ANDHRAPRADESH

VI
JAYAWADA-520008

BPTDEGREECOURSE4YDC
HANDBOOK
2018—2019.

1
 REGULATI
ONS
1.Objecti
ves:
Theaim oftheunder graduat
ecourseinPhy siot
herapyistoimparti
ndept hknowledge
andskill
stoast udenttobecomecompet entinthetechni
quesofphy si
otherapyand
developtheproperatti
tuderequi
redforthepracticeofPhysiot
herapy
.

“Toeducateandtrai
nthestudentt
oindependent
lyev
aluate,assess,diagnose,pr
escr
ibe,
planandpr act
icephysi
other
apyinacompet entmannertowar dst hosewhoneedsuch
servi
ces,wit
hautonomyinqualit
yassuranceandmaintai
ningthehumani t
arianappr
oach
ofservi
ce”.

Byt
heendoft
hecour
se,
thest
udentshoul
d:

a)Acquireadequat eknowl edgeoft hebasicmedi calsubjectsrequir

edinthepracticeof
Physiotherapy.
b)Developski l
lsandt echniquesofsofttissuemobi l
izat
ion, el
ectrot
herapyandexer ci
ses
fort
hemanagementofv ari
ousmedi calandsur gi
calcondi t
ions.
c)Developpr operatti
tudeofcompassi onandconcer nfort heindivi
dualsandforthe
welf
ar efort hephysicall
yhandicappedi nthecommuni ty
.
d)Demonst rateskill
sint eachi
ng, management ,
researchgui danceandcounsel i
ng.
e)I
mbi bemor alandet hi
calvalues.

2.El i
gibi
li
ty:
Candidatesbelongingt
oallcategori
esforadmissi
ontotheBachel orofPhysi
otherapy
Courseshoul dhavepassedthequal i
fyi
ngexaminati
on(Academicstream),aft
eraper i
odof
10+2y earsofstudy,witht
hefoll
owingsubjects:
Engli
sh,Physi
cs,Chemi st
ryandBiology
(BotanyandZool ogy).

Candidateswhohav epassedanyqual if
yingexami nati
onot hert
hanInt
ermedi ate
exami nati
onconduct edbyt heBoar dofIntermediat
eEducat ion,Andhr
aPr adeshshal l
obtainanEqui val
encyCer t
if
icatefr
om theBoar dofIntermediateEducati
on,Andhr a
Pradesht obeel i
gibl
et oappl y
.Howev ertheeli
gibil
i
tyf ort
hecour sewil
lbev er
if
iedbyt he
Universit
yforadmi ssions.
Candidateswhohav ecompl et
edtheirvocati
onal physi
otherapyatthe10+2lev elare
al
soel igi
bleforadmi ssion.

3.Agel
i
mitf
orAdmi
ssi
on:

Acandidat
eshoul
dhavecompletedt
heageof17y
ear
sonorbef
ore31stDecember
oft
heyearofadmi
ssi
ontothedegreecour
se.

4.Phy
sical
Fit
nessCer
ti
fi
cat
e:

Ever
ycandi
date,befor
eadmissi
ontothecourse,
shal
lsubmitt
othePrinci
paloft
he
i
nsti
tut
ionacert
ifi
cateofmedi
calf
it
nessfrom anaut
hori
zedMedical
Of fi
cert
otheef
fect
2
 thatt
hecandi
dateisphysi
call
yfitt
oundergotheacademi
ccour
seandt
hathe/shedoes
notsuff
erf
rom anydisabi
l
ityorcontagi
ousdi
sease.

5.Regi
str
ati
on:

Acandidat
eadmi ttedt
othecourseofBPTi nanyoftheaffi
li
atedcollegesshallregist
erwit
h
DrNTRUni versi
tyofHeal
thSciences,AP.,Vij
ayawada,byremitt
ingthepr escr
ibedf eeal
ong
wit
htheappl i
cati
onfor
mf orr
egistrati
ondulyfil
l
edinbythecandi dat
eandf or
war dedtothi
s
Uni
versi
tybytheHeadoftheInsti
tutionwi
thinonemont hofadmission.

6.Medi
um ofI
nst
ruct
ion:

Engli
shshal l
bethemedium ofi
nst
ructi
onforstudyandexaminat
ionsoftheBachel
orof
Physiother
apydegreeCour
se.Thetextbooklanguagef
orall
thesubject
softheBPT
courseisalsoEngl
ish.
7.DurationoftheCourse:

Thedurati
onofcer
tif
iedst
udyfort
heBachel
orofPhy
siot
herapyCour
seshal
lbef
our
academicyear
sfol
lowedbysixmonthsofCompul
sor
yinter
nship.

8.Pr
omot i
on:
 Pr omot ionfr
om IYearBPTt oIIYearBPTandt oI
IIYearBPTcour seisall
owed
withoutanybr eakevenift
hecandidatefai
lsi
nanyoft hesubjects,uptoII
IYearBPT
course.
 Pr omot iontoIVYearBPTcour se,i
sall
owedonlyifthecandidatepassesallt
he
previousyearsubjectsper
taini
ngtoIYear,I
IYear
,II
IYearBPTcour se.
 Ast udentispermitt
edtojoinfori
nter
nshiponl
yaftersuccessful
lypassi
ngallthe
fi
nal yearpapers.

9.Year
-wi
sesubj
ect
sofst
udy&hour
sal
l
ott
ed.

Sl
. Nameoft heSubj
ect No.of weekl
yhour
s Year
No. Hours ofI
nstr
uct
ion
1sty
ear:Exami nati
onsubj
ect
s
1. Engl i
sh 100 01 I
2. Soci ology Commonpaper 75 01 I
3. Psy chology 90 01 I
4. Anat omy 215 09 I
5. Phy siology 150 06 I
6. Biochemi str
y 80 03 I

Sl
. Nameoft
heSubj
ect No.of weekl
yhour
s Year
No. Hours ofI
nstruct
ion

Nonexami nat i
onsubjects
7. Or ient ati
onandi nst
ructiontotr
eat
ment 50 - I
8. Vi sits&Speci alLectures 75 - I
9. Admi nist
rat
ion,SupervisionandEt
hics 50 - I
10. Fundament alsofPhy siother
apypr
acti
cal
s50 - I
11.Phy sicalEducati
on 75 - I
3
 945 21

2ndy
ear:Exami nati
onsubjects
12.Pat hology 40 01 I
I
13. Microbiology Commonpaper 40 01 I
I
14. ExerciseTherapy 330 12 I
I
15.Bio-mechani csandAppliedAnatomy 80 02 I
I
16.Elect r
otherapy—I(LowFr equency&Medi
um) 200 09 I
I
17.Elect r
otherapy—II(
Hi ghFrequency
) 160 06 I
I
18.Clinicals 380 I
I

Nonexami
nationsubj
ects
19.Visi
ts&SpecialLect
ures 25 10 I
I
20.Physiot
herapyi
nVeterinar
ySci
ences 10 - I
I
885 41
3rdy
ear
:Exami
nat
ionsubj
ect
s

21. Gener al Medicine Commonpaper 75 10 I

II
22. Phar macol ogy 30 I
II
23. Paedi atri
cs 50 I
II
24.Gener al SurgeryincludingPlasticSurgery50 I
II
25 Obst et ri
cs&Gy naecol ogy 20 I
II
26.Clinical Or t
hopaedi cs 125 02 I
II
27.Phy siot herapyinOr thopaedi cCondi t
ions110 02 I
II
28.Clinical Neur ol
ogy 125 02 I
II
29.Phy siot herapyinNeur ologyConditions 110 02 I
II
30.Clinical s 440 18 I
II
Nonexami nat ionsubj ects:
31.Nur singandFi rstAi d 40 01 I
II
32. Di
agnost i
cI magingf orPhy siot
herapist 15 01 I
II
32.Emer gencyCar e&BLS 10 01 I
II
32. Pr
ojectwor k 40 01 I
II
790 38

4thy
ear
:Exami nationsubj ects
33.Communi t
yMedi cine 150 06
I
V
34.Rehabi l
itat
ionMedi cineincludingGeri
atr
ics100 05 I
V
35.ClinicalCardio-
respiratoryconditi
ons 125 05
I
V
36.Phy siot
herapyinCar dior
espirator
ycondi
tions 110 05 I
V
37. Biostati
sti
csandResear chMet hodol
ogy 80 02 I
V
37. ProjectWor k 40 01
I
V
(Shouldcommencei n3rdyear)
38.Clinical
s 400 18 I
V

Nonexami
nat
ionsubj
ect
s:
39.Yoga 50 01 I
V
4
 40.Basi
csofAcupunct
ure&Acupr
essur
e 25 -
- I
V
680 38

I
nter
nshi
p: 1150 —

10.Exami
nat
ionEl
i
gibi
l
ity
:

a)Nocandi dateshall
beper mitt
edtoappeari nanyoneoft hesubjectsofBachelorof
Physiot
herapydegr eecourseunlesshe/shehasat tendedthecour seinthesubjectf
or
theprescri
bedper i
odinanaf fi
li
atedi
nst i
tut
ionrecognizedbyDr .NTRUni ver
sityof
Healt
hSci ences,Vi
jayawada,AndhraPr adesh,andhaspr oducedt henecessary
cert
if
icateofstudy,att
endance,progressandsat i
sfactoryconductfrom t
hePr inci
pal
/
Headoft heinsti
tuti
onwher ehe/shehasst udi
ed.

b)Acandidat
eisrequi
redtoputi
nami ni
mum of75%ofattendancei
nboththeor
yand
pr
acti
calssepar
atel
yineachsubj
ectbefor
eappear
ingf
ortheexaminat
ion.

c)Asperthedir
ecti
vesoft
heUniver
sity
,ther
ewil
lbenoconsi
derat
ionforl
eav
eon
medicalgr
ounds.Thest
udentwil
lhavetoadj
ustt
hesameinthemi ni
mum prescr
ibed
at
tendance.

d)Acandidatel
ackingtheprescr
ibedatt
endanceandpr
ogr
essi
nallthesubj
ect
soft
he
yearshal
lbedetainedandshallat
tendthecl
asseswi
tht
henextbatch.

e)Acandi
dat
eshallsecur
eat
least50%ofmarksint
heI
nter
nal
Assessmentt
obecome
el
i
gibl
etoappl
yfortheUni
versi
tyexami
nat
ion.

11.Condonat
ionofl
ackofat
tendance:

Thepowerofcondonat i
onofshortageofattendanceuptoamaxi mum of10%int he
prescr
ibedatt
endancerequir
edforadmissiontoanexami nati
onrest
swiththediscr
eti
onar
y
powersoftheVice-
chancell
or.Acandidatelacki
nginattendanceshoul
dsubmitan
appli
cati
onintheprescr
ibedfor
m andremi tthesti
pul
atedfee,15dayspri
ortothe
commencementoft het
heoryexaminat
ion.

12.Quali
fyingMarks:
Acandi dat
eshallbedeclaredtohav epassedt heexami nat
ioni
fhe/
sheobt
ainst
he
fol
l
owi ngqual
ifyi
ngMar ks.
(a)50%ofmar ksinTheor yInternal Assessment
and
(b)50%ofmar ksinPr acti
calInternal Assessment
and
(c)50%ofmar ksint heoryexami nation
and
(d)50%ofmar ksinPr acti
cals/Cl inicalexaminat
ion
and
5
 (
e)50%ofaggregat
ei ntheor
y,Pr
act
ical
/Cli
nicalandoralmar
kst
akent
oget
her
.
Not
e:Ther
eisnomi nimum markprescr
ibedf oror
als.

13.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofr
esul
ts:

1.Secondclass-50%andabovebutlessthan65%oftot
almarks.
2.Fir
stclass-65%andabovebutl
esst han75%oftot
almarksandhavingpassedthe
examinati
oninfi
rstat
tempt
.
3.Disti
ncti
on-75%andaboveoftot
al marksandhavi
ngpassedtheexaminat
ionin
fi
rstatt
empt.

At
tempt:
Whenacandidat
eiseli
gibl
etoappearfort
heexaminat
ion,
butnotappl
i
ed
/ r egi
ster
ed/absentf
ortheexaminat
ion,
iti
sconsi
deredasanattempt
.

14.Rev
aluat
ionofAnswerPaper
s:

Thereisnor ev
aluati
onofanswerpaper saspert her
egul at
ionspr
escri
bedbyDr
.NTR
Universi
tyofHealt
hSci ences,
Vij
ayawada,Andhr aPradesh.
Howev er,t
hecandidatescanapplyforre-
total
ingoftheiranswerscr
ipt
sbypayi
ngt
he
requisi
tefeeasprescri
bedbyt heUniver
sit
yf r
om ti
met ot i
me.

15.Readmi
ssi
onaf
terdi
scont
inuat
ion/Br
eakofSt
udy
:

Asperthenewr egulat
ionsoft heDr .
NTRUHS, whi chcomei ntoforcef rom 01- 06-
2011
onwards,t
hefol
lowingar ether ulesofr eadmi ssionaf terbreakofst udy .
i. Foral lpracticalpurposest wot ypesofbr eakofst udyi sal l
owed.
a.Lesst han90day s—Pr incipaloft heCol l
egecanper mitthecandidate
torejointhecour se.
b.Mor ethan90day sofbr eakonl yt wospel l
sinat otaldurati
onof
doublet henumberofy earsofst udy(8y ears)areal lowed.
ii
. Ifthecandi dat eisonabr eakofst udyort wospel lsinanacademi cyear
ofapar ti
cularcour se,thecandi dat eisdeemedt ohav ebeendi scharged
from thecour se.Nocondonat i
oni sal l
owed.
ii
i. I fthecandi dat eavails2spel lsofbr eakasi nclause( i
)(b),evenifthe
secondspel li
slesst han90day s,permissionmustbeobt ai
nedf rom t
he
Univ er
sity.
iv. I ncaseofasi ngl
ebr eakofst udyofmor ethan90day s,thecandi dat
es
hav etoappl ytotheUni versit
yf orper missiontor ejointhecour se.

16.Mi
grat
ion:

Migrat
ionofcandi
dat
esfr
om onerecognizedi
nst
it
uti
ontoanot
heri
nst
it
uti
onoft
his
Univ
ersit
yorfr
om anot
herUni
ver
sit
ywi l
lnotbeconsi
der
ed.

17.Vacat
ion:

Thereshall
beav
acat
ionofonemont
honl
y,f
rom 1stt
o31stMayi
nanacademi
cyear
,to
thestudent
s.
6
 18.Compul
sor
yInt
ernshi
p:

Aft
ersuccessf
ulcomplet
ionoft
hefi
naly
earexaminati
oneveryst
udentadmi
ttedt
othe
cour
seshouldundergo6monthsofcompul
soryr
otatoryI
nter
nshi
pinthefol
l
owing
Depar
tments.

Tot
alInter
nshipHour s:1150hr s.
1.Physi
ot herapyOut-pat
ientDepartment 1Mont
h.
2.Ort
hopaedi cs 1Mont
h.
3.Neurology&Neur oSurgery 1Mont
h.
4.Cardi
ology&Car di
othoracicSurger
y 1Mont
h.
5.General Medici
ne,Gener al
Surgery 1Mont
h.
Gynaecol ogyandPaedi atr
ics
6.Communi tybasedRehabi l
it
ati
on/Geri
atr
ics. 1Mont
h.

Incase, acandidat
ewant stodointernshipinanyot hercollege(othert hanhisparent
col
lege)affil
iat
edtoDr .NTRUHSoranyot herinsti
tutehav i
ng4½y ear sful
lti
meBPT
Courseandhav i
ngatleastthefi
rstbatchofst udentsintheirinter
nshi p,thecandidat
e
shouldobtainNoObj ectioncert
if
icatefrom theinsti
tuti
onwher ehe/ shehasst udiedand
al
sot heinsti
tuti
onwher ehe/shewant stodoi nter
nshipandsubmi tthesamet othe
Registr
ar,Dr.NTRUni versit
yofhealthSciences,stati
ngr easonsf orthesame.Upon
gett
ingper missi
onfrom t heRegi
strar,Dr.NTRUni versi
tyofHeal thSci ences,t
he
candidatewillbeper
mi tt
edt odointernshipinthesaidcol l
ege/i nstitute.

Thecandidat
esar
enotper
mit
tedt
odotheirI
nter
nshi
ppr
ogram i
nGener
alandCor
por
ate
hospi
tal
swhichdonotr
una4½y ear
sful
lti
meBPTcourse.

19.Authori
tyforissueofI nt
ernshi
pCerti
fi
cate:
Theheadsofi nstit
utionsoftheaff
il
iat
edcollegesshal
lissueacerti
fi
cateonsuccessful
completi
onofi nternshipt
oeachcandidate,uponsati
sfacti
onthatthecandidat
ehas
completedthet r
ainingprogrammeandhasacqui r
edtheskil
lstofunct
ionindependent
ly.

20.AwardoftheDegree:
Thedegreeshal
lbeawar dedbytheUniversi
tyonlyaftertheissueofcert
if
icat
eof
complet
ionofthecompulsoryi
nternshi
pbyt hePrinci
pal oft
hei nst
it
uti
onwherethest
udent
hascompletedhi
s4y earsofPhysi
otherapycourse.

7
 21.SchemeofExami
nat
ion:

Theor
yMar
ks Pr
actical
Marks
PAPER Univ
ersi
ty Int
ernal Univer
sit
y Uni v
ersi
ty Int
ernal Tot
al
Exam assessment Practi
cal Or al
s assessment
/
Cli
nical
IYear
Engli
sh 80 20 -
- -
- 100
Sociol
ogySec.A& 40+40 10+10 -
-- -
-- 100
PsychologySec.
B
Anatomy 80 20 40 40 20 200
(10marksof
theoral
sis
forr
ecord
bookwor k)
Phy
siol
ogy 80 20 40 40 20 200
(10marksof
theoral
sis
forr
ecord
bookwor k)
Bi
ochemi
str
y 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
II
Year
Mi crobiology& 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
Pat hology
Exer ci
seTher apy 80 20 60 20 20 200
Electrother apy—I 80 20 60 20 20 200
(LowFr equency&
Medi um f requency)
Electrother apy—II 80 20 60 20 20 200
(HighFr equency)
Biomechani cs& 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
Appl
i
edAnat
omy

8
 Theor
yMar
ks Pr
actical
Marks
PAPER Univ
ersi
ty Int
ernal Univer
sit
y Uni v
ersi
ty Int
ernal Tot
al
Exam assessment Practi
cal Or al
s assessment
/
Cli
nical
I
IIYear

General
Medi ci
ne,
Pharmacology,
40 10 -
- -
- -
-
Paedi
atri
csas
Par
tA
100
&GeneralSur
ger
y&
Obstet
ri
cs&
Gynaecol
ogyas 40 10 -
- -
- -
-
PartB
Ort
hopaedicsfor 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
Physiot
herapi
sts/
Cl
inical
Physi
otherapy 80 20 60 20 20 200
forOrthopaedi
c-
Condit
ions
I
ncludi
ngspor t
s
physi
otherapy
Neurol
ogy 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
for
Physi
other
api
sts/Cl
i
nical

Physi
other
apy 80 20 60 20 20 200
forNeurol
ogy
condi
ti
ons

I
VYear
Communi t
y 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
Medici
ne
Rehabi
li
tat
ionMedicine 80 20 60 20 20 200
i
ncludi
ng
Geri
atr
icRehabi
l
itat
ion
&WomensHeal th

Cardi
o-Respir
atory 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
di
sordersfor
Physi
otherapi
sts/cli
nical
Physi
otherapy 80 20 60 20 20 200
for
Cardi
o
Respi
rator
y
Condit
ions

9
Bi
ostati
sti
csand 80 20 -
- -
- -
- 100
Resear
chMet hodol
ogy
Proj
ectWork -
- -
- 40 40 20 100

10
22.Pat
ter
nofTheor
yquest
ionpaper
s:

PATTERNOFTHEORY QUESTI
ONPAPERFROM OCTOBER,2019
UNIVERSI
TY
SL EXAM
SUBJECT Questi
onPaperPatt
ern
NO MAX.
MARKS
FI
RSTYEAR
1 Engl
i
sh 80 Nochange
Sec-A
(
1)OneEssayQuest
ionwithOneI
nter
nal
Choi
ce 1x10=10
(
2)FourShor
tNoteQuest
ions 4x5=20
40 (
3)Fi
veveryShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 5x2=10
Soci
ology-SecA
2 +
Psychology-SecB
40 Sec-B
(
1)OneEssayQuest
ionwithOneI
nter
nal
Choi
ce 1x10=10
(
2)FourShor
tNoteQuest
ions 4x5=20
(
3)Fi
veveryShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 5x2=10

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
3 Anat
omy 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
4 Phy
siol
ogy 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2=20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
5 Bi
ochemi
str
y 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2=20

Not
e:-Ther
eshouldbestr
uct
uredquest
ionswi
thmar
kswei
ght
agei
nspl
i
tmannerf
orEssayt
ype
quest
ions.

11
 PATTERNOFTHEORY QUESTI
ONPAPERFROM OCTOBER,
2019
UNIVERSI
TY
EXAM
SUBJECT MAX.
Quest
ionPaperPat
ter
n
MARKS
SECONDYEAR
Sec-A
(
1)OneEssayQuest
ionwithOneI
nter
nal
Choi
ce 1x10=10
(
2)FourShor
tNoteQuest
ions 4x5=20
40 (
3)Fi
veveryShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 5x2=10
Microbiol
ogy-SecA
1 +
Pathology -SecB
40 Sec-B
(
1)OneEssayQuest
ionwithOneI
nter
nal
Choi
ce 1x10=10
(
2)FourShor
tNoteQuest
ions 4x5=20
(
3)Fi
veveryShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 5x2=10

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
2 Excer
ciseTher
apy 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
3 El
ect
rot
her
apy-I 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2=20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
c 2x10=20
4 El
ect
rot
her
apy-I
I 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
Biomechani
cs&
5 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
Appl
iedAnat
omy
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 0x2 =20

Not
e:-Ther
eshouldbestr
uct
uredquest
ionswi
thmar
kswei
ght
agei
nspl
i
tmannerf
orEssayt
ype
quest
ions.

12
 PATTERNOFTHEORY QUESTI
ONPAPERFROM OCTOBER,2019
UNIVERSI
T
Y
SUBJECT EXAM Quest
ionPaperPat
ter
n
MAX.
MARKS
THI
RDYEAR
Sec-A
(
1)OneEssayQuest
ionwithOneI
nter
nal
Choi
ce 1x10=10
(
2)FourShor
tNoteQuest
ions 4x5=20
40 (
3)Fi
veveryShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 5x2=10
Gener
alMedi
cine-SecA
1 +
Gener
alSur
gery-SecB
40 Sec-B
(
1)OneEssayQuest
ionwithOneI
nter
nal
Choi
ce 1x10=10
(
2)FourShor
tNoteQuest
ions 4x5=20
(
3)Fi
veveryShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 5x2=10

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
2 Or
thopaedi
csf
orCl
i
nical 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

Phy
siot
herapyfor (
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
3 Ort
hopaedi
c 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
Condit
ions (
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
4 Neur
ologyf
orCl
i
nical 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
Phy
siot
herapyforNeur
ology
5 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
Condi
ti
ons
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

Not
e:-Ther
eshouldbestr
uct
uredquest
ionswi
thmar
kswei
ght
agei
nspl
i
tmannerf
orEssay t
ype
quest
ions.

13
 PATTERNOFTHEORY QUESTI
ONPAPERFROM OCTOBER,2019
UNIVERSI
TY
SUBJECT EXAM Quest
ionPaperPatt
ern
MAX.MARKS
FOURTHYEAR

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
1 Communi
tyMedi
cine 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
2 Rehabi
l
itat
ionMedi
cine 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 0x2 =20

(
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
Car
dioResipi
rat
ory-
3 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
Cl
i
nical
(
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 10x2 =20

Phy
siot
herapyf orCar
dio (
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
4 Respi
ratory 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
Condit
ions (
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 0x2 =20

Bi
ostati
sti
csand (
1)TwoEssayQuesti
onswithOneInt
ernal
Choi
ce 2x10=20
5 Resear
ch 80 (
2)Ei
ghtShor
tNoteQuesti
ons 8x5 =40
Methodology (
3)Tenver
yShortNoteQuesti
ons 0x2 =20

Not
e:-Ther
eshoul
dbest
ruct
uredquest
ionswi
thmar
kswei
ght
agei
nspl
i
tmannerf
orEssayt
ypequest
ions.

14
FI
RST YEAR

15
 ENGLISH

Examinati
onatt heendof:1stYear I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:
100
Theorymar ks:80marks
Int
ernalassessment:20mar ks

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

1.TheObjecti
veofthecour
seistomakeastudentcommuni
catewi
theasei
nEngl
i
sh
wit
hhis/hercol
l
eagues,t
eacher
s,pr
ofessi
onal
sandnon-
prof
essi
onal
s.

2.Todev
elopEngl
i
shspeaki
ng,
wri
ti
ngandr
eadi
ngabi
l
iti
es.

3.Todev
elopski
l
ltodocumentcl
ear
ly,
conci
sel
yandpr
eci
sel
y.

SYLLABUS

1)PROSE:ContemporaryEngli
sh:AnAnthol
ogyofPr
ose,
Boar
dofEdi
tor
s,
D.U.P.
Thefol
l
owinglessonsareprescr
ibed:

i
) Fr
om Heav
enl
ake-Vi
kram set
h [3hour
s]

i
i
) I
ndi
anCi
nema:
Tradi
ti
onandChange-Chi
danandaDasGupt
a [3hour
s]

i
i
i) St
enchofKer
osene-Amr
it
aPr
it
am [3hour
s]

i
v) TheRel
ati
onshi
pofl
anguages-Jawahar
lal
Nehr
u [3hour
s]

v
) Myf
inanci
alcar
eer-St
ephenLeacock [3hour
s]

v
i) ToSt
udent
s-M.
K.Gandhi [3hour
s]

v
ii
) NextSunday-R.
K.Nar
ayan [3hour
s]

v
ii
i)Af
tert
went
yyear
s-O.
Henr
y [3hour
s]

i
x) NewYor
kon17Dol
l
arsaDay-KhuswantSi
ngh [3hour
s]

2)POETRY:
Magi
coftheMuse:
AnAnthol
ogyofpoemsEd:Pr
of.L.
S.R.
Kri
shna Sast
ry,
Mar
uthi
Publi
shi
ngHouse,
Hyder
abad

Thef
oll
owi
ngpoemsareprescri
bed:
i) Undert
heGreenwoodtree-Wil
l
iam Shakespear
e [3hour
s]

i
i
) TheHappyMan-Al
exanderPope [3hour
s]

16
 i
i
i) Si
monLee(
TheOl
dHunt
sman)-Wi
l
li
am Wor
dswor
th [3hour
s]

i
v) TheCl
oud-Per
cyBy
sheShel
l
ey [3hour
s]

v
) Ul
ysses-Al
fr
edLor
dTenny
son [3hour
s]

v
i) Fr
om Lov
ersGi
ft-Rav
indr
anat
hTagor
e [3hour
s]

v
ii
) Unhar
vest
ed-Rober
tFr
ost [3hour
s]

v
ii
i)TheEar
thenGobl
et-Har
indr
anat
hChat
topadhy
aya [3hour
s]

i
x) Tel
ephoneConv
ersat
ion-Wol
eSoy
inka [3hour
s]

3.GRAMMER: [
46hour
s]

Thef
oll
owi
ngTextbooksofgr
ammarar
erecommendedf
orr
efer
encesandst
udy
.

1.“
Essent
ial
sofEngl
i
shgr
ammarandcomposi
ti
onbyN.
K.Aggar
wal
aofGoy
alBr
other
s
Pr
akashanEducat
ional
Publ
i
sher
s”[
11/
1903ChunaMandi
,Pahar
ganj
,NewDel
hi-110
055
AND
“
Lear
ner
sEngl
i
shgr
ammar andcomposi
ti
on”By N.
D.V.Pr
asadaRao,Rev
iserofWr
en&
Mar
ti
ns Hi
gh SchoolEngl
i
sh Gr
ammarAnd Composi
ti
on ofS.
Chand & Company Lt
d
Ramnagar
,NewDel
hi—110055

I
.(a)Spel
l
ings(
Thr
eemar
ks)
(
b)Ant
ony
ms(
Fourmar
ks)
(
c)Wor
ds&Phr
ases(
Thr
eemar
ks)

I
I.Let
terwr
it
ing(
6mar
ks)
(
a)Per
sonal
Let
ter(
let
ter
stoFat
her
, Mot
her
,Br
other
,Auntet
c)
(
b)Of
fi
ci
alLet
ter
s(Al
lappl
i
cat
ions)
(
c)Academi
cMat
ter
s(eg:
Tot
heedi
torofaNewspaper(
or)submi
ssi
onofan
Ar
ti
cl
e)

I
II
.Gener
alEssay(
6Mar
ks)
(
Suggest
edTopi
cs)

17
 1.Phy
siot
her
apy
2.Soci
alPr
obl
ems—Cor
rupt
ion,
Dowr
ySy
stem,
Popul
ati
on,
Diseases&
Remedi
es,
Sci
ent
ist
sandt
hei
rcont
ri
but
ion.

