed with CAN fertilizer in 2
splits to avoid nutrient loss through leaching as well as
excessive soil salinity
• The first split is applied at a rate of 10 g/plant (100
kg/acre) 2 – 3 weeks after transplanting
• The second split is applied at a rate of 20 gm/plant (200
kg/acre) at the onset of head formation (KARI & The
Rockefeller Foundation, 2005)
• Placement method is preferred over broadcasting as it is
more effective and economical
20
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1 Major Pests

• Pest damage causes a reduction in quality and
quantity of produce

• The following are the major pests of Cabbage in

Kenya:
A. Diamond Back Moth (DBM)
B. Cabbage Sawfly
C. Aphids
D. Slugs
E. Cutworms

21
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.A: Diamond Back Moth (DBM)

3-9 3-10

Photo: SHEP PLUS Photo: A. M. Varela, icipe (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

http://infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/CabbageKale-
Brassicas#simple-table-of-contents-5

Cabbage plant damaged by the DBM larvae

22
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.A: Diamond Back Moth (DBM)

Identification:
• Male adult is small grayish moth with diamond pattern
on its back when wings are closed
• Eggs laid on upper surface of leaves (one female can lay
400 eggs)
Damages:
• The pale green larvae feed on the underside of leaves
making “windows”
• Pupation takes place in a silken gauze-like cocoon at
underside of leaf
• Infestations are normally serious in drier months
• Failure to form heads if infested early
Control:
• Use of bio-insecticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
(Delfin 6.4W.G® and Halt 50WP®) 23
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.A: Diamond Back Moth (DBM) Cont’

3-11

Photo: By Indiaphotoblog at en.wikipedia, CC BY 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17047173

“Indian Mustard”: Trap Crop to reduce

DBM destruction on Cabbage 24
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.A: Diamond Back Moth (DBM) Cont’

Control Cont’:
•Intercropping with other crops which act as
repellants (e.g. Tomato) or trap crops (e.g. Indian
Mustard) reduces DBM destruction on Cabbage
•When Tomato is used as a repellant, Cabbage is
planted 30 days after Tomato
•Use of Parasitic wasp (Diadegma spp.)
•Use of neem products, such as azadirachtin (Neemraj
Super 3000®) etc.
•Use of pesticides, such as
– Chlorantraniprole 200g/L (Coragen 20 SC®)
– Indoxcarb (Avaunt 150 EC®)
– Malathion (Fedothion 50 EC®)
– Flubendiamide (BELT 480 SC®)
– Methoxyfenozide (RUNNER 240 SC®) 25
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.B: Cabbage Sawfly

3-12

Photo: © A. M. Valera, icipe (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

http://infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/CabbageKale-Brassicas#simple-table-of-
contents-5

A “Cabbage Sawfly” larva and damage on a

Cabbage leaf 26
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.B: Cabbage Sawfly

Identification:
• Adult is a wasp with dark head and thorax and bright yellow
abdomen
• Adults fly slowly above the crop
• Eggs laid singly inside the leaf
• The grayish green larvae with fleshy warts along the body feed on the
blade of the leaves: often leaving only the main veins and midrib
• Larvae drop to the ground if there is slight disturbance
• Pupation takes place inside the soil
• Spin tough silken cocoons
Control
• Destruction of wild plants of the Brassicaceae family
• Use of pesticides, such as
– Methoxyfenozide (RUNNER 240SC®)
– Imidacloprid (Murcloprid 25 WP®)
– Trichlorfon (Dipterex 95SP®)

27
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.C: Aphids
3-13

Photo: SHEP PLUS

Underside of a Cabbage leaf infested

with Aphids 28
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.C: Aphids
Important Types:
•Mealy Cabbage Aphid
•False Cabbage Aphid
•Green Peach Aphid
Identification of Mealy Cabbage Aphid:
•They are pale green and usually covered with a light dust of mealy powder
•They suck plant sap from the central part of the plant and near the base of leaves
Damage:
•Aphid attack results in curled and distorted leaves which in turn leads to poor
head formation
Control:
•Field hygiene through removal and destruction of crop residue
•Natural enemies (Parasitic Wasps)
•Use of Biopesticide products, such as
– Azadiractin (NEEMRAJ SUPER®, ACHOOK 0.15% EC®)
•Use of insecticides, such as
– Imidacloprid (Emerald Gold®)
– lambda cyhalothrin (Karate 2.5WG®)
– Thiocyclam 50% w/w of thiocyclam- hydrogenoxalate (EVISECT S®)29
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.D: Slugs Identification:

• Found under the
leaves
3-14 Damage:
• Reduced quality and
marketability
Control:
• Cultural control by
drowning the slugs in
Photo: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Slide Set, R.J. Reynolds
Tobacco Company, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)
water (bury tins at
ground level and fill
A slug feeding on a leaf with water) and add
yeast to attract the
slugs
• Use slug pellets 30
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.E: Cutworms
3-15

Photo: © A. M. Valera, icipe (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) http://infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Pests/Cutworms#

A Cutworm larva
31
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.1.E: Cutworms
Identification:
• They are grayish black larvae that partially or completely bite
the stem at ground level causing the plant to fall over
• They are often found hiding in soil near the cut seedlings
Control:
• Hand removal since the pest is easily found near the damaged
plant, especially at the beginning of infestation
• Early weeding destroys sites for egg laying
• Ploughing exposes the pest to its predators and desiccation
• Use of appropriate insecticides, such as
– Beauviera bassiana/ biological insecticide (BIOPOWER 1.5®)
– Lambda Cyhalothrin (TATA UMEME 2.5EC®)
– Acephate (ASATAF SP®)
(Drenching should be done in the evenings at the base)
32
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2 Major Diseases

• Disease infection leads to reduction in quality and
quantity of produce
• The following are the major diseases of Cabbage in
Kenya:
a. Damping-off
b. Bacterial Black Rot
c. Black Leg (Dry Rot Canker)
d. Ring Spot
e. Alternaria Leaf Spot
f. Bacterial Soft Rot
g. Club Root

33
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.a: Damping-off

3-16

Photo: SHEP PLUS

Symptom of “Damping-off” 34
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.a: Damping-off
General Descriptions:
• The disease is caused by the fungi
• Common problem at the nursery stage
• More likely prevalent during rainy season
• Too much moisture will dispose the crop to the disease
Symptoms:
• Seedlings rot at the base of the stem thus falling over to the ground
Control:
• Avoid dense sowing which cause damp conditions
• Avoid excessive watering and fertilization, particularly with nitrates
• Avoid fields with a history of the disease
• Practice crop rotation
• Use certified disease-free seed
• Solarization of seedbed where feasible
• Use of appropriate fungicide such as Metalaxyl-M+Mancozeb (AMIDIL
68WG®) 35
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.b: Black Rot

3-17

Photo: SHEP PLUS

Symptom of “Black Rot” on the edge

of a Cabbage leaf 36
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.b: Black Rot

General Descriptions:
• This is a seed-borne bacterial disease, spread through soil + Infected
debris
• Black rot infection and spread is favored by wet conditions and high
temperatures (26 – 30 0C)
• Crowded plants provide conditions that are ideal for bacterial spread to
nearby plants
Symptoms:
• Yellow V-shaped lesions on the leaf margins which later turn brown as
the leaf veins in the affected area become black
• A cross sectional cut of infected stem reveal a characteristic black ring
• In later stages, affected heads turn black and soft
• The rotten heads give a characteristic offensive odour
Control:
• Use certified seeds
• Field sanitation (burn crop residues)
• Use of tolerant varieties, e.g.) Green Challenger, Amigo F1
• Crop rotation (at least 3 years)
• Use of copper based fungicide such as AMICOP 50WP® (should be 37
sprayed at early stage of disease infestation)
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.c: Black Leg (Dry Rot Canker)

3-18 3-19

Photo: © Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of Photo: © Infonet-Biovision http://www.infonet-

California Statewide IPM Program biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/CabbageKale-Brassicas (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Blackleg lesions can girdle the basal part of the stem (Left)
and Blackleg infected kale wilting (Right) 38
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.c: Black Leg (Dry Rot Canker)

General Descriptions:
• This is a seed borne fungal disease
• Spread through movement of infected seedlings, garden tools and
crop debris
• It is destructive in wet soil
Symptoms:
• Leaves have light brown spots which may be circular and later develop
ash grey centres with many black spots
• Stem has dark cankers extending below the soil level that kills the roots
• Destroys the fibrous root system
• Affected plants wilt abruptly and die or topple over as heads enlarge

39
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.c: Black Leg (Dry Rot Canker)

Control:
• Use of certified seed
• Field sanitation (hygiene)
• Crop rotation for 1-2 years
• Good drainage
• Diseased plant parts should not be fed to animals if manure is to be
used on fields
• Ploughing
• Application of Iprodione (ROVRAL 250 FLO ®) (spray on the base of
the plants. Do not apply more than twice)

40
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.d: Ring Spot

3-20

Photo: © Malcolm Storey CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 UK

A Cabbage leaf infected with “Ring Spot”