I
V.Tr
ansf
ormat
ionofSent
ences(
6Mar
ks)
(
a)Voi
ce,
Degr
ees,
Quest
ionTags,
Dir
ect&I
ndi
rectSpeech,
Wor
dsof
ten
conf
used.
V.Ar
ti
cles,
Preposi
ti
ons,
Tenses,
Ver
bs,
cor
rectuseofnouns(
4Mar
ks)

18
 SOCI
OLOGY
Exami
nati
onattheendof
:IYear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:
75
Theor
y:50marks(40+10IA)

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Thi
scour sei
ntroducesthebasicsociol
ogicalconcept
s,pr
inci
plesandsoci alprocess.
Sociali
nsti
tut
ions(i
nr el
ationt
ot heindi
vidual
,famil
yandcommuni t
y)andt hev ar
ioussocial
fact
orsaffect
ingthefamilyinr
uralandurbancommuni t
iesi
nIndi
awi l
lbestudied.

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

After75hour sofl
ectures,demonstrat
ions,pr
acti
cal
sandcl inics,t
hestudentshallbe
abl
etodemonst rateanunderstandingoftheroleofsoci
ocult
uralfactorsasdeterminantsof
heal
thandbehav iourinheal
thandsi ckness.Theywi l
lbeablet or elat
ethi
st otherapeuti
c
si
tuat
ionsinthepracti
ceofphy si
other
apy.

A)Under
standt
her
oleoff
ami
l
yandcommuni
tyi
nthedev
elopmentofhumanbehav
iour
.

B)Dev
elopahol
i
sti
cout
lookt
owar
dst
hest
ruct
ureoft
hesoci
etyandcommuni
tyr
esour
ces.

C)I
denti
fythesubtl
einf
luenceofcult
ureint
hedevel
opmentofhumanper
sonal
i
ty,
ther
ole
ofbel
ief
sandv al
uesasdet er
minantsofi
ndi
vi
dualandgr
oupbehavi
our
.

D)Underst
andthesoci
alandeconomi
caspect
sofcommuni
tyt
hati
nfl
uencet
heheal
thof
thepeopl
e.

E)Lear
ntoassesst
hesoci
alpr
obl
emsandpar
ti
cipat
einsoci
alpl
anni
ng.

F)I
dent
if
ysoci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsandr
esour
ces.

G)Under
standt
hesi
gni
fi
canceofsoci
ali
nter
act
ioni
nthepr
ocessofr
ehabi
l
itat
ion.

H)Appreci
atether
oleofther
api
stasamemberoft
hesoci
etyandt
hei
nter
dependenceof
i
ndiv
idualsandsoci
ety
.

COURSEOUTLI
NE:

A)I
NTRODUCTI
ON: [3hour
s]

Defi
nit
ionsofSociol
ogy,Soci
ologyasasci
enceofsociet
y,usesofst
udyofSoci
ology
,
appl
icati
onofknowledgeofSociol
ogyi
nPhysi
other
apy
.

B)SOCI
OLOGYANDHEALTH: [3hour
s]

Concepts of heal
th and di
sease,socialfact
ors af
fect
ing heal
th st
atus,soci
al
consci
ousnessandper
cepti
onofil
lness,
deci
sionmaki
ngintreat
ment.

19
C)SOCI
ALI
ZATI
ON: [3hour
s]

Meaning ofSociali
zati
on,types ofSocial
izat
ion,infl
uence ofsocialf act
ors on
per
sonal
it
y,soci
ali
zat
ioninhospi
tal
,soci
ali
zat
ioni
nt herehabi
li
tat
ionofpat
ients.

D)SOCI
ALGROUPS: [
3hour
s]

Concept
sofsoci algroups,classi
fi
cati
onofsocialgr
oups,i
nfl
uenceoffor
maland
i
nfor
malgr oupsonhealthandsi ckness. Therol
eofpri
marygroupsandsecondar
y
gr
oupsinthehospi
tal
andr ehabil
it
ati
onsett
ings.

E)FAMI LY: [6hours]

Meani ngandchar acter
ist
icsoff ami
l
y,di st
incti
vef eat
uresoff ami
l
ies,ty
pes,basi
c
needs,f unct
ions,i
nfl
uenceoff amil
yonhumanper sonalit
y,di
scussi
onofchangesi
nthe
functi
onsofaf amily,theeffect
sofsi cknessonf amily,f
amilyandpsychosomati
c
diseases.

F)COMMUNI
TY: [4hour
s]

Defi
nit
ionandel
ement sofcommuni
ty,concept
sofcommunit
y,r
oleofruralandurban
communiti
esinpubli
chealt
h,rol
eofcommuni tyi
ndeter
mini
ngbeli
efs,pract
icesand
homeremediesi
ntreatment
.

G)CULTURE: [3hour
s]

Meaning,defi
nit
ion and char
acter
ist
ics,materi
alcul tur
e and non-
materi
alcult
ure,
cul
tur
aldif
fusi
on,cul t
urall
ag,componentsofcul ture,impactofcultur
eonhuman
behav
iour
,cul
tur
ei nducedsympt
omsanddi seases,sub-cul
tur
eofmedicalworker
s.

H)CASTESYSTEM: [3hour
s]

Def
ini
ti
onandchar
act
eri
sti
cs,
feat
uresoft
hemoder
ncast
esy
stem andi
tst
rends.

H)RACE: [3hour
s]

Abi
ologi
cal
humanst
rat
if
icat
ion,
theor
iesofr
aces,
classi
fi
cat
ionofr
aces,
raci
sm

I
) SOCIALCHANGE: [4hours]
Meaningofsocialchange,fact
orsofsoci
alchange,humanadapt
ati
onandsoci
al
change.Soci alchangeandst r
ess,soci
alchangeandheal t
hprogr
ammes,t
herol
eof
soci
alplanningintheimpr
ovementofhealthandinrehabi
l
itat
ion.

J)SOCI
ALCONTROL: [
4hour
s]

Meani
ngofSocialcontr
ol,rol
eofnorms,fol
kways,cust
oms,mor
als,r
eli
gion,l
aw
andot
hermeansofsoci
alcontroli
nther
egul
ati
onofhumanbehavi
our
.

K)SOCI
ALPROBLEMSOFTHEDI
SABLED: [10hour
s]

20
 Consequencesofthef
oll
owingsocial
probl
emsi
nrel
ati
ont
osi
cknessand
di
sabi
l
ityandremediest
opreventt
heseproblems.

Populationexpl
osion
Povertyandunempl oyment
Beggar y
Juveniledeli
nquency
Prostit
ut i
on
Alcoholism
Problemsofempl oyedwomen

M)GERI
ATRI
CCARE:
ASOCI
OLOGI
CALAPPROACH: [
4hour
s]

Postr
eti
rementdiffi
cult
iesfacedbyt heger
iat
ri
cgroup,pr
oblem mi
ti
gat
ion,
serv
icesbygovernmentalagencies,ser
vicesbyNGOsl i
ke(a)AgecareI
ndi
a(b)Helpage
Indi
a(c)Homesf orseni
orciti
zens

N)TYPESOFDI SABI
LITIESVI DEPERSONSWI THDI
SABILI
TIESACT-
1995,
wit
hspeci
al
ref
erencet
o: - [
5hours]
 Aut i
sm spect r
um disorder
s
 Cer ebral Palsy
 Fourl ev el
sofment al r
etar
dati
on
 Mul tipledisabil
it
ies

O)SOCI
ALSECURI
TY: [
4hour
s]

Ret
ir
ementassocialandeconomicevent,
Soci
alsecuri
tyf orci
vi
l ser
v ants,f
or
gener
alpubl
i
cthroughinsur
anceschemes,fori
ndust
ri
al workers(ESIAct)i ncl
uding
WorkmenCompensationActandsociall
egi
slat
ioni
nrelati
ont othedisabled.

P)SOCI
ALADJUSTMENTANDSOCI
ALGERONTOLOGY: [5hour
s]

Soci
aladjustment
,Gerontol
ogy:agei
ng,soci
alaspectsofagei
ng,sexual
adj
ustment,economicaspectsofageing,
theagei
ngpr ocess,
healt
handmedi cal
car
e.

Q)SOCI
ALWORKER: [3hour
s]

Ther
oleofamedi
cal
soci
alwor
ker
.

R)MERI
TSANDDEMERI
TSOFSOCI
ALLEGI
SLATI
ON. [
2hour
s]

S)EVALUATI
ON. [3hour
s]

Ref
erences:
-

1)Sachdev
a,D.
R.andBhushanV,
Ani
ntr
oduct
iont
oSoci
ology-Al
l
ahabad;
Kit
abMahal
Li
mit
ed,
1974
2)MadanG.
R.I
ndi
anSoci
alPr
obl
ems,
Vol
.IMadr
as,
All
i
edpubl
i
cat
ions-1973.
21
3) Soci
al&Pr
event
iveMedi
cine-J.
E.Par
k.
4)TextBookofSoci
ologyf
orPhy
siot
her
apyst
udent
s-KPNeer
aja.
5)Gener
alandMedi
cal
Soci
ology-Dr
.P.Ramasamy
.
6) Psy
chol
ogyandSoci
ologyf
orGNM andBPTst
udent
s-JacobAnt
hikad.
7)Soci
ologyf
orNur
ses-CM Abr
aham.
8)Soci
ologyf
orPhy
siot
her
apy-SubbaRao.

22
 PSYCHOLOGY
Exami
nati
onattheendof
:IYear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:90
Theor
y:50marks(40+10IA)

COURSEOUTLI
NES:

Thecoursei
sdividedintopartAandB.Par tAi
sdev otedtotheelementar
ypri
ncipl
es
ofbehaviourandwil
lbeexami nedfor50marks,andpartBwi l
lbetaughtasanappli
ed
subjectwhereonl
ytheinter
nal ev
aluat
ionwi
llbeconductedfor25mar ksattheendofthe
fi
rstyear.

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Thiscour sewil
lenablethest udenttounder
standallthepsy
chologicalfactorst
hat
i
nfluenceheal thandil
lness,andast ohowpeopl estayhealt
hy,whytheybecomei ll
andhow
theyrespondwhent heydogeti l
l.Byl ear
ninghowthemi ndandbodywor ktogetherto
producephy sicalandment alhealt
ht heycandealef
fecti
velywit
hthepatientsduringthei
r
admi ssion,t
r eatment,rehabi
li
tat
ion,recoveryanddi
scharge.

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

Af
tergetti
ngexposedtothiscour
set hestudentwi llbeablet
ounder st
andandmanage
thepsychologi
calaspect
sinvol
vedinpain,
di sabi
li
ty,di
sfigurement,unconsci
ousness,
chroni
cill
ness,deat
hbereavement,andsurgicalcondit
ions.Theyshoul dalsounderst
andthe
basicpri
ncipl
esofbehavioursothatt
heycanappl ythem i nthether
apeuticenvi
ronment.

Thus,
theobj
ect
ivesoft
hecour
sear
e:

1.Psy chosocialassessmentofpat ient

sinv ari
ousdevelopmentalstages.
2.Awar enessoft hepat ient
sneedsdur i
ngadmi ssi
on,tr
eatment, r
ehabil
it
ati
onand
discharge
3.Explaint heconceptsofst ressandi t
srelati
onshiptohealt
h,sicknessandones
profession.
4.Under standthebarr i
ersincommuni cati
onandi mprovethecommuni cat
ionwitht
he
patients.
5.Identif
yegodef ensemechani smsandl earncounseli
ngtechniquestohelpthosei
n
need.
6.Helpt hem tounder standther easonsofnon- compli
anceamongpat i
entsandimprov
e
compl yingbehav i
our.

23
 GENERALPSYCHOLOGY
A.INTRODUCTI ONTOPSYCHOLOGY: [5hour s]
1.Def i
nit
ionofPsy chology ,
nat ur
eofpsy chology,basici nf
or mationinrelat
iontot he
methodsandbr anches.
a.MethodsofPsy chology :I
ntrospection,observation,interv
iew,casest udyand
experiment almet hod.
b.BranchesofPsy chology:Gener al
,socialabnormal ,
chi l
d,appli
edpsy chology
educational, i
ndustrial
,counseling,cl
inical,parapsy chologyand
ger
ontol
ogy.

B.HEREDI
TYANDENVI
RONMENT: [10hour
s]
Twi
ns,rel
ati
veimpor
tanceofher
edi
tyandenv
ironment
,thei
rrol
einr
elat
iont
ophy
sical
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
int
ell
i
genceandper
sonal
i
ty,
nat
ure-nurt
urecont
rover
sy.

C.GROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTBEHAVI OUR: [
8hour
s]
I
nfancy
,chi
l
dhood,
adol
escence,
adul
thood,
middl
eage&ol
dage.

D.MOTIVATION: [8hours]
Def
init
ion,
drive,
incenti
ve,r
einforcement,t
ypesofmoti
vati
on,basi
cinformat
ionabout
physi
ologi
calandpsy chol
ogicalneeds,Theor
iesofmot
ivat
ion(Needtheory,
Maslows
hi
erar
chialTheory)
.

E.EMOTI ON: [6hour

s]
Defi
nit
ion,
dif
ferenti
atefr
om feel
i
ngs,physi
ologi
calchangesofemotions,r
oleofRAS,
hypothal
amus,cerebralcor
tex,
sympatheti
cnervoussyst
em, adr
enalgl
ands.Theori
esof
emotion(JamesLangeandCannonBur dtheor
ies).

F.I
NTELLIGENCE: [8hour s]
Defi
niti
on,
NatureofIntel
li
gence,MentalAgeconcept(
MA),Int
elli
genceQuot
ient(
IQ)
,
assessmentofint
ell
i
gence( or
)Intel
li
gencetest
s.Weschl
erscales,WISC&WAI S,
Bhati
a
perf
ormancetest,
Rav ensProgressi
veMatri
ces(RPM).

G.PERSONALI TY: [8hour s]

1)Def init
ion,li
stofcomponent s,physicalcharacteri
sti
cs,character,abil
it
ies,
temper ament ,i
nter est,att
itudes.
2)Rol eofher edity,ner voussy stem, physicalcharacteri
sti
cs,abil
i
t i
es,familyandcultur
e
onper sonalit
ydev elopment .
3)Appr oaches:Typeappr oach—Shel don, Trai
tapproach-Cat t
ell
andAl l
port
Psy choanal yti
cappr oach—Fr eud,psychosocialapproach—Er icEriksonandNeo-
Freudi anappr oach—Adl arandJung.
4)Per sonalit
yAssessment-i nterview,rati
ngscales, questi
onnairesandi nventori
esli
ke
MMPI ,CPI,BAIand16PF.
5)Pr ojectivetests:Ror schachi nkbl ottest,Thamat i
cApper cepti
ont est(TAT) ,
Chi
ldr ensApper ceptionTest( CAT)Rot t
erincompl eteSent enceBlank (
RISB).

H.LEARNING: [8hours]
1)Def i
nit
ion,Natur
eoflearning.
2)Ty pesoflearni
ng:cl
assicalcondi
ti
oni
ng,
oper
antcondi
ti
oni
ng,t
ri
alanderr
or,
Insi
ght
ful
andobservati
onlear
ning.

24
 3)Listt
heeffect
iveway st
ol earn:Massedv sspaced,whol
ev spart
,readi
ngv
sreci
tat
ion,
rotevsmeaningful,
inci
dental v
sintent
ional
,knowledgeofresul
tsandSQ3Rmethod.
4)Reinf
orcement—meani ngandt ypesofschedules.
5)Memor y—shor tter
m andl ongterm memor yandforget
ti
ng.

I
.THI
NKI
NG: [8hour
s]

Def
ini
ti
on,
typesoft
hinki
ng,
processoft
hinki
ngandcr
eat
ivet
hinki
ng.

J.FRUSTRATI
ON: [4hour
s]

Defi
niti
on,
sourcesandmeasur
ementoffr
ustrat
ion
Confl
icts—ty
pes,methodstor
esol
veconfl
ict
s—adapt
iveanddef
ensi
ve.

K.SENSATI
ON,
ATTENTI
ONANDPERCEPTI
ON: [
8hour
s]

1)Li
stthesenses:
Visi
on,hear
ing,ol
fact
ory,gust
ator
y,andcut
aneons,
sensat
ions,
movement,equi
li
bri
um andviscer
alsense.

2)Def
ineatt
enti
onandlistfactor
sthatdet
ermi
neatt
enti
on:Natur
eofst
imul
us,i
ntensi
ty,
col
our,
change,ex
tensit
y,repeti
ti
on,movement
,si
ze,
curi
osit
y,pri
mar
ymoti
ves.

3)Defi
nepercepti
onandt estthepr
inci
pleofpercept
ion,FigureandGr ound,constancy,
si
milar
it
y,proxi
mity,
closureconti
nui
ty,v
aluesandinterests,pastexperi
ence,context
,
needs,
moods, rel
i
gion,sex,ageandsocioeconomi cstatus.

Defi
neil
lusi
onandhal
l
uci
nat
ion,
typeofi
l
lusi
onandhal
l
uci
nat
ions.v
isual
,audi
tor
y
andcut
aneous.

L.
ATTI
TUDES; [4hour
]

Def
ini
ti
on-f
act
orsi
nvol
vedi
nat
ti
tudechangeandat
ti
tudemeasur
ement
.

M.DEFENCEMECHANI
SMS: [5hour
]

Regr
essi
on,
compensat
ion,
proj
ect
ion,
ident
if
icat
ion,
repr
essi
on,
rat
ional
i
zat
ion,
subl
i
mati
on,daydr
eams,wit
hdr
awalanddenial
.

25
 Notf
orUni
versi
tyExami
nat
ion
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
A.PSYCHOLOGI
CALREACTI
ONSOFAPATI
ENT:

Psychologicalreacti
onsofapat ientduri
ngadmi ssionandtreatment:Anxiety,
shock,
denial
,suspicion,questi
oning,
loneli
ness,regression,egocentr
ici
ty,concer
naboutsmal l
matters,narrowedinterest
s,emot i
onaloverrelati
ons, per
ceptualchange,disor
ient
ati
on,
hal
luci
nat i
ons, del
usions,i
l
lusi
ons,anger,hostil
it
y ,l
ossofhope.

B.REACTI
ONOFLOSS:

Reacti
ontoloss,deathandber
eavement:Shockanddisbel
i
ef,
dev
elopmentof
awareness,
resti
tuti
on,st
agesofaccept
anceasproposedbyKubl
er-Ross.

C.STRESS:

Def
ini
ti
on,
Physi
ologi
calandPsychol
ogi
cal
changes,
rel
ati
ont
oheal
thandsi
ckness:
Psy
chosomat
ic,
professi
onalst
ress,
bur
nout.

D.
COMMUNI
CATI
ONS:

1.Defini
ti
on,Types-Verbal
,non-
verbal,
element
sincommunicat
ion,
bar
ri
ertogood
communi cat
ion,dev
elopi
ngeffecti
vecommunicat
ion,
speci
fi
ccommunicati
on
techni
ques.

2.Counseli
ng-Defi
nit
ion,
aim,
pri
nci
plesi
ncounsel
i
ng,
techni
quesi
ncounsel
i
ng,
Qual
iti
esofcounsel
ors.

E.COMPLI
ANCES:

Nat
ure,
fact
orscont
ri
but
ingt
onon-
compl
i
ance,
impr
ovi
ngcompl
i
ance.

F.EMOTI
ONALNEEDS:

Emotionalneedsandpsy chologi
calfact
orsinrel
ati
ontounconsci ouspat ient
s,handicapped
pat
ients,bedri
ddenpat i
ents,chr
onicpain,spi
nalcordi
njur
y ,
paralysis,cerebr
alpalsy
, burns,
amputations,
disf
igur
ement ,headinj
ury,degener
ativ
edisorders,
par kinsonism,l
eprosy ,
i
ncontinenceandment alil
l
ness.

G.GERI
ATRI
CPSYCHOLOGY:

Speci
fi
cpsy
chol
ogi
cal
react
ionsandneedsofger
iat
ri
cpat
ient
s,handi
cappedpat
ient
s.

H.PAEDI
ATRI
CPSYCHOLOGY:

Speci
fi
cpsy
chol
ogi
cal
react
ionsandneedsofpaedi
atr
icPsy
chol
ogy
.

26
I
.BEHAVI
OURMODI
FICATI
ON:

Appl
i
cat
ionofv
ari
ouscondi
ti
oni
ngandl
ear
ningpr
inci
plest
omodi
fypat
ientbehav
iour
.

J.SUBSTANCEABUSE:

Psy
chol
ogi
cal
aspect
sofsubst
anceabuse:
Smoki
ng,
alcohol
i
sm,
drug-
addi
cti
on.

Ref
erences:
-

1)I
nvitat
iontoPsychol
ogy-BeenaandPar emeshwar an.
2)GeneralPsychol
ogy-S.K.Mangal.
3)I
ntroducti
ontoHealt
hPsy chol
ogy-ShellyE.Taylor
.
4)I
ntroducti
ontoPsychology-Atki
nsonandHi lgard.
5)I
ntroducti
ontoPsychology-Mor ganandking.
6)Psychologyappl
iedt
omoder nl i
fe-WayneWei tenMar gar
etaL.Lord.
7)PsychologyandSoci
ologyforGNM andBPTst udent-JacobAnt hi
kad.

27
 ANATOMY

Durati
on:Oney ear TotalHour
sofI nstr
ucti
on:215Hour
s
Examination:AttheendofIyear Seminars/Tutorial
s:1Hour/Week
Theory:145Hr s
Practi
cal:70Hr s
TotalHour s/Week:8Hr s
Lectur
e:4Hour s/Week
Practi
cals:4Hour s/Week
MethodofAssessment :Wri
tt
en,Oral
,Pract
ical
THEORY:100Mar ks(
80+20I A)
PRACTI CALS:100Mar ks(40Pract
ical
s+30Vi va+10Record+20IA)

GOALS:

Topr
ovi
det
hest
udentwi
tht
henecessar
yanat
omi
cal
knowl
edge&ski
l
lsf
ori
dent
if
icat
ionof
al
lgr
ossanat
omi
cal
str
uct
ures.Par
ti
cul
aremphasi
swi
l
lbepl
acedondescr
ipt
ionof
muscul
oskel
etal
anat
omywhi
chi
ncl
udesbones,
joi
ntsandmuscl
es.I
naddi
ti
onanat
omi
cal
knowl
edgeofner
voussy
stem,
car
diov
ascul
arsy
stem andr
espi
rat
orysy
stem r
elat
edt
othe
appl
i
cat
ionofphy
siot
her
apyi
npat
ient
sasexpect
edofaqual
i
fiedPhy
siot
her
api
stf
or
pr
act
isi
ngt
hepr
ofessi
on.

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Thecour
sei
sdesi
gnedt
opr
ovi
dest
udent
swi
tht
hewor
kingknowl
edgeoft
hosest
ruct
uresof
t
hehumanbodyt
hatf
orm essent
ial
foundat
ionf
orunder
standi
ngt
hei
rcl
i
nical
studi
es.
St
udi
esar
econcer
nedwi
tht
het
opogr
aphi
cal
andf
unct
ional
anat
omyoft
hel
i
mbs,
thor
axand
br
ain.Par
ti
cul
arat
tent
ioni
spai
dtot
hemuscl
es,
bonesandj
oint
soft
her
egi
ons.The
abdomen,
pel
vi
s,per
ineum,
headandneckandar
etobest
udi
edwi
thpar
ti
cul
arr
efer
encet
o
t
opi
csofi
mpor
tancet
ophy
siot
her
api
sts.

I
NSTRUCTI
ONALMETHODANDPEDAGOGY:

1.I
nter
act
ivecl
assr
oom sessi
onsusi
ngbl
ack-
boar
dandaudi
o-v
isual
aids.
2.Usi
ngt
heav
ail
abl
etechnol
ogyandr
esour
cesf
ore-
lear
ning.
3.Student
swil
lbefocusedonsel
f-
lear
ning,
pract
ical
lear
ningandcl
i
nical
exposur
e
faci
li
tat
edbythefacul
ty.
4.St
udent
swi
l
lbeenabl
edf
orcont
inuousev
aluat
ion.
5.Casest
udy
,gr
oupdi
scussi
ons,
rol
e-pl
aysandsi
mul
ati
onexer
cises.

STUDENTLEARNI
NGOUTCOMES/
OBJECTI
VES:
28
GENERALOBJECTIVES:Attheendoftheoney
earcour
set
hest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
eto
under
stand:
1.Level
sofor
gani
zat
ionofthehumanbody.
2.Topogr
aphi
cal
andf
unct
ional
anat
omyoft
hel
i
mbs,
thor
ax,
headandneck,
abdomen
andpel
vi
s.
3.Themuscl
es,
bonesandj
oint
soft
hev
ari
ousr
egi
ons.
4.Appl
i
cat
ionofbasi
cknowl
edgeofanat
omyi
npr
act
iceofphy
siot
her
apy
.

29
SPECI
FIC OBJECTI
VES:

1.MUSCULO-SKELETAL:
Thest
udentshoul
dbeabl
eto
i
]Ident
if
y&descr
ibeanat
omi
cal
aspect
sofmuscl
es,
bones&j
oint
s
i
i
]Under
standandanal
yzemov
ement
satv
ari
ousj
oint
s
i
i
i]Under
standt
heanat
omi
cal
basi
sofv
ari
ouscl
i
nical
condi
ti
onse.
g.t
rauma,
def
ormi
ti
esper
tai
ningt
oli
mbs&spi
ne.
i
v]Under
stand&descr
ibet
hemechani
sm ofpost
ure,
gai
t,v
ari
ousmov
ement
s l
i
ke
wal
ki
ng,
runni
ng,
standi
ng,
wri
ti
ng,
car
ryi
ngwei
ght
s,l
i
fti
ng wei
ght
set
c.Anat
omi
cal
basi
sforabnor
malpost
ures,
gai
tand abnor
mal
mov
ement
s.
2.NEURO:
Anat
omy-Thest
udentshoul
dbeabl
eto
i
]Ident
if
y&descr
ibev
ari
ouspar
tsofC.
N.S.
-For
ebr
ain,
midbr
ain,
hind-
brai
n,
br
ain-
stem.
i
i
]Under
standt
hecour
se,
funct
ional
component
s,di
str
ibut
ionandanat
omi
cal
basi
sof
cl
i
nical
lesi
onsofcr
ani
alner
ves.
i
i
i]Vent
ri
cul
arsy
stem andCSFci
rcul
ati
on.
i
v]Descr
ibet
hesour
ce,
cour
seandt
ermi
nat
ionofv
ari
ousspi
nal
tract
sand
anat
omi
cal
basi
sofi
njur
iest
otheset
ract
satv
ari
ousl
evel
s.
v
]Descr
ibet
hebl
oodsuppl
yofbr
ainandspi
nal
cor
dwi
thi
tscl
i
nical
impor
tance.
v
i]Todescr
ibebl
oodci
rcul
ati
onofC.
N.S.&spi
ne
3.THORAX:
Thest
udentshoul
dbeabl
eto
i
]Under
standt
hear
rangement
sofst
ruct
uresoft
hor
aci
ccageandt
heanat
omi
cal
basi
sof mov
ement
soft
hor
aci
ccagei
nrespi
rat
ion.
i
i
]Under
standat
tachment
s,i
nner
vat
ions,
str
uct
urespassi
ngt
hroughand mov
ement
s
of di
aphr
agm andi
tscl
i
nical
appl
i
cat
ion.
i
i
i]I
dent
if
y&descr
ibev
ari
ouscomponent
soft
hecont
ent
soft
het
hor
ax-wi
thspeci
al
emphasi
stocar
dio-v
ascul
ar&r
espi
rat
orysy
stems.
4.CI
RCULATORY:
Thest
udentshoul
dbeabl
eto
i
]Ident
if
y&descr
ibet
hesour
ce&cour
seofmaj
orar
ter
ial
,venous&l
ymphat
icsy
stem,
wi
thspeci
alemphasi
stol
i
mbs,
spi
ne&t
hor
ax.Appl
i
edi
mpor
tanceofar
ter
ial
,venous
andl
ymphat
icobst
ruct
ions.

30
 ANATOMY
DI
STRI
BUTI
ONOFTHEORYANDPRACTI
CALHOURS—REGI
ON-
WISE

TOPI
C THEORY PRACTI
CALS
Gener
alAnat
omy 8hr
s _
_
Hist
ology 10hr
s 06hrs
Geneti
cs 05hr
s 02hrs
Embryology 10hr
s __
RegionalAnat
omy
1.UpperLimb 20hr
s 16hr
s
2.LowerLimb 20hr
s 16hr
s
3.Thor
ax 15hr
s 04hr
s
4.AbdomenandPelvi
s 10hr
s 04hr
s
5.Back 10hr
s 02hr
s
6.Head,Face&Neck 15hr
s 06Hr
s
7.Br
ain 15hr
s 10Hr
s
8.Endocr
inegl
ands 2Hr
s _
_

I
nter
nal
Assessmentexam (
Theor
y)3*3hr
s = 9hr
s _
_
I
nter
nal
Assessmentexam (
Pract
ical
s) _
_ 2*2hr
s=4hr
s
I
nter
nal
Assessmentexam (
Viv
a) 1hr _
_
TOTAL 145hr
s 70hr
s

Sy
ll
abus:

Gener
alAnat
omy
: Theor
y-8hr
s
a)I
ntr
oduct
iont
oAnat
omy—def
ini
ti
on,
anat
omi
cal
posi
ti
on,
anat
omi
cal
planes,
common
anat
omi
cal
ter
ms,
var
iousmet
hodsofst
udyofanat
omy
-gr
oss,
syst
emi
c,r
adi
ologi
cal
et
c..andsubdi
vi
sionsofanat
omy
-muscul
ar,
skel
etal
,car
dio-
vascul
aret
c.
b)I
ntr
oduct
iont
oOst
eol
ogy—Def
ini
ti
onofbone,
classi
fi
cat
ionofbones,
par
tsofal
ong
bone,
bloodsuppl
yofal
ongbone,
lawsofossi
fi
cat
ion,
epi
phy
sisandt
ypes.Cl
i
nical
appl
i
cat
ion.
c)I
ntr
oduct
iont
oMy
ology—Def
ini
ti
on,
typesofmuscl
es,
classi
fi
cat
ionofskel
etal
muscl
es—basedonshape,
locat
ion,
funct
ionet
c..
swi
ng,
shuntandspi
nmuscl
es,
and
i
nner
vat
ionsofamuscl
e—mot
oruni
t,neur
o-muscul
arj
unct
ion.

31
 d)I
ntr
oduct
iont
oAr
thr
ology—Def
ini
ti
on,
classi
fi
cat
ionofj
oint
swi
thexampl
es,
lev
er
sy
stemsofbody
,descr
ipt
ionofasy
nov
ial
joi
nt,
synov
ial
flui
d,bur
sa,
meni
sci
wit
h
cl
i
nical
appl
i
cat
ion.
e)I
ntr
oduct
iont
oNeur
oanat
omy—cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofner
voussy
stem,
par
tsofaneur
on
wi
thf
unct
ion,
typesofneur
ons,
aff
erentandef
fer
entner
ves,
component
sofar
efl
ex
ar
c,spi
nal
segment
s,f
ormat
ionofapl
exus,
per
ipher
alner
ve—mot
or,
sensor
y,mi
xed
andef
fect
sofi
njur
y.
f
)Int
roduct
iont
oCar
dio-
vascul
arsy
stem-Ar
ter
iesandt
hei
rcl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
endar
ter
ies,
col
l
ater
alci
rcul
ati
on,
vei
ns,
sinusoi
ds,
art
eri
o-v
enousanast
omoses,
component
sofa
l
ymphat
icsy
stem —l
ymphcapi
l
lar
ies,
lymphnode,
cir
cul
ati
onofl
ymph.

HI
STOLOGY: Theor
y-10hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—06hr
s
Gener
alHi
stol
ogy
:
1.Mi
croscope—par
tsanddi
ff
erentt
ypeswi
tht
hei
rusesf
orunder
standi
ngt
hev
ari
ous
l
evel
sofst
ruct
ural
det
ail
s
2.Cel
l
-component
s,f
unct
ionsi
ncl
udi
ngul
tr
ast
ruct
ural
det
ail
s.
3.Ti
ssue—cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofbasi
cti
ssuesandt
hei
rfunct
ion—epi
thel
i
al,
connect
ive,
muscul
ar,
ner
vous
4.Epi
thel
i
alt
issuei
ncl
udi
nggl
andul
arepi
thel
i
a—def
ini
ti
on,
classi
fi
cat
ionwi
thexampl
es
andf
unct
ion
5.Connect
ivet
issue-component
s,cl
assi
fi
cat
ionwi
thexampl
es,
deepf
asci
a,
tendons,
l
i
gament
s,aponeur
oses.Car
ti
lage-t
ypes,
str
uct
ure,
locat
ionandf
unct
ionsi
ndet
ail
.
Bone—pr
imar
y/secondar
y,l
amel
l
ar/
compact
,gr
owt
handdev
elopment
,fact
ors
i
nfl
uenci
nggr
owt
handdev
elopment
,ty
pesofossi
fi
cat
ionwi
thcl
i
nical
impor
tancei
n
det
ail
.
6.Muscul
art
issue—cl
assi
fi
cat
ionandst
ruct
ureofcar
diacandskel
etal
muscl
esi
ndet
ail
-sar
comer
e,i
nter
cal
ateddi
scset
c..
.
7.Ner
voust
issue—t
ypesofneur
ons—uni
pol
ar,
bipol
ar,
mul
ti
pol
ar,
per
ipher
alner
veLS—
axon,
myel
i
nsheat
h,nodesofRanv
ier
,-per
ipher
alner
veTSwi
thi
tscov
eri
ngs—
epi
neur
ium,
per
ineur
ium,
endoneur
ium.
8.Ci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem —TSofl
argesi
zedar
ter
y,medi
um si
zedar
ter
yandl
argesi
zedv
ein.
9.Ly
mphoi
dti
ssue—Ly
mphnode,
Tonsi
l
,Thy
mus,
Spl
een.
10.
Ski
nandi
tsappendages.
-fl
exi
oncr
eases,
Langer
sli
nes.

32
Sy
stemi
cHi
stol
ogy
:
1.Respi
rat
orysy
stem —Tr
achea,
lung.
2.Ner
voussy
stem:
a.Spi
nal
cor
d—cer
vical
,thor
aci
candl
umbarl
evel
s,
b.cer
ebr
um &c.cer
ebel
l
um.

GENETI
CS Theor
y-05hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—02hr
s

I
.Int
roduct
iont
ohumangenet
ics—mi
tosi
s,mei
osi
s,Mendel
slaws,
I
I.Cy
togenet
ics-kar
yot
ype,
kar
yot
ypi
ng,
Bar
r-
body
.
I
II
.ModesofI
nher
it
ance—Aut
osomal
domi
nantandr
ecessi
ve,
Y-l
i
nkedi
nher
it
ance,
Xl
i
nkeddomi
nantandr
ecessi
ve,
pedi
greechar
ti
ng
I
V.Medi
cal
Genet
ics:
Chr
omosomal
aber
rat
ions,
-St
ruct
ural
:del
eti
on,
dupl
i
cat
ion,
t
ransl
ocat
ionet
c.,
numer
ical
:Down,
Tur
ner
,Kl
i
nef
elt
ersy
ndr
omes
V.Cl
i
nical
Genet
ics:
Prenat
aldi
agnosi
s,Genet
iccounsel
l
ing.
VI
.Recentadv
ances—Gene-
ther
apy
,st
em cel
lther
apy

EMBRYOLOGY Theor
y-10hr
s
a)Ov
um,
Sper
mat
ozoa,
fer
ti
li
zat
ionandf
ormat
ionoft
heGer
mlay
ersand t
hei
r
der
ivat
ions.
b)Dev
elopmentofski
n,f
asci
a,bl
oodv
essel
s,l
ymphat
ics.
c)Dev
elopmentofphar
yngeal
archesandt
hei
rder
ivat
ives.
d)Dev
elopmentofhear
tandmaj
orv
essel
s—aor
ta,
super
iorv
enacav
a, i
nfer
iorv
ena
cav
a,axi
l
lar
y,f
emor
al,
car
oti
det
c..
e)Dev
elopmentofr
espi
rat
orysy
stem.
f
)Dev
elopmentofbones,
axi
alandappendi
cul
arskel
etonandmuscl
es.
g)Dev
elopmentofner
voussy
stem -neur
alt
ube,
brai
nvesi
clesandspi
nal
cor
d,
f
ormat
ionofgr
eymat
ter
,whi
temat
ter
,tr
act
s,my
eli
nat
ionandneur
alt
ubedef
ect
s.

33
REGI
ONALANATOMY:

1.UpperLi
mb Theor
y-20hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—16hr
s

a.Ost
eol
ogy
:Cl
avi
cle,
Scapul
a,humer
us,
radi
us,
ulna,
art
icul
atedhand.
b.Sof
tpar
ts:
Breast
,pect
oral
regi
on,
axi
l
la,
frontofar
m,backofar
m,cubi
tal
fossa,
f
ront off
orear
m,backoff
orear
m,pal
m,dor
sum ofhand,
muscl
es,
ner
ves,
blood
v
essel
sandl
ymphat
icdr
ainageofupperext
remi
ty.
c.Joi
nts:
Shoul
dergi
rdl
e,shoul
derj
oint
,el
bowj
oint
s,r
adi
oul
narj
oint
,wr
istj
ointand
j
oint
soft
hehand.
d.Appl
i
edAnat
omy-Er
bsandKl
umpkespar
aly
sis,
wri
stdr
op,
car
pal t
unnel
,cl
aw
hand,
wingi
ngofscapul
a.
e.Sur
faceanat
omyandX-
ray
s

2.LowerLi
mb: Theor
y-20hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—16hr
s
a.Ost
eol
ogy
:Hi
pbone,
femur
,ti
bia,
fibul
a,pat
ell
a,ar
ti
cul
atedf
oot
b.Sof
tpar
ts:
Glut
eal
regi
on,
frontandbackoft
het
high(
femor
alt
ri
angl
e, f
emor
al
canalandi
ngui
nal
canal
),medi
alsi
deoft
het
high,
adduct
orcanal
,popl
i
teal
fossa,
ant
eri
orandpost
eri
orcompar
tmentofl
eg,
sol
eanddor
sum oft
hef
oot
,ly
mphat
ic
dr
ainageofl
owerl
i
mb,
venousdr
ainageoft
hel
owerl
i
mb, bl
oodsuppl
yoft
hel
ower
l
i
mb,
archesoff
oot
.
c.Joi
nts:
hipj
oint
,kneej
oint
,ankl
ejoi
nt,
joi
ntsoft
hef
oot
.
d.Appl
i
edanat
omyof-f
emor
alsheat
h,f
emor
alcanal
,sci
ati
cner
veandi
ts
br
anches,
obt
urat
orner
ve,
footdr
op,
var
icosev
einsandv
ari
ousj
oint
s.
e.Sur
faceanat
omyandX-
ray
s.

3.Thor
ax: Theor
y-15hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—04hr
s
Ost
eol
ogy
:thor
aci
cver
tebr
ae,
ster
num,
ribsandj
oint
s
a.Sof
tpar
ts-I
nter
cost
almuscl
esandaccessor
ymuscl
esofr
espi
rat
ion:
ori
gin,
inser
ti
on,
ner
vesuppl
yandact
ion.Di
aphr
agm:
ori
gin,
inser
ti
on,
ner
vesuppl
yandact
ion,
openi
ngsi
nthedi
aphr
agm.
Int
ercost
alspace-
boundar
ies,
int
ercost
alner
vesand
v
essel
s.Mov
ement
sofr
espi
rat
ion.
b.Car
dio—v
ascul
arsy
stem-medi
ast
inum:
div
isi
onsandcont
ent
s-per
icar
dium:
thor
aci
c
wal
l
:posi
ti
on,
shapeandpar
tsoft
hehear
t;conduct
ingsy
stem;
bloodSuppl
yandner
ve
suppl
yoft
hehear
t
34
c.Respi
rat
orysy
stem-Out
li
neofr
espi
rat
orypassages-pl
eur
aandl
ungs:
posi
ti
on,
par
ts,
r
elat
ions,
bloodsuppl
yandner
vesuppl
y;l
ungs—emphasi
zeonbr
oncho-
pul
monar
y
segment
s
d.Azy
gosv
ein,
oesophagus,
tracheaandt
hor
aci
cduct
.
e.Sur
faceanat
omyandX-
ray
s

35
4.AbdomenandPel
vi
s: Theor
y-10hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—04hr
s
a.Ost
eol
ogy
:lumbarv
ert
ebr
ae,
pel
vi
s(mal
e&f
emal
e),
sacr
um,
joi
nts
b.Sof
tpar
ts:
Ant
eri
orabdomi
nal
wal
l
,Rect
ussheat
h,ext
ernal
geni
tal
i
a, i
ngui
nal
canal
.
c.Or
gans-st
omach,
smal
li
ntest
ine,
lar
gei
ntest
ine,
li
ver
,pancr
eas,
spl
een,
uri
nar
y
sy
stem,
supr
arenal
glands,
repr
oduct
ivesy
stem mal
eand f
emal
e—suppor
tsof
ut
erus.
d.Per
ineum:
mal
e,f
emal
e—super
fi
cial
anddeepper
ineal
pouches,
ischi
o-r
ect
alf
ossa,
pel
vi
cdi
aphr
agm.
e.Appl
i
edanat
omyofr
epr
oduct
ivesy
stem andper
ineum i
npar
tur
it
ionandf
ami
l
y
pl
anni
ng.

5.Back: Theory-10hrs Practi

cal
s—02hr
s
a.Ost
eol
ogy
:ver
tebr
alcol
umn,curv
atures,
int
erv
ert
ebr
aldi
scs,
mov ements.
b.Sof
tpar
ts:muscl
esofback,
thor
acol
umbarf
asci
a.
c.Spi
nal
cor
d&Meni
nges—t
ract
s,bl
oodsuppl
y
d.Appl
i
edanat
omyofpost
ure&gai
t,l
i
neofgr
avi
ty,
cent
reofgr
avi
ty.abnor
mal
cur
vat
ures,
prol
apsedofi
nter
ver
tebr
aldi
sc,
lumbarpunct
ure.
e.Sur
faceanat
omyandX-
ray
s

6.Head,
Face&Neck: Theor
y-15hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—06Hr
s
a.Ost
eol
ogy
:Ar
ti
cul
atedskul
l&mandi
ble,
cer
vical
ver
tebr
ae,
foet
alskul
l
,joi
nts
b.Sof
tpar
ts:
Scal
p,f
ace,
fasci
aofneck,
tri
angl
esofneck,
muscl
esofneck,
crani
al
cav
ity
,dur
alv
enoussi
nuses,
meni
nges,
crani
alner
ves,
ext
raocul
armuscl
esof ey
e
bal
l
,muscl
esofmast
icat
ion.
c.Thy
roi
d,par
oti
d,submandi
bul
argl
and
d.Or
alcav
ity
,tongue,
teet
h,t
onsi
l
e.Nasal
cav
ity
,par
anasal
sinuses
F.Ear
,lar
ynx,
phar
ynx,
pal
ate,
trachea,
oesophagus,
sur
faceanat
omyandX-
ray
s.

7.Br
ain: Theor
y-15hr
s Pr
act
ical
s—10Hr
s
a.Meni
nges,
sur
facesandpar
tsofcer
ebr
um,
cer
ebel
l
um,
brai
nst
em
b.Medul
l
a—gr
ossandsect
ional
anat
omywi
thspeci
alat
tent
iont
omot
orand
sensor
ytr
act
s,car
diac,
respi
rat
orycent
res

36
 c.Pons—Gr
ossandsect
ional
anat
omy
d.Mi
dbr
ain—Gr
ossandsect
ional
anat
omy
e.Cer
ebel
l
um-l
obes,
fissur
es,
cer
ebel
l
arpeduncl
es
F.Cer
ebr
um —sul
ci
,gy
riandf
unct
ional
areas
g.Thal
amus,
hypot
hal
amus,
basal
gangl
i
a,l
i
mbi
csy
stem,
ret
icul
arf
ormat
ion
h.Tr
act
s—Py
rami
dal
,ext
rapy
rami
dal
,
opt
icpat
hway
,audi
tor
ypat
hway
,gust
ator
y
pat
hway
i
. Bl
oodsuppl
y.
Vent
ri
cul
arsy
stem ofbr
ainandCSF.
j
. Cr
ani
alner
ves—l
ocat
ionofnucl
ei,
cour
se,
ter
minat
ionandef
fect
sofi
njur
iesat
v
ari
ousl
evel
s
k.Appl
i
edanat
omyof—Hemi
plegi
a,I
nter
nal
capsul
e,medi
alandl
ater
almedul
l
ary
sy
ndr
omeset
c.
8.Endocrineglands: Theory-2Hrs
Posit
ion,shape, si
ze,funct
ion,
bloodsuppl
yandnervesupplyofthehypothal
amusand
pi
tuit
arygland, t
hyroidglands,par
athyroi
dgl
ands,adr
enal
glands,pancreat
icisl
ets,
ovar
ies
andtestes,pinealglands,thymus.

Textbooks:
GrossAnat omy(AnyOne) :
1.Humananat omybyI .
B.Singh-Vol umes.
2.HumanAnat omyB.D.Chaur asi
aVol umes
GeneralAnatomy( AnyOne):
1.HandbookofGener alAnatomybyB. D.Chaurasia
2.Pr i
nciplesofGeneral
Anat omybyA. K.Datt
a
Microanat
omy( AnyOne) :
1.TextbookofHumanHi stologywithcolourAtlas.I
nder bi
rSi
ngh
2.At l
asofHi stol
ogybyDi Fi
or e
Neuroanatomy:
1.TextbookofHumanNeur oanatomybyI nderbirSingh.
2.Cl i
nicalNeuroanat
omyf ormedi calstudent
sbyVi shram Si
ngh
Genetics(
AnyOne) :
1.Essent ial
sofHumanEmbr yol
ogybyBhat nagar ,
Kot hari
,
Mehta.
2.HumanGenet i
csbyS.D.Gangane

Ref
erences:
-
1.Pr i
nci
plesofanat
omyandphy
siol
ogybyTor
tor
a
2.Cunni
nghamsManual
ofPr
act
ical
Anat
omy
3.Cl
i
nical
Anat
omyf
orMedi
cal
Student
sbyRi
char
dSnel
l
4.MOORE[
Kiet
hL]
,Cl
i
nical
l
yOr
ient
edAnat
omy
5.Anat
omy&Phy
siol
ogybyRoss&Wi
l
sons,
8thedi
ti
on,
Chur
chi
l
lLi
vi
ngst
on.
6.Gr
aysAnat
omy
.

37
 7.Gr
ant
sat
lasofanat
omy
,AnneMR;
10t
hedi
ti
on.

Pat
ter
nofDistr
ibuti
onofMar
ks
1.GeneralAnat
omy,
Gener
alEmbr
yol
ogy+Hi
stol
ogy+Genet
ics—5Mar
ks
2.Regi
onal
Anat
omy
Upperl
i
mb 15Mar
ks
Lowerl
i
mb 15Mar
ks
Thor
ax 10mar
ks
HeadandNeck 10Mar
ks
AbdomenandPel
vi
s 05Mar
ks
Br
ainandendocr
ines 15Mar
ks
Back 05Mar
ks
Di
str
ibut
ionofPr
act
icalMar
ks 40Mar
ks

1.Spot
ter
s 15x2=30mar
ks
Upperl
i
mb—2nos
Lowerl
i
mb—2nos
Abdomen —2nos
Thor
ax —2nos
Headandneck—2nos
Br
ain -2nos
Ost
eol
ogy -3nos
2.Di
scussi
on-
Li
mbs—i dent
if
icat
ionofal
lthest
ruct
uresasquest
ionedbyt
heexami
ner
2x5=10mar
ks
VI
VA 30Mar
ks
1.Sof
tpar
ts 10Mar
ks
2.Radi
ology 10Mar
ks
3.Ost
eol
ogy 10Mar
ks
Recor
d 10Marks
Gener
alAnat
omy
,Hi
stol
ogy
,Genet
ics 10di
agr
ams
Regi
onal
Anat
omy 20di
agr
ams

38
39
 PHYSI
OLOGY

Examinati
onattheend:IYear Inst
ruct
ionhour
s:150
i
)Theorymar ks80+Int
ernalAssessment20
i
i)Pract
ical
s40+or al
s30+Recor d10+I A20
Note:ES=Essayquesti
on,S=Shortquesti
on&VS=Ver
yshor
tquesti
on.

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Thiscoursewhichrunsconcur
rent
lywiththeanat
omycoursehel
pst
hestudentsto
understandthebasisofnormalhumanphy si
ologywit
hspecial
emphasi
sonthefunct
ioni
ng
ofthecar di
ovascul
ar,
respir
ator
y,muscul
oskeletal
andnerv
oussyst
em.

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

Theobj
ectiv
eofthi
scoursei
sthataf
ter150hour
soflect
ures,
demonstr
ati
ons,
pract
ical
sandclini
cst
hestudentwi
llbeabl
etodemonstr
ateanunderst
andi
ngofelement
ary
humanphy si
ology.

LECTUREOUTLI
NES

A. CELL VS [
2hours]
Outl
ineofbasi
cconcept
sofcel
lst
ruct
ure,
funct
ionsofcomponent
s
tr
anspor
tacrossmembranes.

B. SKIN S/VS [2hour

s]
Str
uctur
e;f
unct
ions;
bloodf
low;
temper
atur
eregul
ati
on.

C. BLOOD E/S/VS [10hours]

i
. Outl
ineofcomponentsandthei
rfunct
ions—RBC,WBC, Pl
atelet
s
i
i
. Bloodgr oups.
ii
i
. Si
gnificanceofRBC&WBCcounts,ESRandotherr
elat
edtests.
iv
. Cl
ottingmechanisms
v
. Bl
oodv ol
umeanditsr
egul
ati
on.

D.Ner
veMuscl
ePhy siol
ogy. E/S/VS [15hour s]
i
. St ructureofmuscletissue:Grossstruct ureandmicr oscopicst
ructur
e.
Arrangementofmy ofi
bril
s.My oneuraljuncti
on.
i
i
. Chemi calprocessesinvol
vedi nmuscl econt r
act
ion.
ii
i
. Phy si
ologyofmuscl econtracti
on,simpl emuscletwi tch,quant
alsummation,
wav esummat i
on,tr
eppe,tetany,eff
ect softemperatur echanges.All
ornone
law.Fat i
gue,i
sotoni
c, i
somet r
icandi sokineti
ccontractions.

E. CIRCULATION E/S/
VS [20hour
s]
Str
uct
ure&Properti
esofcar diacmuscle,
cardiaccycl
e.
i. ECG, Heartsounds,car
diacoutput.
i
i. Fact orsregul
at i
ngtheacti
onoft hehear
t.
i
i
i. Bl oodpressure—i tsmaintenanceandregul
ati
on.

40
 i
v. Cerebr
alcir
cul
ati
on, r
enal
cir
cul
ati
on,pul
monar yci
rcul
ati
on.
v. Eff
ectsofexerci
se,eff
ect
sofpost
uralchanges.
v
i. Lymph,fact
orsaffect
ingf
lowofl
ymph.

F. RESPI
RATI
ON E/ S/
VS [15hours]
i
. Def ensemechani smsi nt herespir
atorytract,mucocil
i
arytransport
,
mechanicsofr espir
ation.
i
i
. Transportofbl oodgases.Aci d-basebal ance.
ii
i
. Lungf unctiontests(includi
nglungv olumes) ,Ar
ti
fi
cialvent
ilat
ion.
iv
. Ner vousandchemi calregulati
onofr espirat
ion
v
. Hy poxia-
typesandcauses
vi
. Effectsofexerciseonr espi
rati
on.

G.EXERCI
SEPHYSI OLOGY E/S/VS [15hour s]
i
. Exer cisemet aboli
sm.Oxy gendebt , Respir
atoryquot i
ent
ii
. Dev elopmentofendur ance, fact
or saf f
ecti
ngendur anceandmuscl estrength.
Factor saf
fecti
nggener alandcardi orespir
atoryendur ance.Aerobi cand
anaer obi
cwor k.Effi
ciencyofmuscul aractiv
ity,aer
obi cversusanaer obic
(eg.
speed, work,load,fatigue,di
et, obesity
)
i
ii
. Ageandexer ci
se, agechangesi nmuscl efuncti
on, agechangesi nCVS, age
changesi npulmonar yf uncti
on,ageandphy sicalwor kcapacity,ageand
nervoussy st
em.
i
v. Env ironmentandexer cise,adaptationt oheatandcol d,exerci
sei nheatand
i
ncol d.Humanl i
mi t
ationi nheat,acclimatizati
ont oheat ,exer
ciseathi gh
alt
it
udes.

H. DI
GESTI
ON S/
VS [5hour
s]
i. Di
gestioninthemouth,stomachandintesti
ne
i
i. Gast
ricjui
ce,bi
le,
pancreati
cjui
ce,i
ntest
inalj
uice
i
i
i. Mechanicsofcontrol
ofsecreti
onsandmot il
it
y
i
v. Di
et,nutri
ti
on.

I
. EXCRETI
ON S/VS [8hour
s]
i
. Structureofnephron
i
i
. For mati
onofur i
ne
ii
i
. Mi ctur
it
ion

J. ENDOCRINES S/
VS [10hour
s]
Out
li
neofthevar
ioushor
monesandt
hei
ract
ionswi
thspeci
alemphasi
sonthyr
oidand
par
athy
roi
dhormones

K. REPRODUCTION S/VS [5hour

s]
i
. Mal er eproducti
vesystem.
i
i
. Femal ereproducti
vesy st
em
ii
i
. Out li
neofpr egnancy,functi
onsofplacenta,
parturi
ti
on,l
act
ati
onand
contracepti
vemeasur es.
iv
. Phy siologyoffoetus,f
actorsthataf
fectfoetal
gr owth

L.NERVOUSSYSTEM E/
S/VS [20hour
s]

41
 i
. Int
r oduct iont oner voussy st
em.
i
i
. Neur al tissue—
a.Neur on
b.Neur ogli
a
ii
i
. Classi ficat i
onofner vefi
bers.
iv
. Proper ti
esofner vef iber
s
v
. Degener at i
onandr egener at
ionofnervefi
ber
s.
vi
. Recept or s
v i
i
. Synapse
vii
i
. Neur ot ransmi tters
i
x. Ref l
exact ivit
y
x. Spinal cor d
xi
. Pat hway si nspi nal cord—ascendi nganddescendi
ngt
ract
s
xii
. Phy siologyofpai n
xi i
i
. Brainst em
xi v
. Thal amus
xv. Int
er nal capsul e
xv i
. Hy pot hal amus.
xv i
i
. Basal gangl ia
xv ii
i
. Cer ebr al cor t
ex
xix. Limbi csy st em
xx. Ret i
cul arf or mat i
on
xxi. Propr iocept ors
xxi i
. Muscl et one, postur eandequili
bri
um
xxi i
i
. Vest ibul arappar atus
xxi v
. CSF
xxv . Aut onomi cner voussy st
em

M.SPECIALSENSES VS [8hour
s]
Vi
sion,
audi
ti
on,ol
fact
ion,
gust
ati
on,
vest
ibul
arappar
atus

Not
e:E:Essay S:Shor
tnot
equest
ion VS:Ver
yshor
tnot
equest
ions

PRACTI
CALDEMONSTRATI
ONS:
- [15hour
s]

a.HAEMATOLOGY:
1) Demonstrat
ionofpackedcel lvol
ume
2) Esti
mati
onofHaemogl obinbySahl i
smet hod
3) Deter
minati
onoftotalRBCcount
4) Deter
minati
onoftotalWBCcount
5) Deter
minati
onofdiff
erentiall
eucocyt
ecount
6) Deter
minati
onofBloodgr oups
7) Deter
minati
onofBleedingt i
meandcl ot
ti
ngtime
8) Deter
minati
onofE.S.R

b.HUMANEXPERI MENTS
1.Recor
dingofsystemicart
eri
albl
oodpressur
eandeffectofexerci
seonBP
2.Demonstrat
ionofvit
alcapaci
tymeasurementandpeakexpir
atoryfl
owr
ate.
42
 3.Cli
nicalexaminat
ionofcardiov ascularsystem incl
udingart
eri
alpul
se
4.Cli
nicalexaminat
ionofsensoryner v
oussy stem
5.Cli
nicalexaminat
ionofmot orner voussystem andr efl
exes
6.Exami nat
ionofli
ghtr
efl
exesandhear i
ngt ests.
7.Cli
nicalexaminat
ionofcranialnerves.
8.Cli
nicalexaminat
ionofcolourv i
sionandacui t yofvi
sion.

PRACTI CAL&VI VA:

Majorpract
ical—15Mar ks
Minorpract
ical—5Mar ks
Spott
ers—20Mar ks
Viva—30Mar ks
Record—10Mar ks
Pract
icalI
nternalAssessment
:20mar
ks.

LI
STOFPRACTI
CALSTOBEKEPTFORPRACTI
CALEXAMI
NATI
ONANDDI
STRI
BUTI
ONOF
MARKS:

MAJOR PRACTICAL MARKS:15

1. RBCCount
2. WBCCount
3. Recordi
ngofar
teri
albl
oodpressur
eandeffectofexer
cise.
4. Cli
nical
exami
nati
onofsensorynerv
oussystem..
5. Cli
nical
exami
nati
onofmotornervoussystem.

MINOR PRACTICAL MARKS:05

1) Cli
nicalexaminati
onofr
efl
exes(
eit
her2super
fi
cial
or2deepr
efl
exes)
2) Hearingtests.
3) Pupill
aryref
lexes

SPOTTERS 10x2=20
1) Focussi ngoneWBCandi dent
if
icat
ion
2) Identifi
cati
onofphotographsofendocri
nedi
stur
bances.
3) P.C.V
4) E.S.R.
5) Ischiarascharts
6) SnellersChar t
7) Neubauer scount i
ngchamber
8) Kneehammer
9) P.E.Flowmet er
10) Theor ycharts.

Ref
erences:
-

1.TextBookofHumanPhy si
ologybyChat
ter
ji
2.HumanPhy si
ologybyChaudary.
3.HumanPhy si
ologybyGuyt
on.
43
4.Conci
sePhysi
ologyforUnderGr
aduat
es-Pr of
.A.
K.JAI
N.
5.R.Chandr
aMoul i
-TextBookofPhysi
ology
.