41
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.d: Ring Spot

General Descriptions:
• This is a seed borne fungal disease
• Spread by wind or use of compost made from infected
crop residues
Symptoms:
• Circular brown grey spots on the leaves which are often
bordered by a green margin and with black – specked
concentric zones
Control:
• Use of certified seeds
• Maintain field hygiene
• Crop rotation for at least 2 years
• Use of fungicides, such as
– Tebuconazole (ORIUS 25EW®, WARRIOR 25EW®)
Crop rotation for at least 2 years
42
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3.6.2.e: Alternaria Leaf Spot

3-21

Photo: Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives, Penn State University,
Bugwood.org (CC BY-NC 3.0 US)

Symptom of Alternaria Leaf Spot 43

MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.e: Alternaria Leaf Spot

General Descriptions:
• A fungal disease that can severely damage cabbage if
uncontrolled
Symptoms:
• Initial symptoms are small, circular dark spots on older leaf
surfaces
• As the spots enlarge, concentric rings develop within
lesions surrounded by a yellow halo
• The lesions eventually fall out, producing a hole or under wet
conditions, may be covered with masses of black spores
• In storage, spots enlarge and soft rot bacteria may enter
lesions
Control:
• Use disease free transplants
• Remove infected plant debris or destroy it after the season
• Crop rotation 44
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.f: Bacterial Soft Rot

3-22 3-23

Photo: Gerald Holmes, California Polytechnic State University at Photo: Paul Bachi, University of Kentucky Research and Education
San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US) Center, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)

Symptom of the “Bacterial Soft Rot”

on a Cabbage stem 45
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.f: Bacterial Soft Rot

General Descriptions:
• It is a soil borne disease
• High temperature (32 – 33 0C) favours disease development
• The disease is spread rapidly by rain splash on lower leaves
• It is mainly a post-harvest problem
Symptoms:
• The head becomes soft and has watery rot which develops an
offensive smell
• When the stem of the affected plant is cut, a very bad smell is
generated

46
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.f: Bacterial Soft Rot

Control:
• Maintain field hygiene
• Crop rotation with legumes, cereals
• Foliar sprays with copper based fungicides such as Copper
Oxychloride 50% metallic copper (COBOX 50 WP®) and (ISACOP®) at
early stage of head formation
• Avoid harvesting when it is wet
• Remove from the field or plough crops deeply immediately after
harvesting so that the residues decompose as quickly as possible
• Handle produce carefully and store in a cool, well-ventilated area
• Use of bactericide such as Bronopol 27% w/w (ENRICH BM®)

47
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.g: Club Root

3-24

Photo: Gerald Holmes, California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)

Galls on root of Cabbage affected

by the fungus 48
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

3.6.2.g: Club Root

General Descriptions:
• Extensive galling, swelling and distortion of roots
Symptoms:
• Galled roots often invaded by secondary rot organisms,
such as soft rot bacteria resulting in rapid decay of roots
• Fungus persists as thick walled viable spores for over 10
years
• Fungus dispersed by surface water, movement of infected
plant or soil
Control:
• Crop rotation
• Field hygiene
• Lime application creates soil condition unfavorable for
spore formation
49
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

4. Harvest 4.1 Harvesting Indices

(GHCP&PHHT20: Q17)
• Maturity Period: 2.5 – 4
4-1 months after transplanting
depending on variety and
location
• Maturity: When the head
becomes firm
• Harvest the heads before they
pass the prime stage to avoid
cracking or splitting
• Cut heads at the base and leave
the outer leaves to protect the
© JICA head and keeping it fresh
• Avoid bruising the head as it
Cabbage crops ready encourages rotting
• Yields: 15 – 68 tons per acre
for harvest (depending on the variety and
crop husbandry)
• Varieties with firm solid heads
have good storability 50
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

5. Post-Harvest Handling
5-1

Photo: https://pxhere.com/en/photo/652820 CC0 Public Domain

Use of appropriate crates in post-

harvest handling 51
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

5. Post-Harvest Handling
5.1 Containers & Packaging Materials (GHCP&PHHT20:
Q18)
• Packed in clean well ventilated containers/crates and
transported in covered vehicles

5.2 Value Addition Techniques: Sorting, Cleaning &

Grading (GHCP&PHHT20: Q19)
• Sorting: Damaged and diseased heads are discarded
• Grading: Cabbages are graded depending on the head
size: small (1 – 2 kg), medium (3 – 4 kg), large (over 5
kg)

52
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Reference
• The proposed agrochemicals are in accordance with “Products Registered for Use on
Crops Version 1_2018”. The registered agrochemicals are subject to change. Please
refer to the latest registered agrochemicals by Pest Control Product Board.
• Infonet-Biovision CD
MOALF/ SHEP PLUS

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