44
 BI
O-CHEMI
STRY
Exami
nat
ionattheendofthe:IYear I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:80
Theor
ymarks80+Inter
nalAssessment20

Obj
ecti
ves:
-
Attheendoft
hecour
set
hest
udentshoul
dbeabl
etounder
stand

1. Bi
ochemi cal andf unctional organizat i
onoft hecellandsubcel l
ularorganell
es.
2. Basicst r
uct ural,biochemi calandf unctionalaspectsofbiomol eculesandt hei
r
i
nterrelat
ions.
3. Basi candcl i
nical aspect sofenzy mology .
4. Basi candnut r
iti
onal aspect sofv itamins
5. Basi cprinciplesofbi ol
ogi cal oxidat i
onandbi oenerget
ics.
6. Out l
inesofdi gest i
onandabsor ptionofbi omol ecul
es
7. Basi cprinciplesofmet abol i
sm andov ervi
ewofi mportantbiomol ecules,t
heir
regul at
ionandi ntegrati
on.
8. Bi ochemi cal pri
nci pl
esofsi gnal transduct i
onandi t
sroleinmet abolicint
egrat
ion.
9. Basi cprinciplesoff l
uid, electrol
y teandaci d—basebal ance
10. Basi cprinciplesofnut riti
oni ncludi ngmi neral
s.
11. Biochemi stryofmuscl e, connect ivet i
ssueandmuscl econtracti
on.
12. Basi cmol ecul arconcept sofbodydef enseandhomeost asi
s.
13. Basi cbiochemi stryofdi seasesi nv ol
vingNeur omuscul oskelet
al system.
14. Basi csofcl inicalchemi stry.

St
udentneednotknowt
hedet
ail
sofst
ruct
ures,
for
mul
as,
indi
vi
dual
chemi
cal
react
ionsand
t
hei
rmechanisms.

1.
NUTRI
TION: E/
S/VS [5hour
s]

a)I mpor t
anceofnut ri
ti
on
b) Calori
met ry-ener gyv alues, calori
met ers,r
espirator
yquot i
entandit
s
signif
icance,specifi
cdy nami cact ionoff ood.
c)Basal metabolicrate-def initi
on, normal val
ues,factorsaffect
ingB.M.R.
food,energyexpendi turef orv ari
ousact ivi
ti
es.
d) Nut r
it
ionalaspect sofcar bohy drates,fatandf i
bers
e)Nut r
it
ionalaspect sofpr oteins-essent ialandnonessent i
alaminoacids,chemical
score,digesti
bil
itycoef fi
cient,biological val
ue,netpr otei
nut i
l
izati
on,nut
rit
ional
classi
ficati
onofpr ot eins( compl et eandi ncompl et
e),nitr
ogenbalanceandi ts
signif
icance.
f)Composi ti
onoff ood, bal anceddi et,dietaryrecommendat i
ons,nutri
ti
onal
supplement ati
on.
g)Pr otein-energymal nut rit
ion,Kwashi orkorandMar asmus

2.
CARBOHYDRATES: E/ S/VS [10hour s]
a)Defini
ti
on,chemist
ry,classi
ficat
ion,
commoncar bohydr
ates,
theirsourcesand
composi t
ion.
b)Digesti
onandabsor pti
onofcar bohydrates.
c)Glycol
ysis-aerobi
c,anaerobic,ener
getics,r
egul
ati
on,Cori
scycle,Gluconeogenesi
s.
d)Citr
icacidcycl
eandi tsenergeti
cs
45
 e)Glycogenesis,gly
cogenol
y si
sandtheirregul
ati
on,rol
eofliv
erandmusclegl
ycogen.
f) Hor
monal regulati
onofbloodsugarlevel.
g)Met abol
icdisordersofgl
ycogen,l
actoseintol
erance,
diabetesmel
l
itus.

3.
LIPI
DS: E/ S/VS [10hours]
a)Def ini
ti
on, cl
assi fi
cat i
onofl i
pids,cl
assi f
icati
onoff at
tyacids,
examplesandf unct
ions
ofcommonl ipi
ds, essent i
alfatt
yacidsandt hei
rimpor t
ance.
b) Classif
ication, sourcesandf unctionsofl i
poprotei
ns
c)Di gesti
onandabsor pti
onofl i
pids
d) Beta-oxidationandi t
sener geti
cs,regulati
on
e)Fat tyacidbiosy nthesis,energetics,r
egul at
ion
f) Fatmet abolism inadi poset i
ssue, l
i
popr otei
nlipase,hormonesensit
ivel
ipase.
g) Ketonebodyf ormat i
onandut il
isation
h) Cholesterol andi t
si mportance,commonhy perl
ipopr
otei
nemias.

4.PROTEINS: E/ S/VS [9hours]

a) Def initi
onsofpr oteinsandami noaci ds,classi
fi
cati
onofami noacidsand
proteins,essent i
al aminoaci ds,f
unct i
onsofami noaci
dsandpr oteins
b) Enzy mes-def i
nition,coenzymes, factorsaf f
ecti
ngenzymeact i
vity,
r egulationof
enzymeact iv
ity,enzy mei nhi
biti
on, i
soenzy mesandcl i
nicalsi
gnifi
canceof
enzymes.
c) Di gestionandabsor pti
onofpr oteins.
d) Tr ansami nation, deami nati
onandur eacy cl
e.
e) Speci alisedpr oduct sproducedf rom ami noacids—Pheny lal
anine,Ty rosine,
Trypt
ophan, Argini
ne, Gl yci
ne,Met hi
onine

5.
GENETI
CS: S/VS [6hour
s]
Nucl
eicaci
ds—Funct
ionsofDNAandRNA,
dif
fer
encesbet
weenDNAandRNA
Genet
iccode.

6.
VITAMINS: E/S/VS [6hour
s]
i. Def i
nition,cl
assi
ficat
ionaccordingt
osolubil
it
y
i
i. I ndi
vi
dual vit
amins-sources,coenzymeforms,funct
ions,
RDA.Digest
ion,
absorptionandtransport
,defi
ciencyandt
oxici
ty.

7.
TRACEMI NERALS: S/ VS [6hours]
i. I ndiv
idualminerals—Calcium,Phosphat
e,I
ron,Magnesi
um,Fl uori
de,Seleni
um,
Molybdenum,Copper ,Zi
nc,Sour
ces,RDA,Digest
ion,
Absorpt
ion,Transport,
Excr
eti
on,Functi
ons,Disorder
s.
ii
. Phosphat e,
calcium andir
onindetai
l.

8.
MUSCLECONTRACTION: S/VS [3hour
s]
Cont
ract
il
eel
ement
sinmuscl
e,pr
ocessofmuscl
econt
ract
ion.

9.
CONNECTIVETISSUE:S/
VS [3hours]
Bi
ochemist
ryofconnect
ivet
issue,
col
l
agen,
gly
copr
otei
ns,
proteogl
ycans.

10.
CELLBI OLOGY:S/VS [5hour
s]
Cellmembr anestr
uctur
e,mechanism oftr
ansportacr
osscel
lmembrane,i
ntr
acel
l
uar
organell
esandtheirf
uncti
ons,br
iefl
ycytoskel
eton.
46
11. HORMONEACTI ON:S/VS [6hours]
Cl
assi
fi
cati
onofhor monesandmechani sm ofhor
moneacti
on
i. Receptors,signalt
ransduct
ion,
secondmessenger
s(Ca,cAMP,I
nosi
tol
Phosphates)andtheirr
olei
ncellf
uncti
on.
i
i. Neur ot
ransmi t
ter
s.

12. ACI
D-BASEBALANCE,
WATERANDELECTROLYTES:
S/VS [
7hour
s]

i
.Bodywater
,osmolari
ty,
extr
aandint
racell
ularsodi
um andpot
assi
um,regul
ati
onof
wat
er&electr
olyt
ebalance,
buff
ers,pH.,buff
ersyst
emsinthebl
ood.
i
i
.Rol
eoflungsandkidneysi
nacid-
basebalance.

13. CLINI
CALBI OCHEMI STRY S/ VS [4hours]
i.Rel
evanceofbl oodl evelsofgl ucose,ur ea,
cal
cium,phosphat
es,
pH, bi
car
bonat
e,
enzymes, l
ipidsandl ipoproteins.
i
i.Uri
nelevelsofsugar ,creatinine,prot
eins
i
i
i.Compet i
ti
veinhibitor
s,cl i
nicall
yimpor tantenzymes.
i
v.Li
verfuncti
ont ests.
v.Renalfuncti
ont ests.

Not
e:E:Essay S:Shor
tnot
equest
ion VS:Ver
yshor
tnot
equest
ions

Ref
erences:
-

1.TextBookofBi
o-chemistr
y-RanganathaRao
2.TextBookofMedicalBio-
chemist
ry-Chatter
jee&Schi
nde
3.Essent
ial
sofBi
ochemistry—U.Satyanar
ayana

47
 NonUni
ver
sit
yExam subj
ect
s

Subj
ect I
nst
ruct
ional
hour
s Year

1.Orient ati
onandi nst
ructiontotr
eat
ment 50 I
2.Visits&Speci alLectures 75 I
3.Admi ni st
rat
ion,SupervisionandEt
hics 50 I
4.Fundament alsofPhy siother
apypr
acti
cal
s50 I
5.Phy sicalEducati
on 75 I

ORI
ENTATI
ON&I
NSTRUCTI
ONTOTREATMENT
COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Thi
scoursewil
li
ntroducet
hebasi
cpatt
ernofhealt
hcar
edeliv
er y
,resour
ces,hi
stor
yof
medical
ther
apeut
icsandanoverv
iewofphysi
other
apypr
ofessiontothest s.
udent

COURSEOBJECTI
VE:

Theobjecti
veofthi
scourseist
hataft
er50hoursofl
ect
ure,
thest
udentwill
beableto
underst
andthepatt
ernofhealt
hcaredel
iv
ery,
vari
oustr
endsandr
esources,hi
stor
y&
foundat
ionofthephysi
other
apyprof on.
essi

1.Pat
ter
nofHeal
thCar
eDel
i
ver
y

 Nati
onaltr
endsandresources
 Localt
rendsandresources
 Overv
iewofphysi
otherapyprof
essi
on(
Par
amedi
cal
s)

2.Component
sofPhy
siot
her
apyPr
ofessi
on

 Hist
oryofmedi caltherapeuti
cs
 Hist
oryofphy si
otherapy: I
nternati
onal
,Nati
onalandLocal
 Prof
essionalandgov ernment all
icensi
ng,
accredi
tat
ion,
and .
educat
ionstandards

3.Rol
eofPhy
siot
her
apyi
nmeet
ingheal
thcar
eneedsi
nIndi
a

 Needsversusdemands
 Physi
otherapi
stas“Educat
or”
 Typi
caljobsett
ings
 Commonpr obl
emsandsoluti
ons

48
 VI
SITSANDSPECI
ALLECTURES

COURSEOBJECTI
VE:

Thecoursewil
lint
roducethest
udent
stovar
iousdepart
mentsofmedical&sur
gical
speci
alt
iesbyperi
odicvi
sit
sandspeci
all
ect
urestakenbyv
ariousheal
thcar
eprofessi
onal
s
concer
ned.

COURSEOBJECTI
VE:

Thecoursewi
llenabl
ethestudent
stolearnthewor ki
ngofvari
ousdepart
ments,
under
stand
thescope&li
mitat
ionsofdif
fer
entmedicalbranchesanddevel
opinter
acti
onwit
hvari
ous
heal
thcarepr
ofessi
onals.

ADMI
NISTRATI
ONANDSUPERVI
SION:
COURSEOBJECTI VE:
Thecour seisdesi gnedtoprovidebasicmanagementknowledgeandskil
l
sessent
ial
foref
fectivefunctioning,
andt obeconv er
santwi
thplanni
ng,or
gani
zati
on,work
scheduli
ngcost ,controlofqualit
yinrel
ati
ontoPhysi
other
apycareandservi
ceand
alsopracti
cemor alandethicalval
uesintheprof
essi
on.

COURSECONTENTS:
1Introduction,branchesofmanagement ,
natureandscopeofmanagementpr ocess.
2.Gener alPrinci
plesofManagement—Theor i
esofmanagement ,pr
inci
plesofheal
th
sectormanagement ;i
tsappl
icati
ontoPhysiot
herapy.
3.Personal Management—Pol i
cies,pr
ocedures,
basicconcept
sincl
udingperfor
mance
appraisal.
4.Planning&Or ganization:Planningcy cle,principl
esofor gani
zati
onalchar
ts,
resour ce
andqual i
tymanagement ,planningchange.
5.Financi al
issuesincludingbudgetandi ncomegener at
ion
6.Hospi talManagement :
Hospi t
alorganization,staffi
ng,inf
ormati
on,communi cati
onand
coor dinati
onwi t
hot herser vicesofhospi tal,costser vi
ces,monit
ori
ngandev aluat
ion.
7.Sel fManagement
 Prepari
ngf orfir
stjob
 Timemanagement
 Careerdev elopment
8.Nat ionalHealthpol i
cyandheal t
hcar esy stem inIndia
9.Organi zati
onofPhy siother
apydepar t
ment :Planning,space,manpowerandot herbasic
resour ces.

Ref
erences:
-

1.Kul
karni
,G.
K:Hospit
al,
management,Account
ing,
Planni
ngand
Cont
rol
2.FRANCISC.
M: Hospi
talAdmi
nist
rat
ion.
49
50
 ETHI
CS
1.Historyofphy siotherapy
2.Ethical pr
inciplesinheal t
hcar e
3.Ethical pr
inciplesr el
at edtophy siot herapy
4.Scopeofpr ofessional conduct
5.Rulesofpr ofessional conduct
a)Phy siotherapyasapr ofessi on
b)Rel at i
onshi pwi thpatients
c)Rel at i
onshi patheal t
hcar ei nsti
tuti
oni.e.,hospital
,cl
ini
cs,et
c.
d)Rel at i
onshi pwi thcoll
eaguesandpeer s
e)Rel at i
onshi pwi thmedi cal andot herpr ofessionals
6.Conf i
dent i
alityandr esponsi bil
ity
7.Mal practi
ceandnegl igence
8.Prov i
sionofser vi
cesandadv ertising
9.SaleofGoods: per sonal andpr ofessi onalstandards
10.Legal aspect s
a)Legal responsi bili
tyofPhy siotherapi
stf ortheiracti
onintheprof
essional
cont ext,under standi
ngl iabilit
yandobl i
gat i
onsincaseofmedi colegalcases.
b)ConsumerPr otecti
onAct .

Ref
erences:
-

1.C.M.Francis,
MedicalEthi
csbyJay peePubli
cat
ions,
Bangal
ore,
1994.
2.George.V.Lobo,Curr
entProblemsinMedicalEt
hics.
3.ConsumerPr ot
ecti
onAct-1986,Govt.ofI
ndi
a,NewDelhi
.

51
 FUNDAMENTALSOFPHYSI
OTHERAPY PRACTI
CALS

COURSEDESCRI TION:
Thecour
sewi l
lenablet
hestudent
stoknowt
hebasi
cpr
inci
plesandf
undament
alst
o
bepr
acti
cedinthefoll
owingyear
softhecour
se.

SYLLABUS:
1.Axes, pl
anes,ty pesofmuscl ewor k,angleofpul
l.
2.Mechani csoff orces:Newt ons-Laws-Lev el
s-Mechanical
advantageofappl
i
cances
usedf orexercisetherapeutics(i
ncludingther
apeuti
cgymnasium).
3.Star
tingpositions-st abil
it
y-baseofsuppor t
.
4.Goniomet r
y
5.Li
mbl engt
handgi rthmeasur ements.
6.Refl
ext esti
ng.
7.Assessmentofsensat ions
8.Chestexpansi onandr espi
rator
yratemeasur ements.

Ref
erences:
-

1. Joi
ntstr
uctur
e&Functi
ons-Cynthi
aNorki
n.
2. Measur
ementofJoi
ntMoti
on-AGui det
oGoniomet
ryby—Nor
kin.
3. ManualMuscl
eTest
ingby-Kendal.

PHYSI
CALEDUCATI
ON
COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Thecour
sewi
l
lteacht
hest
udent
svar
iousspor
ts,
games&phy
sical
finess.
t

COURSEOBJECTI
VE:
Thecour
sewi l
lencour aget
hestudentst
opart
ici
pateandtol
earnthetechniqueof
var
iousi
ndoor/outdoorsport
ingacti
vi
tyandmaint
enanceofphy
sicalf
itnessinhis/
her
per
sonal&professionalcar
eer.

COURSEDESCRI PTION:
Thecoursewi l
lenablethest
udent
stoknowthefoundi
ngpr
inci
plesoft
he
Physi
otherapyprofessi
onandtheadmi
nist
rat
ionandthemanagementi
nthemoder
n
age.

52
SECONDYEAR

53
 PATHOLOGY AND MI
CROBI
OLOGY

Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:IIy
ear
I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:80(
40+40)
i
)Theory80mar ks
(
ii
)Int
ernalAssessment20mar
ks

COURSEDESCRI PTION:
Thiscoursefoll
owsthebasiccour sesinanatomyandphy si
ologyandcompl imentst
he
coursei
ngener almedici
ne&sur gerybeingtaughtconcurr
ent
ly.Parti
culareff
orti
s
madei nthiscoursetoavoidburdeningthestudentwithanydetai
lpert
ainingto
di
agnosiswhichwi l
lnotcontr
ibutetotheirunder
standi
ngofthel i
mit
ati
onsi mposedby
pathol
ogyont hefuncti
oni
ngoft heindiv
idual.

COURSEOBJECTI VES:
Theobj ect
iveofthiscoursei sthataft
er80hour soflectures, demonst rat
ions,
practicalsandcli
nicst hestudentwillbeabletodemonst rateanunder standingofthe
pathol ogyandmi crobiol
ogyofcommondi seasesthattherapistswoul dencount eri
n
theirdailypract
ice.Thecour sewillal
sohelpt her
apistsunder standhowt oprotect
themsel vesandt heirpati
entsfrom nosocomi ali
nfecti
onsdur ingt hei
rinter
actions.

PATHOLOGY
I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:40
COURSEOUTLINE:
1.Int
roduct
ion:Concept
sofdi
sease,
classi
fi
cat
ion. [1hour]

2.Bact
eri
al,
vir
alandpar
asi
ti
cinf
ect
ions-agener
alout
li
ne. [3hour
s]

3.I
nfl
ammat
ionandr
epai
r;Degener
ati
on,
necr
osi
sandgangr
ene. [3hour
s]

4.Haemor
rhage,
shock,
embol
i
sm,
thr
ombosi
s [3hour
s]

5.Tuber
cul
osi
s,Lepr
osy
,Ty
phoi
d [4hour
s]

6.Def
ici
encydi
seases. [1hour]

7.Tumour
s:Aet
iol
ogy&spr
ead.Commont
umour
s. [2hour
s]

8.Bl
ood: Anaemi
a,Heartandbl
oodv
essel
s,commoncongeni
tal
anomal
i
es,
Rheumat
ic&
coronaryhear
tdi
seases. [4hour
s]

9.Respi
rat
orysy
stem:
Pneumoni
as,
Bronchi
ect
asi
s,Emphy
sema,
Chroni
cbr
onchi
ti
s,
Asthma. [2hours]

10.Boneandj
oint
s:Aut
oimmunedi
seases,
sept
icar
thr
it
is,
Ost
eomy
eli
ti
s.[
4hour
s]

11.Ski
n:Lepr
osy [
2hour
s]

54
 12.Ur
inar
ysy
stem [
2hour
s]

13.
Cent
ral
ner
voussy
stem:
CNSi
nfect
ions,
vascul
ardi
sor
der
s. [3hour
s]

n.Rheumat
oidAr
thr
it
is. [
1hour ]

o.Scl
eroder
maandPsor
iasi
s [1hour]

16.Di
seasesofmuscl
eincl
udi
ngPol
i
omy
eli
ti
s,My
opat
hies [
3hour
s]

17.
Vol
kmannsI
schaemi
a [
1hour ]

MI
CROBI
OLOGY
I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:40

I
. Gener
alMi
crobi
ology
: [9hour
s]
a.Hi
stor
y
b.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofMi
croOr
gani
sms,
mor
phol
ogyofBact
eri
a,Vi
rusesand Fungi
.
c.I
mpor
tantv
irul
encef
act
orsofBact
eri
a
d.St
eri
l
izat
ionandDi
sinf
ect
ion
e.Ant
ibact
eri
al,
ant
if
ungal
andant
ivi
ral
agent
s.
f
.Inf
ect
iont
ypes,
Sour
ce,
transmi
ssi
on,
spr
ead.
I
I. Fundament
alsofi
mmunol
ogy: [5hour
s]
a.I
nnat
eandAcqui
redI
mmuni
ty
b.Ant
igen,
Ant
ibody
c.I
mmuneResponse
d.Hy
per
sensi
ti
vi
tyReact
ions
I
II
. Pathogenesi
s,Di
seasespectr
um,
managementandpr
event
ionof:(
Emphasison
Bacter
ialandVir
ali
nfect
ions) [26hour
s]
a.Respi
rat
oryt
racti
nfect
ions:
b.CNSi
nfect
ions:
Meni
ngi
ti
s,Encephal
i
tis,
Pol
i
omy
eli
ti
s
c.GI
Tinfect
ions:
(wi
thaddi
ti
onal
emphasi
soni
mpor
tantpar
asi
ti
cdi
seases,
Hepat
it
isvir
uses)
d.Genit
our
inar
yinf
ect
ions: Ur
inar
ytr
acti
nfect
ions,
Sexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
ed
i
nfect
ions
e.Tuber
cul
osi
sandLepr
osy
f
.Woundi
nfect
ionsandanaer
obi
cinf
ect
ions
g.Bl
oodst
ream i
nfect
ions
h.Hospi
tal
acqui
redi
nfect
ions:
Types,
causesandpr
event
ion

Ref
erences:
-

55
1.TextBookofMi
crobi
ology-Anant
anar
ayan
2.TextBookofPat
hol
ogy-Robbi
ns.
3.TextBookofPat
hol
ogy-Wi
l
li
am Boy
d.
4.Essenti
alsofMedi
cal
Micr
obi
ology-Raj
eshBhat
ia-Rat
tanLal
I
cchpujani
.

5.TextBookofMi
crobi
ology-Bawej
a

56
 EXERCI
SETHERAPY
Exami nati
onattheendof:I Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:
330
i
)Theor y80mar ks+IA20mar ks
i
i)Practical60marks
i
ii
)Or al20mar ks+Pract
icalIA20mar
ks

COURSEDESCRI PTION:
I
nthiscoursethest
udentwi
lll
earnt
heprinci
ples,t
echni
queandef
fectofexer
ciseasa
t
herapeut
icmodalit
yinther
estr
orat
ionofphysical
funct
ion.

COURSEOBJECTI VES:
Theobj ecti
veofthi
scourseist hataft
er330hoursofl
ectures,demonst
rat
ions,
practicalsandcli
nicsthestudentwillbeabl
etoli
stthei
ndicati
onsandcontrai
ndi
cat
ions
ofv ari
oust ypesofexerci
setherapy,demonstr
atethedi
ff
erenttechni
quesanddescr
ibe
theireffects.

COURSEOUTLINE:
I. MECHANICS: [15hour
s]

Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsanddescr
ibet
hepr
inci
plesi
nvol
vedwi
thsui
tabl
eexampl
es.
i
. For
ce:
Composi
ti
onoff
orce,
Par
all
elogr
am off
orces.
i
i
. Equi
l
ibr
ium:
Stabl
e,unst
abl
e,neut
ral
.
i
i
i. Gr
avi
ty:
Cent
reofgr
avi
ty,
Lineofgr
avi
ty.
i
v. Levers:
1st,
2ndand3rdorder
.Theirexampl
esinthehumanbodyandt
hei
rpr
act
ical
appli
cati
oninphysi
other
apy,For
cesappli
edtothebodyl
ever
s.
v
. Pul
l
eys:
Fixed,
Mov
abl
e
v
i. Spr
ings;
Ser
ies,
Par
all
el.
v
ii
. Tensi
on.
v
ii
i. El
ast
ici
ty:
Hooksl
aw.
i
x. Axi
s:Sagi
tt
al,
Front
al,
Hor
izont
al.
x. Pl
anes:
Sagi
tt
al,
Front
al,
Hor
izont
al
xi
. Defi
nit
ionsof
:Speed,
Vel
oci
ty,
Wor
k,Ener
gy,
Power
,Accel
erat
ion,
Moment
um,
Fr
ict
ionandIner
ti
a.
57
I
I. MUSCLEACTI
ON: [9hour
s]

.Muscl
ewor
k:I
sot
oni
c(concent
ri
c,eccent
ri
c),
isomet
ri
c(st
ati
c)
i
i
.Gr
oupact
ions:
Agoni
sts(
pri
memov
ers)
,ant
agoni
sts,
syner
gist
s,f
ixat
ors
i
i
i.Angl
eofmuscl
epul
l
,mechani
cal
eff
ici
encyoft
hemuscl
es.

I
II
. PELVI
CTI
LT: [
6hour
s]
Descr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i
.Normalpelv
icti
lt
s,al
ter
ati
onsf
rom nor
mal
:ant
eri
ort
il
t(f
orwar
d),
post
eri
ort
il
t
(
backwar
d)lat
eral
til
t.
i
i
.Muscl
esr
esponsi
blef
oral
ter
ati
onsandpel
vi
crot
ati
on.
i
i
i.Identi
fi
cat
ionofnormalpel
vi
cti
l
ts,
pel
vi
crot
ati
onandal
ter
edt
il
tsandt
hei
r
cor
rect
ive measur es.

I
V.STARTINGPOSI TI
ONS: [18hours]
Descr
ibethefol
lowi
ngstarti
ngposit
ions,
thei
rmuscleworkeff
ectsanduses.
Specif
ytheimpor t
anceandderi
vedposit
ionsforeachone.
Standi
ng,kneel
ing,si
tt
ing,
lyi
ng,hangi
ng.

V. MOVEMENTS: [13hour
s]

Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ermswi
thsui
tabl
eexampl
es:

i
.Anat
omi
cmov ements:Flexi
on,Extensi
on,Abducti
on,Inv
ersi
on,Ever
sion,
Supinati
on,Pronati
on,
Internalr
otat
ion,Ext
ernalr
otat
ion,
Grossflexi
on,
Grossextension,Tr
unksidef l
exi
on.
i
i
.Sur
faceanat
omyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
joi
nts.
i
i
i.Rhy
thm ofmov
ement
.
i
v.Ti
mingofmov
ement
.
v
.Dur
ati
onofmov
ement
v
i.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofmov
ement:
Act
ive,
Passi
ve.
v
ii
.Ef
fect
sofexer
cise:Phy
siol
ogi
cal
eff
ect
s,Ther
apeut
icef
fect
s.
v
ii
i.Li
stt
hei
ndicat
ionsandcontr
aindi
cat
ionsoft
hef
oll
owi
nganddemonst
rat
ethe
t
echniqueforeach:
a. Acti
vemov ement s:Voluntary(free,acti
veassisted,assi
stedresi
sted,
resi
sted)
,
I
nvoluntar
y(associated,refl
ex,perist
alti
c/visceral,
cardi
ac).
b. Passiv
emov ements:Relaxedpassi ve,mobil
izingpassive(for
cedP. M.
manipulat
ions,seri
almani pul
ations),passi
vest r
etching.
58
VI
.RELAXATI
ON: [12hour
s]
i
. Descr
ibe:
Rel
axat
ion,
Muscl
efat
igue,
Muscl
espasm.
i
i
.Descr
ibe:
Gener
alcauses,
signsandsy
mpt
omsoft
ensi
on(
ment
alandphy
sical
)
i
i
i.Factor
scontr
ibut
ingtofat
igue,
typesofrelaxat
ion(
local
andgener
al)
,
i
ndicat
ionsofrel
axat
ion,t
echni
quesofrelaxati
on.
i
v.Br
eat
hingexer
cises-dif
ferentt
ypes
v
.Demonstrat
ethet echni
quesofrel
axat
ion(
local
andgener
al)
.

VI
I.
PASSI
VEMOVEMENTS: [22hour
s]
i
.Describet
hety
pes,t
echni
ques,
indi
cati
onsandcont
rai
ndi
cat
ions,
phy
siol
ogi
cal
ef
fect
sandpassi
vemovementsofj
oints.
i
i
.Demonst r
atepassivestr
etchingoffoll
owingmuscl es/muscl
egroupsofeach
upperli
mitanddescr i
betheindicat
ions,cont
raindicati
ons,
physi
ologi
calef
fect
s,
advant
agesanddi sadvantages:pector
ali
smaj or,bicepsbr
achi
i,
tri
cepsbrachi
i
,
l
ongf l
exorsofthefinger
s.
i
i
i.Lowerl
imb:
rectusf
emoris,
il
ioti
bialband(t
ensorf
asci
alat
a)gast
rocnemi
us,
sol
eus,
hamstri
ngs,
hipadductor
s, i
l
iopsoas.
i
v.Neck:
Ster
nocl
eidomast
oid.

VI
II
.ACTI
VEMOVEMENTS: [15hour
s]

i
.Describethet ypes,t
echniques,i
ndicati
onsandcont r
aindi
cati
ons,physi
ologi
cal
effects,advantagesanddi sadvantagesofacti
vemov ementsfort
hefoll
owing
muscl egr oups:Shoulderabductor s,
shoul
derforwardfl
exor
s,Tri
cepsbrachi
i,hi
p
abduct ors,hi
pf l
exors,
quadr i
cepsf emori
s,abdominalmuscl
es,backext
ensors.

i
i
.Descr
ibet
hehomepr
ogr
ammef
orst
rengt
heni
ngneckmuscl
esandbackext
ensor
s.

I
X.PROGRESSI
VERESI STANCEEXERCI SE [15hour s]
i
. Descr
ibethef
ollowi
ngexerci
ses,t
hei
radvantagesanddisadv
antagesand
demonstr
ate thetechni
quesofthefol
l
owingt ypesofPREs: Fr
acti
onal
Syst
em,
Macqueenssetsyst
em, Mcqueenspowersystem.

i
i
.Demonstrat
epract
ical
l
yeachsystem using:Delor
mesboot
,dumbel
l
s,sandbagsi
n
pul
l
eys,
powderboardandsuspensi
ont her
apy.

X. MUSCLEGRADING: [
25hours]
i
.Describet
het
ypesofmuscl
egr
adi
ng,
keyt
omuscl
egr
adi
ng,
techni
quesofmuscl
e
t
est
ing.
i
i
.Demonstr
atetheskil
ltogradet
heindi
vi
dual
andgr
oupmuscl
esofupperand
l
owerl
i
mb, neckandtrunkmuscl
es.

59
XI
.GONI
OMETRY: [
25hour
s]
i
. Descr
ibethenormal
rangeofvari
ousj
oint
s.Descri
begoniomet
er,
rangeof
measuri
ngsystems(180)
,foot
,tr
unkandhead,
techni
quesofgoni
ometer
.
i
i
.Demonst
rat
emeasur
ingofi
ndi
vi
dual
joi
ntr
angeusi
nggoni
omet
er.
i
i
i.Demonst
rat
emeasur
ementofl
i
mbgi
rt
h(usi
ngmeasur
ingt
ape):
arm,
for
ear
m,
thi
gh,
cal
f.

XI
I.RE-
EDUCATI
ONOFMUSCLES: [18hour
s]

i
. Descri
bet
hetermr
e-educat
ionofmuscl
esandt
het
echni
ques,
spat
ial
summat
ion
andtempor
alsummati
on.
i
i
.Demonstr
atet
hevar
iousre-
educat
iont
echni
quesandf
aci
l
itat
ingmet
hodsf
or
v
ari
ousgr
oupsofmuscl
es.
i
i
i.Demonst r
atetheprogressi
veexercisesinst
rengtheni
ngbyusi
ngvari
ous
appli
cati
ons:(accordi
ngt ot
heirmuscl epower)Grade-
ItoGr
ade-
IV.
i
v.Funct
ionalr
e-educat
ion—Matexer cises.

XI
II
.SUSPENSI
ONTHERAPY: [15hour
s]
i
.Descr
ibet
hebasi
cpr
inci
pleofsi
mpl
ependul
um andpendul
armov
ement
.
i
i
.Descr
ibethetypeofsuspension:Pendul
ar,
axi
al,
eccent
ri
cfi
xat
ion(
ant
eri
or,
poster
ior
,medial&later
al).
i
i
i.Expl
aint
hei
ndi
cat
ionsandt
echni
quef
oreacht
ypeofsuspensi
on.
i
v.Demonst
rat
eaxialandeccent
ri
cfi
xat
ionf
ormobil
izi
ng,
str
engt
heni
ngandr
e-
educat
ionofvari
ousmuscl
esandj
oint
s.

XI
V.HYDROTHERAPY: [12hour
s]
i
. Descr
ibeHy
drost
ati
cpr
essur
e,upwar
dthr
ustofwat
erbuoy
ancy
.
i
i
. Li
stt
hei
ndi
cat
ionsandcont
ra-
indi
cat
ionsf
orhy
drot
her
apy
.
i
i
i. Descr
ibet
hedressofpat
ient
sandt
het
her
api
standnecessar
yhy
drot
her
apy
equi
pment.
i
v. Ty
pesofhy
drot
her
apy
:St
eri
l
epool
cont
rastbat
h,whi
rl
pool
bat
h,hubbar
dtank.
v
. Const
ruct
ionofhy
drot
herapytank:Desi
gnofconst
ruct
ion,saf
etyf
eat
ures,
cleani
ng
thepool
,waterheat
ingsy
stems,hygi
eneofpati
entandpool
.

XV.JOINTMOBILITY: [20Hour
s]
Descr
ibet
hefol
lowi
ng:
i
. Jointranges(
outerrange,middl
erange,i
nnerrange),i
ndividual
joi
ntstruct
ures,
j
ointmov ements(anatomic,
accessory)
,causesofjointrangeli
mitati
ons,
preventi
onofjoi
ntstif
fness,
posit
ioni
ng(physiol
ogicalresti
ngpositi
on).

60
 i
i
.Passi
verangeofmovement
,met
hodsofr
elaxat
ion,
act
iveexer
cises,
manual
mobi
l
izat
iont
echni
ques.
i
i
i.For
cedpassi
vemov
ement
s:smal
lampl
i
tudes,
lar
geampl
i
tudes.
i
v.Muscl
estrengtheni
ngt
echni
ques( PNF)
:Hol
d-r
elax,
slowr
ever
sal
,rhy
thmi
c
st
abi
li
zat
ion,repeat
edcont
ract
ions.
v
.Accesorymovement
s:Post
eri
or,
ant
eri
or,
super
iorandi
nfer
iorgl
i
de,
tract
ion
andappr
oxi
mati
on.
v
i.Indi
cat
ionsandcont ra-indi
cati
onsformobil
isat
ionofindivi
dualj
oint
s;
demonstratepract
icallythevari
ousmobil
isati
ontechniquesfori
ndivi
dual
joi
nts
andteachinghomepr ogramme.

XVI
.CRUTCHWALKI
NG: [10hour
s]
i
. Descri
bethef oll
owing:Component sofacr ut
ch,t
ypesofclassifi
cati
onof
crut
ches,charactersofgoodcr utch,pr
epari
ngapat i
entforcrutchwalking,
crut
chwal ki
ngmuscl es,measur ementofcrutches(axi
l
larypi
ece, handpiece),
crut
chstance, cr
utchpalsy,
typesofcr utchwalki
ng(4point,3poi nt
,3point(non
-wei
ghtbearingandpar t
ialweightbear i
ng),
modifi
ed3poi nt(parapl
egicand
shuff
li
nggait,swingtoandswi ngt hrough)
i
i
.Demonstr
atecr
utchmeasurement(si
tt
ing,st
andingandl
yingposi
ti
ons)and
v
ari
oust
ypesofcrut
chwalki
ng(evenground,st
airsandr
amps).

XVI
I.POSTURE: [11hour
s]
i
. Descri
bethef ollowing:Post ure(staticanddy nami c),Defi
nit
ionofgoodpost ur
e,
Musclesresponsi bl
ef orgoodpost ure.Post ural mechani sms, Definiti
onof
abnormalpost ure(Kyphosis,Scoli
osi s,Lordosis,Ky pho-scol
iosis,Ky pholordosi
s),
Assessmentofpost ure(inspecti
on,Scol iosi
s,Lor dosis,Kypho-scoliosis,
Kypholor
dosis),Assessmentofpost ure( i
nspection, measurement—l engthoflegs,
widt
hofpel v
is, plumbl i
ne—R. O.
M.oft runkinf l
exion, ext
ension,sidef lexi
onand
rot
ati
on.
i
i
.Descr i
beanddemonst r
atepost ur
alcorr
ecti
onby: Str
engt
heningofmuscles,
Mobil
isat
ionoft
runk,Relaxati
on.Activecorr
ecti
onofthedef
ormiti
es,passi
ve
cor
recti
on(tr
act
ion)
,post ur
alawareness,abdominal
sandbackextensors.
i
i
i.Out
li
nepr
inci
plesi
nbr
aci
ngoft
het
runkandsur
gical
cor
rect
ion.
iv
.Demonst rat
epracti
cal
ly:
Ident
if
icat
ionofabnor
mal post
ure,
andpost
ural
cor
rect
ivemeasures.
XVI
II
. GAIT: [
18hours]
i
. Def
inegai
tandcent
erofgr
avi
tyoft
hehumanbody
.
i
i
.Descr i
bemusclesresponsi
blefornor
mal gai
t,si
xdeter
minantsofgait(pel
vic
rot
ati
on,pel
vi
ctil
t,hi
pflexi
on,l
ater
aldi
splacementofpelv
is,
kneeflexion,i
nstance
phase,nor
malfootpatt
ernduri
ngwalking).
i
i
i.Descri
bethewalkingcy
cle:
Stance(
heelstr
ike,
footfl
at,
midst
ance,
andf
ootof
f),
Swing(accel
erat
ion,mi
dswinganddeaccel
erat
ion)
.
61
 i
v.Descri
bethefoll
owingpat
hol
ogicalgait
s:GluteusmediusGait,
Gluteusmaximus
gai
t,Hipf
lexorweaknessgai
t,Quar
dricepsweaknessgait
,Footdropgait
,
hemipl
egi
cgai t
,Ataxi
cwaddl
inggait,
Equinusgait
,Cal
caneusgait,Equi
novar
us
gai
t.
v
.Demonst
rat
eski
l
lini
dent
if
yingpat
hol
ogi
cal
gai
tandpr
opergai
ttr
aini
ng.

XI
X.COORDI
NATI
ON: [12hour
s]

i
. Def
inebal
ance(
stat
icanddy
nami
c)

i
i
.Expl
aint
hemechani
sm ofneur
omuscul
arco-
ordi
nat
ion.

i
i
i.Descr
ibetheincoordi
nationduet o:Lowermot orneuronl
esi
ons(fl
accidi
ty)Upper
motorneuronlesi
ons( spast
ici
ty)Cerebel
larl
esions,
Lossofki
naest
heticsense
(t
abesdorsal
is,syr
ingomy el
i
a,leprosy)
,Imbalanceduetomuscul
ardisease.

i
v.Descr
iber
e-educat
ionofbal
ance.

v
.Describer
e-educati
onofco-or
dination:Frenkel
sexer
cises,
propr
iocept
ive
neur
omuscularfaci
l
itat
ion(
PNF)t echniques.

v
i.Demonst
rat
ether
e-educat
iont
echni
quesofbal
anceandcoor
dinat
ion.

XX.COMPLI
CATI
ONOFBEDREST: [9hour
s]
i
. Descr
ibet
hecompl
i
cat
ionsofpat
ient
sonpr
olongedbedr
est
.
i
i
.Bur
ger
sexer
cises
i
i
i.Demonst
rat
emai
ntenanceexer
cisesf
orpat
ient
sonpr
olongedbedr
est
.

XXI
.Descr
ibebrief
ly: [30hour
s]
A.SoftTissueManipul
ati
on:
i
. Hi
stor
yofmassage.
i
i
. Mechani
cal
poi
ntst
obeconsi
der
ed
i
i
i. Poi
ntst
obeconsi
der
edwhi
l
egi
vi
ngmassage
a.Mani
pul
ati
ons.
b.Thet
imeoft
hedayf
ort
reat
ment
.
c.Thecomf
ortandsuppor
toft
hepat
ient(
drapi
ngandposi
ti
oni
ng)
d.Posi
ti
onofoper
ator(
ther
api
stsst
ance)
e.Usi
ngbodywei
ght
f
.Cont
actandcont
inui
ty

62
 g.Techni
ques,
indi
cat
ionsandcont
ra—i
ndi
cat
ions.

i
v.Physiologi
calef
fectsofmassageonvari
oussystemsofbody.Ef
fect
s
on:Excretor
ysystem,Ci
rcul
ator
ysyst
em, Muscularsy
stem,
Nerv
oussyst
em &
Met aboli
csyst
em.

B.Def
ineanddescri
bet
hevar
iousmani
pulati
ontechni
quesusedi
nmassage.
1.Str
okingmani
pul
ati
on:Ef
fl
eurage,st
roki
ng
2.Pressuremani
pulations:Kneadi
ng,squeezi
ng, st
ati
onar
y,ci
rcularir
oning
(r
einfor
cedkneading),fi
ngerkneadi
ng,petr
issage(pi
cki
ngup, wringi
ng,rol
l
ing)
,
fr
icti
ons.
3.Per
cussi
onmani
pul
ati
on:t
apot
ement
,hacki
ng,
clappi
ng,
beat
ing&poundi
ng.
4.Shaki
ngmani
pul
ati
ons:v
ibr
ati
on,
shaki
ng.

C.Def
ineanddescri
bethetechnique,
eff
ect
s,usesandcont
ra-
indi
cat
ionsoft
he
foll
owi
ngmani pul
ati
ons:
1.Str
okingmanipulat
ions.
2.Pr
essur
emani
pul
ati
ons.
3.Per
cussi
onmani
pul
ati
ons.
4.Shaki
ngmani
pul
ati
ons.

D.Demonst
rat
ethefoll
owingtechni
quesonpat
ient
s/model
s:
i. Massageforupperli
mb:
a. Scapul
arr
egi
on
b.Shoul
derj
oint
c. Upperar
m
d.El
bowj
oint
e. For
ear
m
f
.Wr
istj
oint
g.Hand.
i
i
.Massagef
orl
owerl
i
mb:
a.Thi
gh
b.Kneej
oint
c.Leg
d.Foot(
incl
udi
ngankl
ejoi
ntsandt
oes)
i
i
i.Massagef
orback:
a.Neckandupperback

63
 b.Mi
ddl
eandl
owerback
c.Gl
uteal
regi
on,
arm &l
eg.
i
v.Massagef
ort
hef
ace

Ref
erences:
-

1.Pr
inci
plesofExer
ciseTher
apy—DenaGar
dener
.
2.Pr
act
ical
Exer
ciseTher
apy—Hol
l
is.
3.Ther
apeut
icExer
cisef
oundat
ion&t
echni
ques—Ki
sner
.
4. Muscl
etest
ingandf
unct
ion-F.
Kendal
.
5.Muscl
etest
ing-Dani
al&Wor
thi
nghams.
6.Measur
ementofj
ointmot
ion—agui
det
oGoni
omet
ry-Cy
nthi
aNor
kin.
7.Ther
apeut
icExer
cisef
oundat
ionandt
echni
ques-Car
oly
nKi
sner
.
8.Tex
tBookofTher
apeut
icEx
erci
se-S.Lakshmi
Nar
ayana.
9.Fundament
alsofPhy
siot
her
apy-Kumar
10.Pr
inci
pleofExer
ciseTest
ingandI
nter
pret
ati
on-Kal
rl
manWasswer
man.
11.Exer
ciseTher
apy-Pr
event
ionandTr
eat
mentofdi
sease-JohnGor
mly
.
12.Manual
ofmassageandmeasur
ement—Edi
th.M.
Prosser
.
13.Massagef
ort
her
api
sts—Mar
gar
etHol
l
is.
14.Pr
inci
pal
andpr
act
iceofTher
apeut
icMassage-Akhour
yGour
angSi
nha.
15.HandbookofCl
i
nical
Massage-Mar
io-Paul
—Cassar
.

*
***

64
 BI
OMECHANI
CS&APPLI
EDANATOMY

Examinati
onatt heendof
:IIy
ear I
nst
ruct
ion
hours:80
i
)Theor y80mar ks
i
i)Int
ernalAssessment20marks.

COURSEDESCRI PTION:
Thi
scour sesupplementstheknowl edgeofanat
omyandenablesthestudentt
ohav
ea
bet
terunderstandingofthepr
inciplesofbi
omechani
csandtheirappl
i
cationi
n
musculoskel
etalfuncti
onanddy sfuncti
on.

COURSEOBJECTI VES:
Theobjecti
vesofthi
scoursearethataf
ter80hoursofl
ect
ures,demonst r
ati
onsand
pract
ical
sthestudentwil
lbeabletodemonstrat
eanunder
standingoftheprinci
plesof
Bi
omechani csandKinesi
ologyandthei
rappl
icat
ioni
nheal
thanddi sease.

COURSEOUTLI
NE:

A. MECHANI
CS: [6hour
s]

1.Descri
bethet
ypesofmot
ion,
planesofmot
ion,
dir
ect
ionofmot
ionandquant
it
yof
motion.
2.Def
inef
orces,
for
cev
ect
ors,
component
soff
orces.
3.Descr
ibegr
avi
ty,
segmentalcent
ersofgr
avi
ty,
cent
erofgr
avi
tyoft
hehumanbody
,
st
abil
i
tyandcent
erofgr
av i
ty,
rel
ocat
ionoft
hecent
erofgr
avi
ty.
4.Descr
ibeReact
ionf
orces,
Newt
onsl
awofr
eact
ion.
5.Descr
ibeequi
l
ibr
ium —Lawofi
ner
ti
aandest
abl
i
shi
ngequi
l
ibr
ium ofanobj
ect
.
6.Descri
beobjectsinmot
ion:
Lawofaccel
erat
ion,
joi
ntdi
str
act
ioni
nal
i
nearf
orcesy
stem
andforceoffri
cti
on.
7.Descr
ibeconcur
rentfor
cesystem:Composit
ionoff
orces,
Muscleact
ionl
i
nes,
tot
al
muscl
ef or
cevector
,div
ergentmuscl
epull
s,anat
omicpull
eys.
8.Descri
beparal
lel
for
cesyst
ems:-Fir
stcl
assl
ever
s,secondcl
assl
ever
s,t
hir
dcl
ass
l
evers,t
orque,
mechani
caladv
antage.
9.Defi
nemomentar
m:Momentar
m ofamuscl
efor
ce,
momentar
m ofgr
avi
tyand
anat
omicpul
l
eys.
10.
Descr
ibeequi
l
ibr
ium ofl
ever
.

Descr
ibet
hefol
lowi
ng:
1.Threet
ypesofmoti
on.
2.Theplanei
nwhi
chagi
venj
ointmot
ionoccur
sandt
heaxi
sar
oundwhi
cht
hemot
ion
occur
s.

65
 3.Thelocati
onofthecenterofgravi
tyofasolidobj
ect,
thelocat
ionofthecent
erof
grav
ityofasegmentalobjectandthelocat
ionofthecent
erofthegravi
tyoft
hehuman
body.
4.Theact
ionl
i
neofasi
ngl
emuscl
e.
5.Thename, poi
ntofappl
i
cat
ion,
dir
ect
ionandmagni
tudeofanyi
nter
for
cegi
veni
ts
react
ionf
orce.
6.Al
i
nearf
orcesy
stem,
aconcur
rentf
orcesy
stem,
apar
all
elf
orcesy
stem.
7.Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
orque,
momentar
m andr
otat
oryf
orcecomponent
.
8.Themet
hodsofdet
ermi
ningt
orquef
ort
hesamegi
vensetoff
orces.
9.Howanatomicpull
eysmaychangeact
ionl
i
ne,
momentar
m andt
orqueofmuscl
es
passi
ngt
hroughthem.
10.
Ingeneral
ter
ms,thepointi
nthej
ointrangeofmot
ionatwhi
cht
hemuscl
eact
ingov
er
thatj
ointi
sbiomechani
call
ymosteff
icient
.
11.
Howext
ernal
for
cescanbemani
pul
atedt
omaxi
mizet
orque.
12.
Fri
cti
onandi
tsr
elat
ionshi
ptocont
act
ingsur
facesandt
otheappl
i
edf
orces.

Deter
mi nethef ol
lowi
ng:
1.Theidentit
y( name)ofdiagr
ammedf or
cesonanobject
.
2.Thenewcent erofgr
avityofanobj
ectwhensegmentsarer
ear
ranged,
giv
ent
he
ori
ginalcentersofgrav
ity
3.Theresul
tantv
ect
orinal
inearf
orcesystem,aconcur
rentf
orcesy
stem andapar
all
el
for
cesystem,i
fagiv
enobjecti
sinl
inearorr
otati
onal
equil
ibr
ium.
4.Themagni
tudeanddi
rect
ionofaccel
erat
ionofanobj
ectnoti
nequi
l
ibr
ium.
5.Whichforcesar
ejoi
ntdist
ract
ionfor
cesandwhi
char
ejoi
ntcompr
essi
onf
orces.What
ar
et heequil
i
bri
um f
orcesforeach?
6.Themagni
tudeanddi
rect
ionoff
ri
cti
oni
nagi
venpr
obl
em.
7.Thecl
assoft
ermi
nagi
venpr
obl
em.

Compar
ethefoll
owing:
1. Mechani
caladvant
agei
nasecondandt
hir
dcl
assl
ever
.
2. Wor
kdonebymuscl
esi
nasecondandt
hir
dcl
assl
ever
.
3. St
abi
li
tyofanobjecti
ntwogiv
ensi
tuat
ionsi
nwhi
chl
ocat
ionoft
hecent
erof
gr
avi
tyandthebaseofsuppor
toft
heobject
.

Lear
nt hefol
lowi
ng:
1.Theacti
onli
neofamuscl
e.
2.Therot
aryf
orcecomponent
,thet
ransl
ator
yfor
cecomponentandt
hemomentar
m
foragi
venf
orceonalever
.

B.JOI
NTSTRUCTUREANDFUNCTI
ON: [3hour
s]

66
 1. Descr
ibet
hebasi
cpr
inci
plesofj
ointdesi
gnandahumanj
oint
.
2. Descri
bethet
issuespresentinhumanj
oint
sincl
udi
ngdensef
ibr
oust
issue,
bone,
car
til
ageandconnecti
vetissue.
3. Cl
assi
fyj
oint
s,sy
nar
thr
osi
s,amphi
art
hrosi
s,di
art
hrosi
s,subcl
assi
fi
cat
ionof
sy
novi
alj
oint
s.
4. Descr
ibej
ointf
unct
ion,
kiner
mat
icchai
ns,
rangeofmot
ion.
5. Descr
ibet
hegener
alef
fect
sofi
njur
yanddi
sease.

Recal
lthef
oll
owing:
1.Theelementar
ypr
inci
plesofj
ointdesi
gn.
2.Thet
hreemai
ncl
assi
fi
cat
ionsofj
oint
s.
3.Thef
ivef
eat
urescommont
oal
ldi
art
hrodi
alj
oint
s.
4.Ty
pesofmat
eri
alsusedi
nhumanj
ointconst
ruct
ion.
5.Pr
oper
ti
esofconnect
ivet
issue.

I
dent
if
ythefol
lowing:
1.Theaxisofmotionforanygi
venmot
ionataspeci
fi
cjoi
nt(
knee,
hip,
metacarpophal
angeal
).
2.Theplaneofmotionforanygi
venmot
ionataspeci
fi
cjoi
nt(
shoul
der
,
i
nter
phalangeal
,wri
st).
3.Thedegr
eeoff
reedom atanygi
venj
oint
.
4.Thedi
sti
ngui
shi
ngf
eat
uresofadi
art
hrodi
alj
oint
.
5.Thest
ruct
urest
hatcont
ri
but
etoj
ointst
abi
l
ity
.

Comparethefol
lowi
ng:
1.Asy nart
hrosi
swit
hanamphi
art
hrosi
sont
hebasi
sofmet
hods,
mat
eri
alsand
f
uncti
on.
2.Asy
nar
thr
osi
swi
thadi
art
hrosi
sont
hebasi
sofmet
hods,
mat
eri
alandf
unct
ion.
3.Cl
osedki
nemat
icchai
nwi
thanopenki
nemat
icchai
n.
4.Densef
ibr
oust
issuewi
thbone.
5.Hy
ali
necar
ti
lagewi
thf
ibr
ocar
ti
lage.

C. MUSCLESTRUCTUREANDFUNCTI
ON: [3hour
s]

1. Descr
ibemobi
l
ityandst
abi
l
ityf
unct
ionsofmuscl
es.
2. Descri
beelementsofmusclest
ructur
e, composit
ionsofmuscl
efi
bre,
themotoruni
t,
ty
pesofmuscl efi
bres,
musclef
ibresize,arr
angementandnumber,muscl
etensi
on,
l
ength-tensi
onrel
ati
onshi
p.

67
3. Descr
ibet
ypesofmusclecont
ract
ion,
speedandangul
arv
eloci
ty,
appl
i
edl
oad,
vol
unt
arycont
rol
,tor
que&isoki
neti
cexer
cise.
4. Summar
isef
act
orsaf
fect
ingmuscl
etensi
on.
5. Cl
assi
fymuscl
es:
spur
tandshuntmuscl
es,
toni
candphasi
cmuscl
es.
6. Fact
orsaf
fecti
ngmusclef
unct
ion:Typeofjoi
ntandlocati
onofmuscl
eat
tachment
,
numberofj
oints,
passi
vei
nsuf
fici
ency
,sensor
yreceptor
s.

Descri
bethefoll
owi
ng:
1.Orderi
ngofthemyof
ibr
il
sinasar
comer
e.
2.Anal
phamot
orneur
on.
3.Theconnect
ivet
issuei
namuscl
e.
4.Howt
ensi
ondev
elopsi
namuscl
e.
5.I
soki
net
icexer
cise.

Def
inet
hefol
lowi
ng:
1.Acti
veandpassi
vei
nsuf
fi
ciency
.
2.Act
iveandpassi
vet
ensi
on.
3.Concent
ri
c,eccent
ri
candi
somet
ri
ccont
ract
ions.
4.Rev
erseact
ion.
5.Agoni
sts,
ant
agoni
stsandsy
ner
gist
s.

Recal
lthef
oll
owing:
1.Factor
saffect
ingmuscl
etensi
on.
2.Char
act
eri
sti
csofdi
ff
erentf
ibr
ety
pes.
3.Char
act
eri
sti
csofmot
oruni
ts.
4.Fact
orsaf
fect
ingangul
arv
eloci
ty.
Di
ff
erent
iat
ethefol
lowing:
1. Aspurtf
rom ashuntmuscl
e.
2. Aphasef
rom at
oni
cmuscl
e.
3. Agoni
stf
rom anant
agoni
st.
4. Act
ivef
rom passi
vei
nsuf
fi
ciency
.
5. Concent
ri
cfr
om eccent
ri
ccont
ract
ions.

Compar
ethefol
lowi
ng:
1. Tensi
ondevel
opmenti
neccent
ri
cver
susconcent
ri
ctr
act
ions.
2. Theangul
arv
eloci
tyofi
somet
ri
cver
susconcent
ri
c&i
soki
net
iccont
ract
ions.
3. I
soki
net
icexer
cisewi
thconcent
ri
cexer
cise.

68
D.TEMPOROMANDI BULARJOINT:(
TMJ) [2hour
s]
1.I
ntroducti
on
2.Generalfeat
ures
3.Str
ucture&ar t
icul
ati
on
4.Functi
on/dy sfunct
ion

E. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN: [
8hours]
1. Ar
ti
cul
ati
ons,
li
gament
sandmuscl
es,
typi
cal
ver
tebr
a,i
nter
ver
tebr
aldi
sc.
2. Descr
ibef
act
orsaf
fect
ingst
abi
l
ityandmot
il
it
y
3. Regi
onal
str
uct
ureandf
unct
ionsofcer
vical
,dor
sal
,l
umbarandsacr
alv
ert
ebr
ae.
4. Descri
bet hemuscl
esoft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn—f
lexor
s,ext
ensor
s,r
otat
orsand
l
ateral
flexors.
5. Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofi
njur
yanddev
elopment
aldef
ici
ts.

Descr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thecur
vesoft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umnusi
ngappr
opr
iat
eter
minol
ogy
.
2.Thear
ti
cul
ati
onsoft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn.
3.Themaj
orl
i
gament
soft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn.
4.Thest
ruct
ural
component
soft
ypi
cal
andat
ypi
cal
ver
tebr
a.
5.Thei
nter
ver
tebr
aldi
sc.
6.Regi
onal
char
act
eri
sti
csofv
ert
ebr
alst
ruct
ure.
7.Mot
ionsoft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn.
8.Lumbarpel
vi
crhy
thm.
9.Rot
ati
onoft
hev
ert
ebr
aei
neachr
egi
on.
10.
Mov
ement
soft
her
ibsdur
ingr
otat
ion.

I
dent
if
ythef
oll
owi
ng:

1.St
ruct
urest
hatpr
ovi
dest
abi
l
ityf
ort
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn.
2.Muscl
esoft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umnandt
hespeci
fi
cfunct
ionsofeach.
3.Li
gament
sthatl
i
mitspeci
fi
cmot
ions(
i.
e,f
lexi
on,
ext
ensi
on,
lat
eral
flexi
on,
rot
ati
on)
.
4.For
cesact
ingont
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umndur
ingspeci
fi
cmot
ion.

Expl
aint
hefol
lowing:
1.Therel
ationshi
pbetweentheinter
ver
tebr
alandfacetj
oint
sdur
ingmot
ionsof
thev
ertebralcol
umn.
2.Therol
eoft heint
erv
ertebr
aldisci
nstabi
li
tyandmobil
ity.

69
 3.Theeff
ect
soff
orcesact
ingont
hest
ruct
ural
component
sdur
ingmot
ionandat
rest
.

Anal
yset
hefoll
owi
ng:
1.Theef
fect
sofdi
seasepr
ocess,
inj
ury
,orot
herdef
ect
sint
hev
ert
ebr
ae.
2.Theef
fect
sofani
ncr
easedl
umbosacr
alangl
eont
hepel
vi
sandl
umbarv
ert
ebr
al
col
umn.

F.MECHANICSOFRESPI RATION: [3hour

s]
1.Descr
ibetheworkofbr eathi
ng.
2.Movement sofbreathi
ng.
3.Respi
ratorymuscles.
4.Complianceofl
ungs&chestwal l.

G.THESHOULDERCOMPLEX: [9hour
s]

1. Descri
bethestr
uctur
alcomponentsoftheshoul
dercompl
exi
ncl
udi
ngthe
art
icul
ati
ngsurf
aces,capsul
arat
tachmentsandl
igament
sandmovement
soft
he
fol
lowi
ngjoi
nts:

i
)St
ernocl
avi
cul
ar
i
i
)Acr
omi
ocl
avi
cul
ar
i
i
i)Scapul
othor
aci
c
i
v)Gl
enohumer
al.

2. Descri
bethefunct
ionoftheshoul
dercompl
exincl
udi
ngdy namicst
abil
ityoft
he
gl
enohumer al
joi
nt,muscul
ohumeralr
hyt
hm,scapul
othor
acicandglenohumeral
contr
ibut
ions.

3. Descri
bethemusclesofel
evat
ion(Del
toi
d,Supraspi
natus,
Inf
raspi
nat
us,
Ter
esmi nor
,
Subscapul
aris,
UpperTr
apezi
us,l
owerTrapezi
us,Serr
atusanter
ior
,Mi
ddl
eTrapezi
us
&Rhomboi ds).

4. Descr
ibethemuscl
esofdepr
essi
on,
Lat
issi
musdor
si,
Pect
oral
i
s,Ter
esMaj
or,
Rhomboids).

Descri
bethef ol
lowing:
1. Thearti
cularsurfaceoft hej
oint
softhecomplex.
2. Thefuncti
onoft hel
igamentsofeachjoint
.
3. Accessoryjointstr
ucturesandthefunct
ionofeach.
4. Motionsandr angesav ail
abl
eateachjoi
ntandmov ementofar
ti
cul
arsur
faceswi
thi
n
thej
oint.

70
 5. Thenor mal mechanism ofdy namicstabil
it
yofthegl enohumer alj
oint
,uti
li
sing
pri
nci
plesofbi omechani cs.
6. Thenor mal mechanism ofglenohumer alst
abili
tyi
nt hedependentar m.
7. Scapulohumer alrhyt
hm incl
udingcont ri
but
ionsofeachj oi
nt.
8. Theext entofdependentori ndependentfuncti
onofeachj oi
ntinscapulohumeral
rhy
thm.
9. Howr estri
ctionintherangeofel evat
ionoft hearm mayoccur .
10.Onemuscul arfor
cecoupl eatagi v
enj oi
ntanditsfunction.
11.Theeffectofagi venmuscul ardefici
tmayhav eont hefunct i
onofshouldercomplex.

Comparethefollowing:
1. Theadv antagesanddi sadvant
agesofcoracoacromial
arch.
2. Thest r
ucturalstabil
i
tyofthethreej
oint
s,i
ncludi
ngthetendencytowar
ds
degenerati
v echangesandder angement.
3. Drawt heact i
onlinesofmusclesoftheshouldercomplexandthemomentar
mfor
each,andr esolveeachintocomponents.

H. THEELBOW COMPLEX: [4hours]

1.Descri
bethest
ructur
eoft heHumeroul
narandHumer
oradi
aljoi
ntsi
ncl
udi
ng
ar
ti
cul
ati
ngsur
faces,j
ointcapsul
e,l
i
gaments&muscl
es.
2.Descri
bet hef
unct
ionoft
heHumeroulnarandHumer
oradi
alj
oint
sincl
udi
ngt
heAxi
sof
motion,Rangeofmoti
on,Muscl
eact
ion.
3.Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ureoft
hesuper
iorandi
nfer
iorr
adi
oul
narj
oint
s.
4.Descr
ibet
hef
unct
ionoft
hesuper
iorandi
nfer
iorr
adi
oul
narj
oint
s.
5.Descr
ibethemobi
l
ityandst
abi
l
ityoft
heel
bowcompl
exandi
tsr
elat
ionshi
ptohand
andwrist
.
6.Describetheeffect
sofi
njur
yandtheresistancet
olongi
tudi
nal
compr
essi
onf
orces,
to
di
stracti
onforcesandtomedial
-l
ater
alforces.

Descri
bethefoll
owing:
1.Alloftheart
icul
atingsur
facesassoci
atedwit
heachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngj
oint
s:humer
o-
ul
nar,
humeroradial,
superi
orandinf
eri
orradi
oul
nar
.
2.Thel
i
gament
sassoci
atedwi
thal
lthej
oint
soft
heel
bowcompl
ex.

I
dent
if
ythef
oll
owing:
1.Axesofmoti
onforsupi
nat
ionandpr
onat
ionandf
lexi
onandext
ensi
on.
2.Thedegr
eesoff
reedom associ
atedwi
theachoft
hej
oint
soft
heel
bowcompl
ex.
3.Fact
orsl
i
mit
ingt
her
angeofmot
ioni
nfl
exi
onandext
ensi
on.
4.Fact
orst
hatcr
eat
ethecar
ryi
ngangl
e.
5.Fact
orsl
i
mit
ingmot
ioni
nsupi
nat
ionandpr
onat
ion.

Compar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

71
 1.Thetr
ansl
ator
yandrot
ator
ycomponent
soft
hebr
achi
oradi
ali
sandbr
achi
ali
satal
l
poi
ntsi
ntherangeofmoti
on.
2.Themomentar
msoft
hef
lexor
satanypoi
nti
nther
angeofmot
ion.
3.Muscl
eacti
vi
tyoft
heext
ensor
sinacl
osedki
nemat
icchai
nwi
thact
ivi
tyi
nanopen
ki
nemati
cchai
n.
4.Ther
oleofpr
onat
ort
ereswi
thr
oleofpr
onat
orquadr
atus.
5. Ther
oleofbi
cepswi
tht
hatofbr
achi
ali
s.
6.Theresi
stanceofelbowj
ointt
olongi
tudi
nal
tensi
l
efor
ceswi
thi
tsr
esi
stancet
o
compressi
veforces.
7.Thef
eat
uresofacl
assi
ctenni
sel
bowwi
tht
hef
eat
uresofcubi
tal
tunnel
syndr
ome.
8.Ther oleofandst
ruct
ureoft
heannul
arl
i
gamentwi
tht
her
oleandst
ruct
ureoft
he
art
iculardi
sc.

I
.THEWRI STANDHANDCOMPLEX: [9hour
s]
1.Descri
bethewri
stcomplexi
ncl
udi
ngr
adi
ocar
pal
joi
nt,
midcar
pal
joi
ntandt
he
l
igamentsoft
hewr i
stcompl
ex.
2.Descr
ibet
hef
unct
ionoft
her
adi
ocar
pal
andmi
dcar
pal
joi
ntsi
ncl
udi
ngt
hemov
ement
s
andmuscl
esi
nvol
ved.
3.Descri
bethehandcomplexincl
uding:str
uct
ur eof(Car
pometacar
pal
,
Metacarpophal
angeal
andInter
phalangealj
ointsoffi
nger
s,l
i
gaments,r
angeofmot
ion.
4.Descr
ibet
hef
ingermuscul
atur
eincl
udi
ngext
ri
nsi
c,MCPandi
ntr
insi
cmuscl
es.
5.Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ureoft
heCar
pomet
acar
pal
,MCPandI
Pjoi
ntsoft
humb.
6.Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ureoft
heext
ri
nsi
c&i
nst
ri
nsi
cmuscl
esoft
humb.
7.Descr
ibepr
ehensi
on,
power
,cy
li
ndr
ical
,spher
ical
&hookgr
ips.
8.Descri
bepreci
sionhandl
i
ng,padtopad,
tipt
oti
pandpadt
osi
depr
ehensi
onand
funct
ional
posi
tionofwri
standhand.
Descr
ibet
hefol
lowi
ng:
1.Thearti
cul
arsur
facesoft
hej
oint
soft
hewr
istandhandcompl
exes.
2.Thel
i
gament
soft
hej
oint
soft
hewr
istandhand,
incl
udi
ngt
hef
unct
ionofeach.
3.Accessor
yjoi
ntst
ruct
uresf
oundi
nthewr
istandhandcompl
ex,
incl
udi
ngt
hef
unct
ion
ofeach.
4.Typesofmovementsandty
pesofmot
ionoft
her
adi
ocar
pal
joi
nt,
themi
dcar
pal
joi
nt
andthetot
alwr
istcompl
ex.
5.Thesequenceofjoi
ntact
ivi
tyoccur
ri
ngfr
om ful
lwri
stfl
exi
ontoextensi
onincl
uding
ther
oleofthescaphoi
d,t
hesequenceofjoi
ntact
ivi
tyi
nradi
alandulnardev
iat
ionfr
om
neut
ral
.
6.Ther
oleoft
hewr
istmuscul
atur
einpr
oduci
ngwr
istmot
ion.
7.Mot
ionsandr
angesav
ail
abl
etoj
oint
soft
hehandcompl
ex.

72
 8.Thegl
i
dingmechani
smsoft
heext
ri
nsi
cfi
ngerf
lexor
s.
9.Thest
ruct
ureoft
heext
ensormechani
sm,
incl
udi
ngt
hemuscl
esandl
i
gament
sthat
composei
t.
10.
HowM.
C.P.ext
ensi
onoccur
s,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hemuscl
est
hatpr
oduceandcont
rol
it.
11.
Expl
ainhowfl
exionandextensi
onoft
hePIPoccur,
incl
udingthemuscul
arand
li
gamentousf
orcesthatpr
oduceandcont
rol
thesemotions.
12.
Ther
oleoft
hewr
isti
nopt
imi
zi
ngl
engt
htensi
oni
ntheext
ri
nsi
chandmuscl
es.
13.
Theact
ivi
tyofr
eposi
ti
on,
incl
udi
ngt
hemuscl
est
hatper
for
mit
.
14.
Thef
unct
ional
posi
ti
onoft
hewr
istandhand.

Di
ff
erent
iatebetween:
1.Theroleoftheint
erosseousandl
umbr
ical
muscl
esatt
heMCPandI
Pjoi
nts.
2.Themusclesusedincy
li
ndr
ical
gri
ptot
hoseact
ivei
nspher
ical
gri
p,hookgr
ip,
and
l
ater
alpr
ehension.
3.Themuscl
est
hatar
eact
ivei
npadt
opad,
tipt
oti
pandpadt
osi
depr
ehensi
on.

Compare:
1.Theacti
vit
yofmuscl
esofthet
humbi nopposi
ti
onofthethumbt
othei
ndexf
ingerwi
th
theact
ivi
tyoft
hoseact
ivei
nopposi
ti
ontotheli
tt
lef
inger
.
2.Thechar
act
eri
sti
csofpowergr
ipwi
tht
hoseofpr
eci
siongr
ip.
3.Themosteasi
lydi
srupt
edform ofpr
ecisi
onhandli
ngcausedi
nsomeonewi
thoutany
act
ivehandmuscul
atur
e;pr
e-r
equisi
tesforeach.

J.HI
PCOMPLEX: [7hour
s]

1.
Describethegeneralfeat
uresoft hehipj
ointincludingar t
icul
ati
ngsur f
aceofthe
pel
vi
s&t hefemur;angulat
ions;angl
eoft or
sion; i
nternalarchit
ectur
eofhipand
pel
vi
s; joi
ntcapsul
e.Ligament s&muscl es(flexors,extensors,onejoi
ntext
ensors,
twojointext
ensors,adductors,
rotat
orsandlat eralrotat
ors).

2.Descri
bethefunct
ionofhip—r otat
ionbet
weenpelv
is,
spineandhip;pelv
icmotion
—ant er
iorandposter
iorpel
vi
c,lumbarpel
vicr
hyt
hm, l
ater
alpel
vi
ct i
l
ting,pel
vi
c
rhyt
hm.

3.Summar
izet
hepel
vi
cmot
ionsi
nthest
ati
cer
ectpost
ure.

4.Descr
ibef
emor
almot
ion.

5.Descr
ibehi
pst
abi
l
ityi
ner
ectbi
l
ater
alst
ance,
sagi
tt
alequi
l
ibr
ium anduni
l
ater
al
st
ance.

73
 6.Descri
bereduct
ionoffor
cesandabnor
malit
ieswit
hwei
ghtshi
ft
ingandcaneand
devi
ati
onsfrom nor
malinmuscul
arweakness.

Descr
ibet
hefoll
owing:
1.Theart
icul
ati
ngsurf
acesoft
hepel
vi
sandf
emur
.
2.Thest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionoft
het
rabecul
arsy
stemsofpel
vi
sandf
emur
.
3.Thest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionoft
hel
i
gament
soft
hehi
p.
4.Theangl
eofi
ncl
i
nat
ionandt
heangl
eoft
orsi
on.
5.Theplanesandaxesofthefol
lowingpel
vicmoti
onsandtheaccompanyi
ngmot i
onsat
thelumbarspi
neandhipjoi
nts,pel
vicr
otati
on,
andanter
ior
,post
eri
orandlat
eral
til
ti
ng
ofthepelv
is.
6.Themuscl
eact
ivi
tyt
hatpr
oducest
il
ti
ngandr
otat
ionoft
hepel
vi
s.
7.Mot
ionsoft
hef
emuront
hepel
vi
sincl
udi
ngpl
anesandaxesofmot
ion.
8.Thest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionofal
lthemuscl
esassoci
atedwi
tht
hehi
pjoi
nt.
9.Thef
orcest
hatactont
heheadoff
emur
.
10.
Theposi
ti
onofgr
eat
estst
abi
l
ityatt
hehi
p.

Expl
aint
hefol
lowing:
1.Howsagit
talandfr
ont
alpl
aneequi
l
ibr
ium ar
emai
ntai
nedi
ner
ectbi
l
ater
alst
ance.
2.Howf
ront
alpl
aneequi
l
ibr
ium i
sachi
evedi
nuni
l
ater
alst
ance.
3.Howf
orceact
ingont
hef
emor
alheadmayber
educed.
4.Howthefunct
ionofthet
woj oi
ntmuscl
esatt
hehi
par
eaf
fect
edbychangesi
nthe
posi
ti
onofthekneeandhip.
5.Thef
unct
ional
andst
ruct
ural
rel
ati
onshi
pamongt
hehi
p,knee,
pel
vi
sandl
umbarspi
ne.

Compar et
hefoll
owing:
1.Forcesact
ingont hefemoralheadi
ner
ectbi
l
ater
alst
ancewi
tht
hef
orcesact
ingon
theheadinerectunil
ater
alst
ance.
2.Coxav
algawi
thcoxav
araont
hebasi
sofhi
pst
abi
l
ityandmobi
l
ity
.
3.Themotionsthatoccuratt
hehip,pel
visandlumbarspineduri
ngforwar
dtr
unk
bendi
ngwiththemot i
onsthatoccurduri
nganter
iorandposter
iort
il
ti
ngoft
hepel
vi
sin
theer
ectstandi
ngpositi
on.
4.Ant
erov
ersi
onwi
thr
etr
over
sionont
hebasi
sofhi
pst
abi
l
ityandmobi
l
ity
.
5.Thestr
uctureandfuncti
onofthefol
l
owingmuscl
es:
Flexor
sandext
ensor
s,abduct
ors
andadductors,
lat
eralandmedial
rot
ator
s.

K.THEKNEECOMPLEX: [9hour
s]

74
1.Describethestructuresofthetibi
ofemoralj
oint
,ar
ti
culat
ingsurfacesonfemurand
ti
bia,t
hemeni sci,j
ointcapsuleandbursae,li
gamentsandothersupporti
ngstruct
ures,
anteri
or,post
eri
or ,
medi alandlater
alstabi
li
tymuscl
esinvolv
ed;kneeflexors&
extensors:axesofkneecompl ex: mechani
calaxi
s,anat
omi caxisandaxisofmotion.
2.Describethefuncti
onsoftheti
biof
emoral
joi
nt:r angeofmotion:f
lexi
on,ext
ensi
on,
rotat
ion,abduct
ion,adducti
on,l
ocki
ngandunlocking;
funct
ionofmenisci
andmuscle
functi
on.
3.Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ureoft
hepat
ell
ofemor
alj
oint
.
4.Descr
ibet
hef
unct
ionoft
hepat
ell
ofemor
alj
oint
.
5.Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofi
njur
yanddi
seaseoft
het
ibi
ofemor
alandpat
ell
ofemor
alj
oint
s.

Descr
ibet
hef oll
owing:
-
1.Theart
iculat
ingsur
facesoft
ibi
ofemor
alandpat
ell
ofemor
alj
oint
s.
2.Thej
ointcapsul
e.
3.Theanat
omi
candmechani
cal
axesofknee.
4.Moti
onoft
hef
emor
alcondy
lesdur
ingf
lex
ionandext
ensi
oni
nacl
osedki
nemat
ic
chai
n.
5.Mot
ionoft
het
ibi
ainf
lexi
onandext
ensi
oni
nanopenki
nemat
icchai
n.

DRAW:
1.TheQangl
ewhengi
venani
l
lust
rat
ionoft
hel
owerext
remi
ty.
2.Momentar
m ofquadr
icepsatt
hef
oll
owi
ngdegr
eesofkneef
lexi
on:
90,
130,30and
10.
3.Theact
ionl
i
nesofv
ast
usl
ater
ali
sandt
hev
ast
usmedi
ali
sobl
i
que.

Locat
e:
1.Theori
ginsandi
nser
ti
onsoft
hemuscl
esatt
heknee.
2.Thebur
saesur
roundi
ngt
heknee.
3.Theat
tachment
soft
hel
i
gament
soft
hemedi
alandl
ater
alcompar
tment
s.

Ident
if
y:
1.Struct
uresthatcont
ri
but
etot
hemedi
alst
abi
l
ityoft
hekneei
ncl
udi
ngdy
nami
cand
st
ati
cstabi
l
izers.
2.St
ruct
uresthatcont
ri
but
etot
hel
ater
alst
abi
l
ityoft
hekneei
ncl
udi
ngdy
nami
cand
st
ati
cstabi
l
izers.
3.St
ruct
urethatcontr
ibut
etot
hepost
eri
orst
abi
l
ityoft
hekneei
ncl
udi
ngdy
nami
cand
st
ati
cstabi
li
zers.
4.St
ruct
uresthatcont
ri
but
etot
heant
eri
orst
abi
l
ityoft
hekneei
ncl
udi
ngdy
nami
cand
st
ati
cstabi
l
izers.

75
 5.St
ruct
urest
hatcont
ri
but
etot
her
otat
oryst
abi
l
ityofknee.
6.Thenor
mal
for
cesact
ingont
heknee.

Compare:
1. Thesimil
ari
ti
esanddi
ssi
mil
ari
ti
esi
nst
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionofkneeandel
bow
j
oints.
2. Thel
ater
alwi
tht
hemedi
almeni
scusont
hebasi
sofst
ruct
ureandf
unct
ion.
3. Thef
orcesont
hepat
ell
ofemor
alj
ointi
nful
lfl
exi
onwi
thf
ull
ext
ensi
on.
4. Theact
ionofquadr
icepsi
nanopenki
nemat
icchai
nwi
tht
hati
nacl
oseki
nemat
ic
chai
n.
5. Theeff
ect
ivenessofthehamstr
ingsaskneeflexor
sineachofthefol
lowi
nghi
p
posi
ti
ons:
-hy per
ext
ension,
tendegreesoff
lexionandf
ullf
lexi
on(openki
nemat
ic
chai
n)
6. Theeff
ect
ivenessoftherectusf
emori
sasakneeext
ensoratsi
xtydegr
eesofknee
fl
exi
onwit
hi t
seffect
ivenessatt
endegr
eesofkneef
lexi
on.

Expl
ain:

1. Thef
unct
ionsoft
hemeni
sci
.
2. Howat
earoft
hemedi
alcol
l
ater
all
i
gamentmayaf
fectj
ointf
unct
ion.
3. Thefunct
ionsoft
hesupr
apat
ell
ar,
gast
rocnemi
us,
inf
rapat
ell
arandpr
epat
ell
or
bur
sae.
4. Whyt
hesemi
fl
exedposi
ti
onoft
hekneei
sthel
eastpai
nful
posi
ti
on.
5. Whyt
hekneemaybemor
esuscept
ibl
etoi
njur
ythant
hehi
pjoi
nt.

L.THEANKLEFOOTCOMPLEX: [9hour
s]

1.Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ure,
li
gament
s,axi
sandf
unct
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
ankl
ejoi
nt,
ti
biofi
bul
arj
oints,
subtal
arj
oints,Tal
ocal
caneonav
icularj
oint
s,tr
ansver
setarsalj
oint
.
Tarsometat
arsalj
oint
,Pl
antararches,met
atar
sophalangealj
oint
s,I
nter
phalangeal
j
oints.

2. Descri
betheter
minologyuniquetotheankl
efootcomplex,
includinginversion,
ever
sion,pr
onat
ion,
supi nat
ion,
dorsi
fl
exi
on,pl
antarf
lexi
on,f
lexion,extension,
adducti
onandabduction.

Descr
ibe:
1. Thecompoundarti
cul
ationsoftheankl
e,subt
alar
,tal
ocal
caneonav
icul
ar,
transv
erse
tarsal
andt
arsometat
arsalj
oint
.
2. Ther
oleoft
het
ibi
ofi
bul
arj
oint
sandsuppor
ti
ngl
i
gament
s.
3. Thedegr
eesoff
reedom andr
angeofmot
ionav
ail
abl
eatt
hej
oint
soft
heankl
eand
thef
oot.

76
 4. Thesi
gni
fi
cantl
i
gament
sthatsuppor
ttheankl
e,subt
alarandt
ransv
erset
arsal
joi
nts.
5. Thet
ri
planarnat
ureofankl
ejoi
ntmot
ion.
6. Theart
icularmovement
sthatoccuri
nthewei
ght
-bear
ingsubt
alarj
ointdur
ing
i
nver
sion-ever
sion.
7. Ther
elati
onshipbet
weent
ibi
alr
otat
ionandsubt
alar/t
alocal
caneonav
icul
ar
i
nver
sion-
eversi
on.
8. Therelati
onshipbetweenhi
ndf
ooti
nver
sion—ev
ersi
onandmot
il
it
y-st
abi
l
ityoft
he
tr
ansversetarsalj
oint
.
9. Thefunct
ionsoft
het
arsomet
atar
sal
joi
nts,
incl
udi
ngwhen,
mot
ionatt
hesej
oint
sis
cal
ledupon.
10.Supi
nat
ion—pr
onat
ionoft
hef
oref
ootatt
het
arsomet
atar
sal
joi
nts.
11.Di
str
ibut
ionofwei
ghtwi
thi
nthef
oot
.
12.Thestr
uctur
eandf
unct
ionoft
hepl
ant
arar
chesi
ncl
udi
ngt
hepr
imar
ysuppor
ti
ng
st
ruct
ure.
13.Muscl
essuppl
ement
ingpl
ant
arar
ch.
14.Theef
fect
soft
oeext
ensi
onont
hepl
ant
arar
ch.
15.Thegener
alf
unct
ionoft
heex
tri
nsi
cmuscl
esofankl
e&f
oot
.
16.Thegener
alf
unct
ionoft
hei
ntr
insi
cmuscl
esoff
oot
.

M.POSTURE: [
4hours]
1.Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofgravi
tyandi
ndi
cat
ethel
ocat
ionofthegrav
ityl
i
nei
nthe
sagi
tt
alpl
anei
nopti
malpostur
e.
2.Anal
ysethepost
urewithrespectt
otheopt
imal
ali
gnmentofj
oint
sint
heant
ero-
post
eri
orandlat
eral
views.

Descr
ibe:
1.Theposi
ti
onoft
hehi
p,kneeandankl
ejoi
ntsi
nopt
imal
erectpost
ure.
2.Thepositi
onofbody
sgr
avi
tyl
i
nei
nopt
imal
erectpost
ureusi
ngappr
opr
iat
epoi
ntsof
ref
erence.
3.Theef
fect
sofgr
avi
tat
ional
mov
ement
sonbodysegment
sinopt
imal
erectpost
ure.
4.Thegrav
itat
ionalmov ementsact
ingar
oundt
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn,
pel
vi
s,hi
p,kneeand
ankl
einopti
mal erectpost
ure.
5.Muscl
esandli
gamentousst
ruct
urest
hatcount
erbal
ancegr
avi
tat
ional
mov
ement
sin
opt
imaler
ectpost
ure.
6.Thefol
l
owingpostur
aldev
iat
ions:Pespl
anus,
hal
l
uxv
algus,
pescav
us,
idi
opat
hic
scol
i
osis,
kyphosi
sandlor
dosis.
7.Theef
fect
sofabov
epost
ural
dev
iat
ionsont
hebodyst
ruct
uresi
.e.
,l
igament
s,j
oint
s
andmuscl
es.

Det
ermi
ne:
77
 1.Howchangesinthel
ocat
ionoft
hebodysgravi
tyl
i
newi
l
lef
fectgr
avi
tat
ional
movementsact
ingar
oundspeci
fi
edj
ointaxes.
2.Howchangesi
ntheal
ignmentofbodysegment
swi
l
laf
fectei
thert
hemagni
tudeor
t
hedevi
ati
onofthegr
avit
ati
onal
mov ement
.
3.Howchangesi
nali
gnmentwi l
laf
fectsuppor
ti
ngst
ruct
uressuchasl
i
gament
s,j
oint
capsul
es,
muscl
es,andj
ointsurf
aces.
N.GAIT: [4hours]
Defi
ne:
1.Thest
ance,
swinganddoubl
esuppor
tphasesofgai
t.
2.Thet
imeanddi
stancepar
amet
ersofgai
t.

Descr
ibe:
1.Jointmot
ionatt
hehi
p,kneeandankl
eforoneext
remi
tydur
ingagai
tcy
cle.
2.Thelocat
ionofl
ineofgr
avi
tyi
nrel
ati
ont
othehi
p,kneeandankl
edur
ingt
hest
ance
phasesofgai
t.
3.Thegr
avit
ati
onal
mov
ement
soff
orceact
ingatt
hehi
p,kneeandankl
edur
ingt
he
st
ancephase.
Expl
ain:
1. Muscleact
ivi
tyatthehip,
kneeandanklethr
oughoutt
hegaitcy
cle,
incl
udi
ngwhy
andwhenapar t
icularmuscl
eisact
iveandthety
peofcontr
acti
onrequi
red.
2.Ther
oleofeachoft
hedet
ermi
nant
sofgai
t.
3.Themuscl
eact
ivi
tyt
hatoccur
sint
heupperext
remi
tyandt
runk.

Compar
e:
1.Moti
onofupperext
remi
ti
esandt
runkwi
thmot
ionofpel
vi
sandl
owerext
remi
ti
es.
2.Thet
radi
ti
onal
gai
tter
minol
ogywi
tht
henewt
ermi
nol
ogy
.
3.Normalgai
twi
thagai
tinwhi
cht
her
eisaweaknessoft
hehi
pext
ensor
sand
abduct
ors.
4.Nor
mal
gai
twi
thagai
tinwhi
cht
her
eisunequal
lengt
hofl
eg.

Ref
erences:
-
1.TextBookofBi omechani
cs—Cy nt
hiaNorkin.
2.ThePhy si
ologyofthej
oint
s(Vol
umeI ,
II
,II
I)-IAKapandj
i
.
3.Clini
cal
Kinesiol
ogyandAnatomy-Lynn.S.Lipper
t.

78
 ELECTROTHERAPY
(
LOW ANDMEDIUM FREQUENCY)

Examinat
ionattheendof2ndYear I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:-200
I1.Theoryinter
nal—20Mar ks
2.Theoryexaminat
ion—80mar ks

I
I.1.Pr
acticali
nter
nal-20Marks
2.Practi
calexaminati
on—60Mar
ks
3.Orals -20Mar ks

PART—I
BASI
CPHYSI
CS

A.STATI
CELECTRI CITY [8hour
s]
1.Structureofmat ter
2.Structureofat om
3.Theor i
esofel ectr
ici
ty
4.Product ionofelectr
icalchar
ge
5.Char actersofchargedbody
6.Potent i
al andcapacity

B.CURRENTELECTRI
CITY [8hour
s]
1.El
ectri
ccur rent
2.Resi
stances: seriesandpar
all
el
3.Regulat
ionofi ntensit
y
4.El
ectri
cal energyandpower
5.Thermal effectandelect
ri
ccurr
ent

C.CHEMI
CALEFFECTSOFCURRENTS [8hour
s]
1.Ionsandcompounds

79
 2.Behaviorofmetal
sinsol
uti
on
3.Producti
onofEMF
4.Cell
sinseriesandpar
all
el

D.MAGNETISM ANDMETERS [8hour

s]
1.Nat ureofmagnets
2.Magnet icef
fectofanel
ectr
iccur
rent
3.Mov i
ngcoilmil
l
iammeter
4.Vol tmeter
E.ELECTROMAGNETI CI NDUCTION [8hour
s]
1.Pr
incipl
es
2.St
atictr
ansformers

F.CONDENSER [8hour
s]
1.Potent
ialandcapaci
ty
2.Capacit
orandconstr
ucti
on
3.El
ectri
cfiel
d

G.MAI
NSUPPLY [8hour
s]
1.Pr
oducti
on
2.Wir
ingofhouses

PART—I I
LOW FREQUENCY

A.DCFORTREATMENT [8hour
s]
1.Cellbattery
2.Rectifi
cati
onofAC
3.DCf ortreatment
4.Careofappar atus
5.Surging

B.FARADI
CANDSINUSOIDALAPPARATUS [4hour
s]
1.Faradiccurr
entandcoi
l
s
2.Sinusoidal
curr
ents

C.ELECTRI
CSHOCK [6hours]
1.Causes
2.Earthshock
3.Burns-electri
cal,
chemical
4.Preventionsandmanagement .
D.ELECTRICALSTI
MULATI ONOFNERVEANDMUSCLE [10hours]
1.Muscl econt r
acti
on
2.Durati
onofst i
mulus
3.Frequency
E.FARADICANDSINUSOIDALCURRENTS [12hour
s]
1.Physiologicalandther
apeuti
ceffect
s
2.Technique
80
 3.Methodsofappli
cati
on
F.MODI
FIEDDC [12hour
s]
1.Modifi
cati
onofDC
2.Therapeut
icef
fect
s
3.Methodsandtechni
ques

G.ELECTRI
CALREACTI
ONS [
12hour
s]
1.Changesinel
ect
ri
cal
react
ions
2.FGtest
3.SDcurve
4.EMG,NCV

H.CONSTANTDC [8hour
s]
1.Therapeuti
ceff
ects
2.Cathodalandanodalgal
vani
sm
3.Technique

I
.IONI
SATI
ON [8hour
s]
1.Theori
es
2.Eff
ects
3.Techni
ques
4.Surgi
cali
oni
zat
ion.

J.ELECTROANALGESIA [20hour
s]
1.Pain—def ini
ti
on
2.Acute/chr oni
cpain
3.Theoriesofpai n:
specif
ici
ty,summati
on,pat
ter
ntheor
ies.
4.Paingat emechani sm
5.Descendi ngpainsuppressionmechani
sm
6.TENS
7.TypesofTENS
8.Paramet ers
9.Dosage
10.
Indi
cations
11.
Contraindicati
ons
12.
Danger s

PART—III
MEDIUM FREQUENCY

A.TypesofMedi
um fr
equencycur
rent
sandchar act
eri
sti
csofdi
ff
erent medi
um
f
requencycurr
ent
s(ampl
it
ude,dur
ati
onandfrequency
) [
20hours]

B.I
nter
fer
ent
ial
Ther apy [24hour
s]
1.Introducti
on
2.Principl
es
3.Phy siol
ogicalef
fect
s
4.Indicati
ons
5.Cont rai
ndicat
ions
6.Dosage
81
 7.Methodsofappl
i
cat
ions
8.Dangers

Ref
erences:
-

1.ElectrotherapyExplained—JosephKahn.
2.ClaytonsEl ectr
otherapy.
3.Eletr
ot herapyExplai
ned-LowandReed
4. Basi
csofEl ectr
otherapy-SubhashKhat
ri
5.Electrotherapy-S.Kitchen.

82
 ELECTROTHERAPY—HI
GHFREQUENCY
Examinati
onsatt heendof2ndYear *I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:-
200
I
.1.Theor yint
ernal—20Mar ks
2.Theoryexamination—80marks
I
I.1.Pract
icali
nternal-20Marks
2.Practi
calexami nati
on—60Mar ks
3.Orals -20Mar ks

PART—I
BASI
CPHYSI
CS: [1hour
]
A.Def
ineel
ect
ri
ci
ty:
Discussi
tspr
oper
ti
esbr
ief
ly.
1.Descr
ibethe2typesofelect
ri
cit
y—stat
ic,
cur
rent
.
2.Cel
lbatt
ery,el
ect
ri
calenergyandpower

B.Magnet
ism;
Discussbr
ief
ly: [2hour
s]
1.Nat
ure-
mol
ecul
art
heor
y
2.Magnet
icef
fectofanel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
3.Pr
oper
ti
es

C.Def
ineel
ect
romagnet
ici
nduct
ion.Di
scuss: [2hour
s]
1.EMF
2.Pr
inci
plesofDy
namo
3.Pr
inci
ples,
const
ruct
ion&t
ypesoft
ransf
ormer
s
4.Chokecoi
l
.

D.Condenser
s.Def
ineanddi
scuss: [2hour
s]
1.Pr
inci
ples
2.Measur
ement
3.Fact
orsdet
ermi
ningcapaci
ty
4.Const
ruct
ion
5.Fi
eldbet
weencondenser
s
6.Char
ginganddi
schar
ging
7.Di
schar
get
hroughi
nduct
ance&capaci
ti
ver
esi
stance.

E. Recti
fi
ers [2hour s]
1.Typesofrecti
fi
ers
 Valverectif
ier
s-di
odevalve,t
ri
odeval
ve—const r
ucti
on,
funct
ion
 Met al
rectif
iers—const
ructi
on&funct
ionofrectif
ier
s
2.Typesofrecti
fi
cation—halfwave&f ul
lwaver
ecti
fi
cation
3.Smootheningcircuit

83
 F.Explai
nwi
thdi
agr
am t
hewor
kinganduseoft
hefuseandgr
id,
swi
tchandr
ever
sal
switch [2hour
s]
G.Di
scussthevari
ousdev
icesusedi
nregul
ati
ngi
ntensi
tyofcur
rent
.—r
heost
at
andpot
enti
aldi
vider [1hour]
H.Def
ineosci
l
lat
ion.Whati
s“capaci
tance”and“
induct
ance”? [1hour
]
Gi
veanexampl
eofanosci
l
lat
ingsy
stem:
1.Whati
sthef
requencyofosci
l
lat
ionandhowi
sitcal
cul
atedi
nbr
ief
?
2.Whatdoy
oumeanbydampi
ngofosci
l
lat
ion?
3.Howdoest
ransf
erofener
gybet
ween2ci
rcui
tst
akepl
ace?

I
.Phy
sicsofheat&Radi
ati
on [2hour
s]
1.Heat&t
emper
atur
e
2.Phy
sical
eff
ect
sofheat
3.Tr
ansmi
ssi
onofheat
4.Radi
antener
gy
5.El
ect
romagnet
icspect
rum
6.Lawsgov
erni
ngr
adi
ati
ons
7.Ref
lect
ors
8.I
nver
sesquar
elaw
PART—I
I
HI
GHFREQUENCY:
I
.SHORTWAVEDI
ATHERMY: [
30hour
s]
A.
PROPERTIESOFH. F.CURRENTS
1.Sust
ainedandunsustai
ned.
2.Dampedandundamped
3.I
mpedance
4.Def
ineNodesandAnt
inodes.Expl
ain,
wit
hexampl
es,
thef
iel
dssetupet
c.
5.Def
inewav
elengt
h.

B.TYPESOFHI
GHFREQUENCYCURRENTS(
INBRI
EF)

C.PRODUCTI
ONOFH.
F.CURRENTS;
1.Pr
inci
ples
2.Const
ruct
ionofappar
atuswi
thdi
agr
am.
3.Tuni
ngofmachi
ne.
4.Regul
ati
onofcur
rent
.
D.
METHODS:

84
 1.Condenserf
iel
d
2.Cabl
emet
hod.
3.Ef
fect
sof2f
iel
ds.
E.
PHYSI
OLOGI
CALANDTHERAPEUTI
CEFFECTSOFS.
W.D.

F.
TECHNI
QUEOFAPPLI
CATI
ON:
1.Test
ingmachi
ne.
2.Pr
epar
ati
onofpat
ient
.
3.Ty
pesofel
ect
rodes
4.Posi
ti
onandsi
zeofel
ect
rodes
5.Sel
ect
ionofel
ect
rode-el
ect
rost
ati
cfi
eld&el
ect
romagnet
icf
iel
d
6.El
ect
rost
ati
cfi
eld—spaci
ngneed&t
ypes
Apposi
ti
on
Si
zeofel
ect
rode
Appl
i
cat
ion
7.El
ect
romagnet
icf
iel
d—Cabl
emet
hodofappl
i
cat
ions
8.Dosage
G. PULSEDELECTROMAGNETI
CENERGY [
1hour
]
H.DANGERSANDPRECAUTI
ONS.
I
.INDI
CATI
ONSANDCONTRA-
INDI
CATI
ONS.
I
I.MI
CROWAVEDI
ATHERAMY(
M.W.
): [10hour
s]
A.1.PRODUCTI
ON—EXPLAI
NWI
THDI
AGRAM
2.Expl
ainhowt
hemagnet
ronwor
kswi
thi
n.
3.Appl
i
cat
ionofM.
W.
4.Phy
siol
ogi
cal
eff
ect
s
5.Ther
apeut
icef
fect
s.
B.TECHNI
QUEOFAPPLI
CATI
ON—DOSAGE(
INDETAI
L)
C.I
NDI
CATI
ONS&CONTRA—I
NDI
CATI
ONS.
D.DANGERS.

PART—I
II
ACTI
NOTHERAPY
I
.INFRAREDRAYS: [
15hour
s]
A.1.I
.R.WAVELENGTHANDFREQUENCY.
85
 2.Ty
pesofgener
ator
sandt
hei
rwor
king.
3.Physiol
ogi
caleff
ects.
4.Therapeut
iceff
ectsanduses.

B.TECHNI
QUEOFI
RRADI
ATI
ON.
1.Choi
ceofappar
atus
2.Pr
epar
ati
onofpat
ient
3.Ar
rangementofl
amp
4.Appl
i
cat
ionoft
reat
ment
5.Dur
ati
onandf
requency
.
C.BRI
EFLYDI
SCUSSDANGERS
D.I
NDI
CATI
ONS&CONTRA—I
NDI
CATI
ONS.
E.THERAPEUTI
CUSES—I
TSPHYSI
OLOGI
CALEFFECTS.

I
I.ULTRAVI
OLETRADI
ATI
ON: [30hour
s]
A.PHYSI
CS
1.El
ect
ri
car
c
2.Pr
ocessofi
oni
zat
ion.
3.Tr
ansmi
ssi
onofcur
rentt
hroughgases.
4.Ty
pesofl
amps

B CONSTRUCTI
ONOFLAMPS
1.Hi
ghpr
essur
emer
cur
yvapourl
amps
2.Kr
omay
erl
amp
3.Tr
idy
mit
efor
mat
ion.
4.Cool
i
ng
5.Spect
rum —mer
cur
yvapourl
amp(
inbr
ief
)
6.Fl
uor
escentt
ubef
orU.
V.Pr
oduct
ion.
7.PUVAappar
atus
8. Car
eofl
amp
C.
PHYSI
OLOGI
CALANDTHERAPEUTI
CEFFECTS—I
NDETAI
L;PHOTO-
SENSI
TIZATI
ON—
INBRI
EF
DI
NDI
CATI
ON,
CONTRAI
NDI
CATI
ONANDDANGERS.
E. TECHNI
QUEOFAPPLI
CATI
ON;
1.Testdose
2.Local
treat
ment

86
 3.Gener
ali
rr
adi
ati
on
4.Tr
eat
ment
F.CONDI
TIONS(
COMMON)I
NWHI
CHABOVETREATMENTI
SGI
VEN
G.SENSI
TISERS(
INBRI
EF)
H.FI
LTERS
I
.COMPARI
SONBETWEENI
.R.&U.
V.
I
II
.LASER: [10hour
s]
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
2.Char
act
ers
3.Pr
oduct
ion
4.Ty
pes
5.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion
6.Phy
siol
ogi
cal
eff
ect
s
7.Ther
apeut
icef
fect
s
8.Pr
inci
plesandt
echni
quesofappl
i
cat
ions
9.Dosage
10.
Indi
cat
ions
11.
Cont
rai
ndi
cat
ions

PART—I
V
HEAT&COLDTHERAPY [20hour
s]
A)THERAPEUTI
CCONDUCTI
ONHEATI
NG
1.Gener
alpr
inci
ples
2.Ther
mal
regul
ator
ymechani
sm
3.Phy
siol
ogi
cal
regul
ati
on
4.Phy
siol
ogi
cal
eff
ect
sofl
ocal
tissueheat
ing
5.Si
tesoft
issueheat
ing
6.Bur
ns
7.Par
aff
inwaxbat
h
8.Hy
drocol
l
atorpacks
9.Hy
drot
her
apy
10.
Heat
edai
rtr
eat
ment
11.
Flui
dot
her
apy
87
 12.
Elect
ri
cheat
ingpads
13.
Phy
siol
ogi
cal
&ther
apeut
icef
fect
sofsuper
fi
cial
heat
ing
14.
Indi
cat
ions/cont
rai
ndi
cat
ions

B)CRYOTHERAPY [20hour
s]
1. Phy
siol
ogi
cal
changesduet
ocool
i
ngoft
heski
n
2.Ther
apeut
icusesofcol
d
3.Met
hodsofappl
i
cat
ion
4.Cont
rast
ingheat&col
dtr
eat
ment
5.Vapocool
antspr
ays—cr
yoki
net
ics&cr
yost
ret
ch
6.Danger
s&cont
rai
ndi
cat
ions

PART—V
ULTRASONI
CTHERAPY [40hour
s]
A.Whati
sU.
S.Ther
apy
B.Expl
ainwi
tht
heai
dofdi
agr
am t
hepr
oduct
ionofU.
S.Wav
esandPi
ezoEl
ect
ri
c
Eff
ect.
C.Thr
eePr
oper
ti
esofU.
S.Wav
esi
ndet
ail
1)Ref
lect
ion
2)Tr
ansmi
ssi
onand
3)Absor
pti
on
D.Proper
ti
esoful
tr
asoni
cfi
eld/dept
hofpenet
rat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
o(a)i
ntensi
tyand(
b)
fr
equency.
E.Ef
fect
sont
issues:
1 Ther
mal
2 Mechani
cal
3 Chemi
cal
andbi
ologi
cal
4 Ef
fect
soful
tr
asoundoni
nfl
ammat
ion&r
epai
rpr
ocess
FCoupl
i
ngMedi
a
G.ModeofU.
S—pul
sedandcont
inuousmode.
H.Ther
apeut
icusesofU.
S
I
.Techni
quesofappl
i
cat
ion:
1 Met
hod
i
.Di
rectcont
act
i
iWat
erbat
h
88
 i
i
iWat
erbag
2.
Dosagei
nacut
eandchr
oni
ccondi
ti
ons
3.Test
ingofappar
atus.
J. Danger
s
K. I
ndi
cat
ions&cont
ra—i
ndi
cat
ions.

L.Phonophor
esi
s,dr
ugsusedi
nphonophor
esi
s&i
tsappl
i
cat
ion

PART—VI
TRACTI
ON [10hour
s]

1. Ef
fect
sofspi
nal
tract
ion
2. Ty
pes
3. Appl
i
cat
iont
echni
ques
4. I
ndi
cat
ions
5. Adv
erseef
fect
sofspi
nal
tract
ion
6. Cont
rai
ndi
cat
ions
7. Pr
ecaut
ions
Ref
erences:
-

1.ElectrotherapyExplained—JosephKahn.
2.ClaytonsEl ectr
otherapy.
3.Eletr
ot herapyExplai
ned-LowandReed.
4.BasicsofEl ect
rot
herapy-SubhashKhatri
.
5.Electrotherapy-S.Kitchen.
6. Physical AgentsinRehabil
it
ati
on-Michel
leCamer
oon.

89
THI
RDYEAR

90
 GENERALMEDI
CINE,
PHARMACOLOGY&PEDI
ATRI
CS
PART—A
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:75+30+50hour
s
Mar
ks:Theor
y—40,
IA—10.
GENERALMEDI
CINE:
A.
INFECTI
ONS:

Out
li
net
heet
iol
ogy
,modeofspr
ead,
cli
nical
feat
ures,
diagnosi
s,managementandpr
event
ion
oft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfect
ions:
a.Vi
ral
—Japaneseencephal
i
tis,
chi
kunguny
aandr
elat
edv
iral
art
hri
ti
s,her
pessi
mpl
ex,
v
ari
cel
l
a,Measl
es,
Rubel
l
a,hepat
it
isB,
hepat
it
isCandHI
Vinf
ect
ions.

b.Bact
eri
al—Hansensdi
seaseandt
etanus.

c.Par
asi
ti
c—Fi
l
ari
asi
s.

B.
HEMATOLOGY:

Out
li
net
heet
iol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
ures,
diagnosi
sandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
sor
der
s:
a.I
ron,
fol
i
caci
dandB12def
ici
encyanemi
a.

b.Bl
eedi
ngandcl
ott
ingdi
sor
der
swi
thaspeci
alst
ressonhemophi
l
ia.

C.
CARDI
OVASCULARDI
SEASES:

Out
li
net
heet
iol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
ures,
diagnosi
sandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
sor
der
s:
a.Hear
tfai
l
ure.

b.Rheumat
icf
ever
.

c.I
nfect
iveendocar
dit
is.

d.I
schemi
chear
tdi
sease.

e.Hy
per
tensi
on.

f
. Congeni
tal
hear
tdi
seases:
ASD,
VSD,
Fal
l
otsTet
ral
ogy
,PDA

g.Pul
monar
yembol
i
sm,
deepv
eint
hrombosi
s,pul
monar
yinf
arct
ion.

h.Per
ipher
alv
ascul
ardi
seases.

91
D.
RESPI
RATORYDI
SEASES:

Out
li
net
heet
iol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
ures,
diagnosi
sandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
sor
der
s:
a.Commoncondi
ti
onsl
i
kebr
onchi
ti
s,pneumoni
a,t
uber
cul
osi
s,br
onchi
ect
asi
s,
emphy
semaandl
ungabscess.

b.Pl
eur
aldi
seasesl
i
kepl
eur
alef
fusi
on,
empy
ema,
pneumot
hor
axandhy
dro-
pneumot
hor
ax.

c.Obst
ruct
iveai
rwaydi
seasesl
i
kebr
onchi
alast
hma,
COPDandcy
sti
cfi
brosi
s.

d.I
nter
sti
ti
all
ungdi
seases.

e.Occupat
ional
lungdi
seases.

f
. Chestwal
ldef
ormi
ti
es:
funnel
chest
,pi
geonchest
,bar
rel
chest
,ky
phoscol
i
osi
sof
t
hor
aci
cspi
ne.

g.I
ntr
oduct
iont
oint
ensi
ver
espi
rat
orycar
e.

E.DI
SORDERSOFBONE,
JOI
NTANDCONNECTI
VETI
SSUES:

1.Br
iefi
ntr
oduct
iont
oconcept
sofaut
oimmunedi
sease.

2.Def
inesy
stemi
clupuser
ythemat
osus,
pol
ymy
osi
ti
s,der
mat
omy
osi
ti
s,
pol
yar
ter
it
isnodosa,
andscl
eroder
ma.

3.Rheumat
oidar
thr
it
is—Descr
ibeet
iol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
uresandcompl
i
cat
ions,
drug
t
her
apyandnonphar
macol
ogi
cal
ther
apy
.

4.Ost
eoar
thr
it
is—Descr
ibeet
iol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
uresandcompl
i
cat
ionsandr
evi
ew
nonst
eroi
dal
ant
i—i
nfl
ammat
orydr
ugsandst
eroi
ds.

F.RENALDI
SEASES:

1.Def
ineandbr
ief
lyout
li
neacut
eandchr
oni
crenal
fai
l
ure.

2.Ur
inar
ytr
acti
nfect
ion:
pat
hogenesi
s.Out
li
necommoncl
i
nical
compl
i
cat
ionspr
oduced
byUTI
.

92
G.
METABOLI
CDI
SEASES:

Out
li
net
heet
iol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
ures,
diagnosi
sandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
sor
der
s:
Di
abet
esmel
l
itus,
obesi
tyanddi
sor
der
sofcal
cium met
abol
i
sm.
H.
GERI
ATRI
CS:

Li
stdi
seasescommonl
yencount
eredi
ntheel
der
lypopul
ati
onandt
hei
rrol
eincausi
ng
di
sabi
l
ity
:hy
per
tensi
on,
ischemi
chear
tdi
sease,
cer
ebr
ovascul
aracci
dent
s,beni
gnpr
ost
ati
c
hy
per
plasi
a,cat
aract
s,ot
hercausesoff
all
i
ngv
isi
on,
Alzhei
mer
sdi
sease.
Ref
erences:
-
1.Pr
inci
plesandPr
act
iceofMedi
cine—Dav
idson.

2.Medi
cinef
orst
udent
sandPr
act
it
ioner
s—K.
Chaudhur
y.

93
 PHARMACOLOGY
I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:30
I
ntr
oducet
hest
udent
stobasi
cphar
macol
ogyofv
ari
ouscommonmedi
cat
ionsusedandt
hei
r
ef
fect
sonpat
ient
satr
estanddur
ingphy
sical
act
ivi
ty.
I
. Gener
alPhar
macol
ogy
:

a.Ter
minol
ogy(
def
ini
ti
ons)

b.Rout
esofdr
ugadmi
nist
rat
ion

c.Phar
macoki
net
ics.(
bri
ef)

d.Phar
macody
nami
cs

e.Adv
ersedr
ugef
fect
s.(
react
ion)

f
. Tr
eat
mentofdr
ugpoi
soni
ng

I
I. Dr
ugact
ingonANS:

a.Chol
i
ner
gicdr
ugs

b.Ant
i-
chol
i
ner
gicdr
ugs

c.Adr
ener
gicdr
ugs

d.Ant
i-
adr
ener
gicdr
ugs

I
II
. Dr
ugsact
ingonper
ipher
alner
voussy
stem:

a.Skel
etal
muscl
erel
axant
s

b.Local
anest
het
ics

I
V. Dr
ugsact
ingonCNS:

a.Anest
het
ics

b.Ant
i-
epi
l
ept
ics

c.Ant
i-
par
kinsoni
sm dr
ugs

d.Ant
ipsy
chot
ics

94
 V. Dr
ugsact
ingonr
espi
rat
orysy
stem:

a.Dr
ugsusedf
orcoughandast
hma

VI
. Dr
ugsact
ingonCVS:

a.Ant
ihy
per
tensi
vedr
ugs

b.Ant
i-
angi
nal
andmy
ocar
dial
inf
arct
iondr
ugs

c.Dr
ugsusedt
otr
eatCHF(
congest
ivehear
tfai
l
ure)

VI
I. Dr
ugef
fect
sofendocr
inesy
stem:

a.Gr
owt
hhor
mone

b.Thy
roi
dhor
mone

c.I
nsul
i
n

d.Cor
ti
cost
eroi
ds

VI
II
. Chemot
her
apy
:

a.Peni
ci
ll
i
n

b.Qui
nol
ones

c.Ant
iT.
B.dr
ugs

d.Ant
ilepr
oti
cs

e.Ant
imal
ari
aldr
ugs

I
X. Ot
her
s

a.Di
uret
ics

b.Ant
iemet
ics

Ref
erences:
1.Phar
macol
ogyf
orPhy
siot
her
api
st-K.
AshokShenoy
&KVRamesh

95
2.TextBookPhar
macol
ogyf
orPhy
siot
her
api
st-Padmaj
aUdayKumar
.

3.TextbookofPhar
macol
ogy—Tr
ipat
i.

4.I
ll
ust
rat
edPhar
macol
ogy—Li
ppi
ncot
t.

96
 PAEDI
ATRI
CS
I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:50
1.Descr
ibet
hegr
owt
handdev
elopmentofachi
l
dfr
om bi
rt
hto12y
ear
s,i
ncl
udi
ng
phy
sical
,soci
al,
adapt
ivedev
elopment
.

2.Li
stt
hemat
ernal
andneonat
alf
act
orscont
ri
but
ingt
ohi
ghr
iskpr
egnancyandt
he
neonat
e;i
nher
it
eddi
seases;
mat
ernal
inf
ect
ion-v
iral
andbact
eri
al;
mat
ernal
diseases
i
nci
dent
alt
opr
egnancy
,suchasgest
ati
onal
diabet
es,
pregnancy
-i
nducedhy
per
tensi
on;
chr
oni
cmat
ernal
diseasessuchashear
tdi
sease,
renal
fai
l
ure,
tuber
cul
osi
s,di
abet
es,
epi
l
epsy
,bl
eedi
ngi
nthemot
heratanyt
ri
mest
er.

Appr
opr
iat
emanagementofhi
ghr
iskpr
egnanci
es,
prev
ent
ionofneonat
alandpost
nat
al
i
nfect
ions,
met
abol
i
cpr
obl
ems,
out
li
nepr
event
ion.
3.Br
ief
lydescr
ibecommuni
typr
ogr
ammes:
Int
ernat
ional
(WHO)
,nat
ional
andl
ocal
for
pr
event
ionofpol
i
omy
eli
ti
s,bl
i
ndness,
deaf
ness,
ment
alr
etar
dat
ionand
hy
pot
hyr
oidi
sm.Out
li
net
hei
mmuni
zat
ionschedul
eforchi
l
dren.

4. Cer
ebr
alPal
sy:
Def
ineandbr
ief
lyout
li
nepr
enat
al,
per
inat
alandpost
nat
alet
iol
ogy
,
br
ief
lyment
ionpat
hogenesi
s,t
ypesofcer
ebr
alpal
sy(
classi
fi
cat
ion)
,fi
ndi
ngson
exami
nat
ion:
gener
alexami
nat
ion,
exami
nat
ionofC.
N.S.
,muscul
oskel
etal
syst
em,
r
espi
rat
orysy
stem,
gast
roi
ntest
inal
tractandnut
ri
ti
onal
stat
us.

Br
ief
lyout
li
neassoci
ateddef
ect
s:Ment
alr
etar
dat
ion,
micr
ocephal
y,bl
i
ndness,
hear
ingand
speechi
mpai
rment
s,squi
ntandconv
ulsi
ons.Br
ief
lyout
li
net
reat
mentandpr
event
ion.
5.Muscul
ardy
str
ophy
:out
li
nev
ari
ousf
orms,
modesofi
nher
it
anceandcl
i
nical
mani
fest
ati
on;
phy
sical
findi
ngsi
nrel
ati
ont
odi
sabi
l
iti
es,
progr
essi
onofv
ari
ousf
orms
andpr
ognosi
s.Descr
ibet
reat
mentgoal
sinf
atal
andnonf
atal
for
ms.

6.Spi
nabi
fi
da,
meni
ngomy
elocel
e:Out
li
nedev
elopment
;cl
i
nical
feat
ures-
lowerl
i
mbs,
bl
adderandbowel
cont
rol
;compl
i
cat
ions-U.
T.I
.&hy
drocephal
us;
medi
cal
treat
ment
andsur
gical
treat
ment
.

7.St
il
lsdi
sease:
Classi
fi
cat
ion,
pat
hol
ogyi
nbr
ief
,phy
sical
findi
ngs,
cour
se&pr
ognosi
s.
Out
li
net
reat
ment
,pr
event
ionandcor
rect
ionofdef
ormi
ty.

8.Acut
eC.
N.S.i
nfect
ions:
Classi
fy(
bact
eri
alandv
iral
)andout
li
net
heacut
eil
l
ness,
C.N.
S.
sequel
ael
eadi
ngt
oment
alr
etar
dat
ion,
bli
ndness,
deaf
ness,
speechdef
ect
,mot
or
97
 par
aly
sis,
bladderandbowel
probl
ems,
sei
zur
edi
sor
derandspeci
fi
cpr
obl
emssuchas
subdur
alef
fusi
on,
hydr
ocephal
us,
pressur
esor
es,
feedi
ngdi
ff
icul
ti
es.

9.Nor
mal
dietofnewbor
nandchi
l
d:Li
stdi
etar
ycal
ori
es,
fat
,pr
otei
n,mi
ner
alandv
itami
n
r
equi
rementi
nanor
mal
chi
l
dandi
nachi
l
dwi
thmal
nut
ri
ti
on.Cl
assi
fyandout
li
ne
et
iol
ogy
,fi
ndi
ngsandt
reat
mentofRi
cket
s:Vi
tami
nDdef
ici
encyandVi
t.
Dresi
stant
r
icket
s.

10.
Lungi
nfect
ions:
Out
li
net
hecl
i
nical
findi
ng,
compl
i
cat
ionsandmedi
cal
treat
mentof
br
onchi
ect
asi
s,l
ungabscessandbr
onchi
alast
hma.

Ref
erence:
1.Essent
ial
sofPedi
atr
ics-O.
P.Ghai
.

2.Phy
siot
her
apyi
nPedi
atr
ics:
Shepher
d.

98
 GENERALSURGERY&OBSTETRI
CS&GYNECOLOGY
PART—B
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:50+20hour
s
Theor
yMar
ks:40+10I
A.
COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Thi
scour
secov
ersr
elev
antaspect
sofGener
alSur
ger
y,andGy
necol
ogy&Obst
etr
ics.
COURSEOBJECTI
VES:
Theobj
ect
iveoft
hiscour
sei
sthataf
ter70hour
sofl
ect
ures&demonst
rat
ions,
inaddi
ti
ont
o
cl
i
nics,
thest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
etodemonst
rat
eagener
alunder
standi
ngoft
hedi
seasest
hat
t
her
api
stswoul
dencount
eri
nthei
rpr
act
ice.Theyshoul
dhav
eabr
iefi
deaoft
heet
iol
ogyand
pat
hol
ogy
,pat
ient
ssy
mpt
omsandr
esul
tantf
unct
ional
disabi
l
ity
.Thi
swoul
dhel
pthe
candi
dat
est
ounder
standt
hel
i
mit
ati
onsi
mposedbyt
hedi
seasesonanyt
her
apyt
hatmaybe
pr
escr
ibed.
Par
ti
cul
aref
for
tist
obemadet
oav
oidov
er-
bur
deni
ngt
hest
udentwi
thcl
i
nical
signsand
di
agnost
icmet
hodsexcepti
ncer
tai
nspeci
fi
cdi
seasessuchasr
heumat
oidar
thr
it
is,
other
di
seasesofbonesandj
oint
s,di
seasesofr
espi
rat
ory
,car
diov
ascul
arandner
voussy
stems
r
equi
ri
ngspeci
fi
cat
tent
ionofphy
siot
her
api
st.
Br
oadout
li
neofgoal
sofphar
macol
ogi
cal
andsur
gical
ther
apyshoul
dbegi
veni
nthose
di
seasesi
nwhi
chphy
sical
ther
apywi
l
lbeani
mpor
tantcomponentofov
eral
ltr
eat
ment
.

99
 GENERALSURGERY&PLASTI
CSURGERY
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:50
1.Descr
ibeabdomi
nal
sur
gical
inci
sions.

2.Out
li
net
hepostoper
ati
vecompl
i
cat
ionsi
n:Nephr
ect
omy
,Appendi
cect
omy
,
Her
nior
rhaphy
,mast
ect
omy
,Thy
roi
dect
omy
,Col
ost
omy
,Adr
enal
ect
omy
,Cy
stect
omy
,
Hy
ster
ect
omy
,pr
ost
atect
omy
,Chol
ecy
stect
omy
,Il
eost
omy
.

3.Cl
assi
fybur
nsbydept
handsur
facear
ea;
out
li
net
hecauses,
medi
cal
management
andpr
ecaut
ionsi
ntheacut
est
age.

4.Li
stt
hepot
ent
ial
def
ormi
ti
esduet
obur
ns,
met
hodsofpr
event
ionandpr
ecaut
ions.
Ment
ioncosmet
icandf
unct
ional
treat
mentmeasur
es.

5.Out
li
net
hepl
ast
icsur
ger
ypr
ocedur
esandmanagementi
nrehabi
l
itat
ionofbur
ns,
i
ncl
udi
ngspl
i
nti
ngmet
hodsf
orcommondef
ormi
ti
esandpr
event
ionofbur
ns
cont
ract
ures.

Ref
erences:
-
1.Essent
ial
sofSur
ger
y-S.
B.Agar
wal
.

2.Bur
nCar
e-Dav
idNHemdon.

3.Textbookofgener
alsur
gical
condi
ti
ons:
Cash.

100
 OBSTETRI
CS&GYNAECOLOGY
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:20
1.Rev
iewt
heanat
omyoft
hef
emal
epel
vi
sandembr
yoni
candf
etal
dev
elopment
.

2.Out
li
net
hephy
siol
ogi
cal
skel
etal
changesdur
ingpr
egnancy
,del
i
ver
yandpost
par
tum
per
iod.

3.Descr
ibeanant
enat
alpr
ogr
ammei
npr
epar
ati
onf
orl
abour
.

4.Out
li
net
hemechani
sm ofl
abourandpost
nat
almanagementaf
ternor
mal
del
i
ver
y,
f
orcepsdel
i
ver
yandcaesar
iansect
ions.

5.Compl
i
cat
ionsofchi
l
dbi
rt
h—out
li
ne.

6.Out
li
net
hepr
e-di
sposi
ngf
act
orsofst
ressi
ncont
inenceandpr
olapseut
erus.

Ref
erences:
-
1.Phy
siot
her
apyi
nObst
etr
ics&Gy
necol
ogy-Pol
den

2.TextBookofPhy
siot
her
apyf
orObst
eri
candGy
necol
ogi
cal
condi
ti
ons-G.
B.Madhur
i

3.Phy
siot
her
apyi
nObst
etr
icandGy
necol
ogy-Ji
l
lMant
le.

101
 CLI
NICALORTHOPEDI
CS
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:125
Theor
y:100mar
ks(
80+20I
A)
COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Fol
l
owi
ngt
hebasi
csci
enceandcl
i
nical
sci
encecour
sest
hiscour
sei
ntr
oducest
hest
udent
s
t
otheor
thopedi
ccondi
ti
onswhi
chcommonl
ycausedi
sabi
l
ity
.Par
ti
cul
aref
for
tsi
stobe
madet
oav
oidbur
deni
ngt
hest
udentwi
thanydet
ail
per
tai
ningt
odi
agnosi
swhi
chwi
l
lnot
cont
ri
but
etot
hei
runder
standi
ngoft
hel
i
mit
ati
onsi
mposedbyor
thopedi
cpat
hol
ogyont
he
f
unct
ioni
ngoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.
COURSEOBJECTI
VES:
Theobj
ect
iveoft
hiscour
sei
sthataf
ter125hour
sofl
ect
ures&demonst
rat
ionsi
naddi
ti
ont
o
cl
i
nics,
thest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
etodemonst
rat
eanunder
standi
ngofor
thopedi
ccondi
ti
ons
causi
ngdi
sabi
l
ityandt
hei
rmanagement
.
Cour
seout
li
ne
A.I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOORTHOPEDI
CS:

I
ntr
oduct
iont
oor
thopedi
cter
minol
ogy
,commonor
thopedi
cdi
seasesdeal
twi
th,
cli
nical
exami
nat
ion,
commoni
nvest
igat
ions.
Radi
ologi
cal
andi
magi
ngt
echni
csi
nor
thopedi
cs.
B.PRI
NCI
PLESOFTREATMENTPROCEDURESI
NORTHOPEDI
CS:

1.Nonoper
ati
vepr
ocedur
es:

 Spl
i
nts

 Tr
act
ions

Thei
rindi
cat
ions,
usage,
li
mit
ati
ons.
2.Oper
ati
vepr
ocedur
es:
Listi
ndi
cat
ions,
cont
rai
ndi
cat
ions,
andbr
ief
lyOut
li
net
he
pr
inci
plesof

 Sof
tti
ssuer
eleaseoper
ati
ons

 Tendont
ransf
ers

 Ost
eot
omy

 Ar
thr
odesi
s

102
  Ar
thr
opl
ast
y(shoul
der
,hi
pandknespeci
all
y)

 Out
li
nesofar
thr
oscopi
cpr
ocedur
es

C.BASI
CKNOWLEDGEOFI
MPLANTS:

Wi
res,
pins,
nai
l
s,r
ods,
plat
eandscr
ews,
ext
ernal
fixat
orsandI
ll
i
zar
ovf
ixat
or.

D.FRACTURES&DI
SLOCATI
ONS:

Gener
alPr
inci
ples.
1.Fr
act
ures,
disl
ocat
ionsandsubl
uxat
ion—cl
assi
fi
cat
ionsoff
ract
ureswi
thr
espect
t
oet
iol
ogi
cal
fract
ures,
geomet
ry,
communi
cat
iont
otheenv
ironment
.

2.Gener
al&l
ocal
signs&sy
mpt
omsoff
ract
ures&di
slocat
ions.

3.Out
li
nesofmanagementpr
inci
plesoff
ract
ures&di
slocat
ions:
Reduct
ion
pr
ocedur
es—i
mmobi
l
izat
ionpr
ocedur
es—pl
ast
erofpar
isappl
i
cat
ionand
compl
i
cat
ions—f
unct
ional
castbr
aci
ng—v
ari
ousi
nter
nal
fixat
ions.

4.Out
li
neofpr
event
ion&t
reat
mentofcompl
i
cat
ionsoff
ract
uresi
ncl
udi
ngf
ract
ure
di
sease,
Vol
kmannsi
shcaemi
ccont
ract
ure,
Sudecksost
eody
str
ophy
,av
ascul
ar
necr
osi
s,st
if
fnessoft
hej
oint
sCar
pal
Tunnel
syndr
ome,
myosi
ti
sossi
fi
cans,
and
shoul
derhandsy
ndr
ome.

5.Fr
act
ureheal
i
ng—Fact
orsi
nfl
uenci
ngf
ract
ureheal
i
ng

E.UPPERLI
MBFRACTURES&DI
SLOCATI
ONS:

1.Enumer
ateal
lmaj
orl
ongbondf
ract
uresandj
ointi
njur
iesofupperl
i
mb.

2.Br
iefdescr
ipt
ionoft
hecl
i
nical
feat
ures,
pri
nci
plesofmanagementand
compl
i
cat
ionsshoul
dbel
i
mit
edt
othef
oll
owi
ngf
ract
ures:
Shoul
derdi
slocat
ions,
sur
gical
neckofhumer
usf
ract
ure,
fract
uregr
eat
ert
uber
osi
ty,
fract
ureshaf
tof
humer
us,
supr
acondy
larf
ract
urehumer
us,
elbowdi
slocat
ions,
mont
eggi
afr
act
ure,
f
orear
m bonef
ract
ures,
Col
l
esf
ract
ure,
scaphoi
dfr
act
ures.

F.LOWERLI
MBFRACTURES&DI
SLOCATIONS:
103
 1.Enumer
ateal
lmaj
orl
ongbonef
ract
uresandj
ointi
njur
iesofl
owerl
i
mb.

2.Br
iefdescr
ipt
ionoft
hecl
i
nical
feat
ures,
pri
nci
plesofmanagementand
compl
i
cat
ionsshoul
dbel
i
mit
edt
othef
oll
owi
ngf
ract
ures.Di
slocat
ionsoft
hehi
p,
i
ntr
acapsul
arf
ract
ureneckoff
emur
,ext
racapsul
arf
ract
ureneckoff
emur
,fr
act
ure
shaf
toff
emur
,supr
acondy
larf
ract
uref
emur
,fr
act
urepat
ell
a,condy
larf
ract
uresof
l
owerendoff
emurandupperendoft
ibi
a,f
ract
ureshaf
toft
ibi
a,ankl
efr
act
ures,
f
ract
ureoft
hecal
caneum andf
ract
ur he5thmet
eoft atar
sal
bone.

G.SPI
NALFRACTURESANDDI
SLOCATI
ONS:

Out
li
net
hemechani
sm,
cli
nical
feat
ures,
pri
nci
plesofmanagementandcompl
i
cat
ionsof
spi
nal
inj
uri
es.
H.HANDI
NJURI
ES:

Out
li
net
hecl
i
nical
feat
ures,
managementandcompl
i
cat
ionsof
:ski
nandsof
tti
ssuei
njur
y,
t
endoni
njur
y,boneandj
ointi
njur
y—Bennet
sfr
act
ure—mal
l
etf
inger
.
I
. RECURRENTDI
SLOCATI
ONS:

Out
li
net
hemechani
sm,
cli
nical
feat
ures,
pri
nci
plesofmanagementandcompl
i
cat
ionsof
r
ecur
rentdi
sl
ocat
ionoft
heshoul
derandpat
ell
a.
J.PERI
PHERALNERVEI
NJURI
ES:

Out
li
net
hecl
i
nical
feat
uresandmanagement
,incl
udi
ngr
econst
ruct
ivesur
ger
yon:
1.Radi
al,
medi
anandul
narner
vel
esi
ons.

2.Sci
ati
candl
ater
alpopl
i
teal
ner
vel
esi
ons.

3.Br
achi
alpl
exusi
njur
iesi
ncl
udi
ngEr
bs,
Klumpkescr
utchpal
sy.

K.AMPUTATI
ONS:

1.Cl
assi
fyamput
ati
ons,
li
sti
ndi
cat
ionsf
orsur
ger
y.

2.Out
li
nepr
e-oper
ati
ve,
oper
ati
veandpr
ost
het
icmanagement
.

3.Out
li
nepr
event
ionandt
reat
mentorcompl
i
cat
ions.
104
 L.BONE&JOI
NTI
NFECTI
ONS:

Out
li
net
heet
iol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
ures,
managementandcompl
i
cat
ionsof
:
 Acut
eost
eomy
eli
ti
s

 Chr
oni
cost
eomy
eli
ti
s

 Sept
icar
thr
it
is

 Tuber
cul
osi
sofhi
p,kneeandspi
ne

M.BONE&JOI
NTTUMORS:

Gener
alaccountofcl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
cli
nical
feat
uresandmanagementofbeni
gnandmal
i
gnant
bonet
umour
s.Onl
ygener
alpr
inci
plesar
etobegi
ves;
studyofspeci
fi
cindi
vi
dual
bone
t
umour
sisnotessent
ial
.
N.CHRONI
CARTHRI
TIS:

Out
li
net
hepat
hol
ogy
,cl
i
nical
feat
ures,
mechani
sm ofdef
ormi
ti
es,
managementand
compl
i
cat
ionsof
:Rheumat
oidar
thr
it
is,
Ost
eoar
thr
it
isofmaj
orj
oint
sandspi
ne,
Anky
losi
ngt
spondy
li
ti
s.
O.SPI
NALDEFORMI
TIES:

Cl
assi
fyspi
nal
def
ormi
ti
esandout
li
net
hesal
i
entcl
i
nical
feat
ures,
managementand
compl
i
cat
ions.
P.POLI
OMYELI
TIS:

Out
li
net
hemanagementofr
esi
dual
par
aly
sisi
ncl
udi
nguseofor
thosi
s,andpr
inci
plesof
muscl
etr
ansf
ers.
Q.CONGENI
TALDEFORMI
TIES:

Out
li
net
hecl
i
nical
feat
uresandmanagementofCTEV,
CDHf
latf
oot
,ver
ti
cal
tal
us,
li
mb
def
ici
ency
,spi
nabi
fi
da,
meni
ngomy
elocel
eandwr
yneck.
R.EVALUATI
ONOFLOW BACKACHE:

Aet
iol
ogi
cal
fact
orsofLBA—pr
olapsedi
nter
ver
tebr
aldi
se,
spondy
li
ti
s,spondy
lol
i
sthesi
s,
l
umbarcanal
stenosi
s.

S.MI
SCELLANEOUSCONDI
TIONS:
105
Cl
i
nical
feat
uresandmanagementof
Pai
nful
aresy
ndr
ome
Tenni
sel
bow
Pl
ant
arf
asci
i
tis
T.LEPROSY:

Or
thopaedi
caf
fect
ionsofl
epr
osywhi
chi
ncl
udeout
li
nesofcl
i
nical
feat
uresandmanagement
ofcl
awhand,
footdr
op,
trophi
cul
cer
s.

U.SPORTSI
NJURI
ESANDMANAGEMENT:

1.Spr
ainsandMuscl
eSt
rai
ns:
Listcommonsi
tesofspr
ainsandmuscl
est
rai
nsand
descr
ibet
hecl
i
nical
mani
fest
ati
onsandt
reat
mentwi
thspeci
alr
efer
encet
oankl
e,
kneeandshoul
der
.

2.I
nter
nal
der
angement
sofkneeJoi
nt:
Meni
scal
inj
uri
esandi
njur
iesoft
hecr
uci
ate
l
i
gament
s.

Ref
erences:
-
1.TextbookofOr
thopedi
csbyDr
.M.
Nat
araj
am

2.Sy
stem ofor
thopedi
csbyGr
aham Apl
ey

3.Cl
i
nical
Ort
hopedi
csbyRi
char
dson

4.Out
li
neofOr
thopedi
cs—Adams

5.Out
li
neofFr
act
ures—Adams.

6.TextbookofOr
thopedi
cs—JohnEbnezar
.

7.Or
thopedi
csandf
ract
ures—Ronal
dMCRae.

106
 PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
NORTHOPEDI
CCONDI
TIONS
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:110
Theor
y:100mar
ks(
80+20I
A)
Pr
act
icalandv
iva:100mar
ks(
Pract
ical60+v
iva20+I
A20)
COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Thi
scour
seser
vest
oint
egr
atet
heknowl
edgegai
nedbyt
hest
udent
sincl
i
nical
ort
hopedi
cs
wi
thski
l
lsgai
nedi
nexer
ciset
her
apy
,el
ect
rot
her
apyandmassage,
thusenabl
i
ngt
hem t
o
appl
ythesei
ncl
i
nical
sit
uat
ionsofdy
sfunct
ionduet
omuscul
oskel
etal
pat
hol
ogy
.
COURSEOBJECTI
VES:
Theobj
ect
ivesoft
hiscour
sear
ethataf
ter110hour
sofl
ect
uresdemonst
rat
ion,
pract
ical
s
andcl
i
nicst
hest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
etoi
dent
if
ydi
sabi
l
ityduet
omuscul
oskel
etal
dysf
unct
ion,
assess,
eval
uat
e,di
agnose,
sett
reat
mentgoal
sandappl
ythei
rski
l
lsi
nexer
ciset
her
apy
,
el
ect
rot
her
apyandmassagei
ncl
i
nical
sit
uat
ionst
orest
oremuscul
oskel
etal
funct
ion.

(
A) Phy
siot
her
apyAssessmentofPat
ientwi
thOr
thopedi
ccondi
ti
ons(
Per
ipher
al&
v
ert
ebr
al)wi
thr
elev
antspeci
alt
est
s.

Descr
ibebr
ief
lyt
hegener
alandPTassessmentoft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn:
Subj
ect
ive
exami
nat
ionhi
stor
y:-occupat
ion,
sympt
oms,
maj
orpr
obl
ems;
Obj
ect
iveExami
nat
ion
1.Obser
vat
ionofbodyt
ype,
muscul
atur
e,def
ormi
ty&gai
t.

2.Pal
pat
ion—Temper
atur
e,swel
l
ing,
bonypr
omi
nences,
local
tender
ness.

3.Post
ural
eval
uat
ionusi
ngapl
umbl
i
ne.

4.Act
ivemov
ement
soft
hev
ert
ebr
alcol
umn—f
lexi
on,
ext
ensi
on,
lat
eral
flexi
onand
r
otat
ion.

Speci
fi
ctest
s:st
rai
ghtl
egr
aisi
ng,
pronekneebend,
passi
veneckf
lexi
on,
Ker
nigssi
gn.
5.Pr
oxi
mal
joi
ntsofpel
vi
candshoul
dergi
rdl
es.

6.Neur
ologi
cal
test
sformuscl
est
rengt
h,sensat
ionandr
efl
exes.

(
B) Pr
inci
plesofi
nter
pret
ati
onofPhy
siot
her
apyor
thopedi
cExami
nat
ionf
indi
ng&
sel
ect
ionofappr
opr
iat
ephy
siot
her
apyt
echni
ques.

107
(
C) Pr
inci
plesofPhy
siot
her
apyManagementi
nFr
act
ures.

Gui
del
i
nesoft
reat
mentoff
ract
uredur
ingi
mmobi
l
izat
ionper
iodandmobi
l
izat
ionper
iod.
Rev
iewt
hemechani
sm ofi
njur
y,cl
i
nical
feat
ures,
treat
mentandcompl
i
cat
ionsanddescr
ibe
t
hePTmanagementandhomepr
ogr
ammef
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngi
njur
ies:
1.Fr
act
urecl
avi
cle,
upper1/
3ofhumer
us,
shaf
tofhumer
us,
supr
aandi
ntercondy
lar
f
ract
uresoft
hehumer
us.

2.Fr
act
ureheadofr
adi
us,
olecr
anonpr
ocess,
shaf
tsofr
adi
usandul
na,
Col
l
s.

3.Fr
act
urescaphoi
d,Bennet
tsandmet
acar
pal
,neck

4.Fr
act
urepel
vi
s,neck,
trochant
erandshaf
toff
emur
,supr
acondy
larf
ract
ureand
i
njur
iesoft
hekneej
oint&pat
ell
a.

5.Fr
act
urepr
oxi
mal
tibi
a,bot
hbonesofl
eg,
Pot
tsandDupuy
trens,
cal
caneum and
met
atar
sal
.

6.Di
sl
ocat
ionof(
a)Hi
p:congeni
tal
,tr
aumat
ic,
post
eri
or&cent
ral
(b)\Shoul
der
:
ant
eri
or&r
ecur
rent(
c)Pat
ell
a.

(
D) Speci
fi
cfr
act
uresanddi
slocat
ions

Phy
siot
her
apyassessment&managementofupperl
i
mbf
ract
uresanddi
slocat
ions,
lower
l
i
mbf
ract
uresanddi
sl
ocat
ionsi
ncl
udi
ngpel
vi
sandspi
nal
fract
ures.
(
E) Def
ormi
ti
es

Rev
iewofcl
i
nical
present
ati
on,
inv
est
igat
ions,
medi
cal
&sur
gical
management
,
Phy
siot
her
apyassessment&managementf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons.
(
1) CTEV

(
2) CDH

(
3) Tor
ti
col
l
is

(
4) Scol
i
osi
s

(
5) Ky
phosi
s

(
6) Lor
dosi
s

108
 (
7) Coxav
ara

(
8) Genuv
arum

(
9) Genuv
algum

(
10) Genur
ecur
vat
um

(
11) Pespl
anus

(
12) Pescav
us

(
F) Degener
ati
veandi
nfl
ammat
orycondi
ti
ons

Rev
iewofcl
i
nical
present
ati
on,
inv
est
igat
ions,
medi
cal
&sur
gical
management
,
Phy
siot
her
apyassessment&managementoft
hef
oll
owi
ng.
(
1) Ost
eoar
thr
it
isofknee

(
2) Ost
eoar
thr
it
isofhi
p

(
3) Ost
eoar
thr
it
isofhand

(
4) Rheumat
oidar
thr
it
is

(
5) Anky
losi
ngspondy
li
ti
s

(
6) Gout

(
7) Per
thesdi
sease

(
8) Ost
eopor
osi
s

(
9) Hemophi
l
ia

(
G) I
nfect
ivecondi
ti
ons—

Rev
iewofcl
i
nical
present
ati
on,
inv
est
igat
ions,
medi
cal
&sur
gical
management
,
Phy
siot
her
apyassessment&managementf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng.
(
1) Ost
eomy
eli
ti
s—acut
e&chr
oni
c

(
2) Sept
icar
thr
it
is

(
3) Py
ogeni
car
thr
it
is

109
 (
4) TBspi
ne

(
5) TBknee

(
6) TBhi
p

(
H) Spi
nalcondi
ti
ons

Rev
iewofcl
i
nical
present
ati
on,
inv
est
igat
ions,
medi
cal
&sur
gical
management
,
Phy
siot
her
apyassessment&managementandhomepr
ogr
am f
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng
(
1) Cer
vical
spondy
losi
s

(
2) Lumbarspondy
losi
s

(
3) Spondy
lol
i
sthesi
s

(
4) Spi
nal
canal
stenosi
s

(
5) Spondy
losi
s

(
6) I
VDP

(
7) Coccy
dyni
a

(
8) Sacr
o-i
l
iacj
ointdy
sfunct
ion

(
9) Sacr
ali
sat
ion

(
10) Lumbar
isat
ion

(
I) I
ntr
oduct
iont
oBi
oengi
neer
ing—

a.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofor
thot
ics&pr
ost
het
ics.

b.Bi
omechani
cal
pri
nci
plesofor
thot
ics&pr
ost
het
icappl
i
ances.

c.Desi
gni
ngofupperext
remi
ty&l
owerext
remi
typr
ost
hesi
s

d.I
ndi
cat
ions&cont
rai
ndi
cat
ions

e.Adv
ant
ages&di
sadv
ant
agesofor
thosi
s&pr
ost
hesi
s.

f
. Checkoutofor
thosi
s&pr
ost
hesi
s.

g.Foot
wearpr
escr
ipt
ion&modi
fi
cati
ons.
110
(
J) Amput
ati
ons-

(
1) Def
ini
ti
on

(
2) Ty
pes

(
3) Lev
els

(
4) I
ndi
cat
ions

(
5) Phy
siot
her
apyassessment

(
6) Ai
ms

(
7) Management
:pr
e&postoper
ati
ve

(
8) Phy
siot
her
apywi
themphasi
sonst
umpcar
e&bandagi
ng

(
9) I
deal
stump

(
10) Pr
e&postpr
ost
het
ict
rai
ning

(
11) Pr
ost
het
iccheckout

(
12) Py
lon

(
13) Compl
i
cat
ionsofamput
ati
on&t
hei
rmanagement

(
K) Cer
ebr
alpal
sy

Rev
iewofcl
i
nical
present
ati
on,
inv
est
igat
ions,
medi
cal
&sur
gical
management
,phy
siot
her
apy
or
thopaedi
cassessment&managementf
orsur
gical
l
yandconser
vat
ivel
ymanagedcases.
(
L) Pol
iomy
eli
ti
s

Rev
iewofcl
i
nical
present
ati
on,
inv
est
igat
ions,
medi
cal
&sur
gical
management
,phy
siot
her
apy
or
thopaedi
cassessment&managementpr
iort
oandaf
tersur
gical
int
erv
ent
ions,
r
econst
ruct
ivesur
ger
ieswi
themphasi
sont
endont
ransf
ers.Rol
eofor
thot
ics,
floorr
eact
ion
or
thosi
s(FRO)
,postpol
i
osy
ndr
ome.
(
M) Lepr
osy

111
Rev
iewofcl
i
nical
present
ati
on,
inv
est
igat
ions,
medi
cal
&sur
gical
management
,phy
siot
her
apy
or
thopaedi
cassessment&managementpr
iort
oandaf
tersur
gical
int
erv
ent
ions(
tendon
t
ransf
ers)
.Ri
sksofanaest
het
icl
i
mbandout
li
nei
tscar
etopr
eventcompl
i
cat
ions.
(
N) Or
thopaedi
csur
ger
ies

Br
iefov
erv
iewofsur
gical
procedur
eandt
echni
queoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcommonor
thopaedi
c
sur
ger
iessuchas—openr
educt
ionandi
nter
nal
fixat
ion(
ORI
F),
art
hropl
ast
y-t
ypes,
ost
eot
omy
,
r
econst
ruct
ivesur
ger
ies,
tendont
ranspl
ant
swi
themphasi
sonhandi
njur
es,
sof
tti
ssue
r
elease-
types,
sof
tti
ssuer
epai
r,ar
thr
odesi
s,ar
thoscopy
,sy
nov
ect
omy
,spi
nal
decompr
essi
on,
spi
nal
stabi
l
izat
ion,
reat
tachmentofl
i
mbs,
ext
ernal
fixat
ors.Pr
eandpost
oper
ati
vePT
assessment
,goal
s,pr
ecaut
ionsandPTmanagementofabov
ement
ionedsur
ger
ies.Pr
eand
post
oper
ati
vePTmanagementofcommonsur
ger
iesofshoul
der
,el
bow,
for
ear
m,wr
ist
,hand,
hi
p,knee,
ankl
eandf
ootwi
themphasi
sonTKR,
THR,
andACLr
econst
ruct
ionsur
ger
y
pr
otocol
s.
(
O) Spor
tsphy
siot
her
apyandsof
tti
ssuecondi
ti
ons

Ty
pesofi
njur
iest
osof
tti
ssue(
li
gament
s,muscl
es,
tendons,
ner
ves,
capsul
e,meni
scus,
bur
saet
c;)
,st
agesofsof
tti
ssueheal
i
ng,
treat
mentgui
del
i
nesf
orsof
tti
ssuei
njur
iesi
nacut
e,
subacut
eandchr
oni
cst
ages.Pr
event
ionandr
ehabi
l
itat
ionofsof
tti
ssuei
njur
ies.
Per
iar
thr
it
is
ofshoul
der
,supr
aspi
nat
ust
endi
nit
is,
rot
atorcuf
ftendi
nit
isandt
ear
,bi
cepst
endoni
ti
s,sub
acr
omi
onbur
sit
is,
lat
eral
epi
condy
li
ti
s,medi
alepi
condy
li
ti
s,ol
ecr
anonbur
sit
is,
car
pal
tunnel
sy
ndr
ome,
Dupuy
trenscont
ract
ure,
dequer
vai
nsdi
sease,
tri
ggerf
inger
,wr
yneck,
pir
if
ormi
s
sy
ndr
ome,
il
iot
ibi
alt
ractsy
ndr
ome,
knee-l
i
gamentandmeni
scal
inj
uri
es,
quadr
iceps,
hamst
ri
ngandcal
fst
rai
n,chondr
omal
aci
apat
ell
a,pat
ell
art
endi
nit
is,
prepat
ell
arbur
sit
is,
ankl
espr
ain,
tendoAchi
l
lest
endi
nit
is,
plant
arf
asci
i
tis,
met
atar
sal
gia,
Mor
tonsneur
algi
a.
Rol
eofphy
siot
her
apyi
npr
event
ionandt
reat
mentofspor
tsi
njur
ies.
Appl
i
edy
ogai
nor
thopaedi
ccondi
ti
ons.
Bri
efout
li
neaboutepi
phy
seal
inj
uri
es.
Pr
act
ical
s
Pr
act
ical
sshal
lbeconduct
edf
oral
lther
elev
antt
opi
csdi
scussedi
ntheor
yint
hef
oll
owi
ng
f
orms.
1.Labsessi
onsconsi
sti
ngofdemonst
rat
ionandpr
act
iceofcomponent
sof
or
thopaedi
cphy
siot
her
apyassessmentandspeci
alt
est
sonst
udentmodel
s.

2.Labsessi
onsconsi
sti
ngofdemonst
rat
ionandpr
act
iceofor
thopaedi
c
phy
siot
her
apyt
reat
mentt
echni
ques.

112
 3.Bedsi
decasepr
esent
ati
onsandcasedi
scussi
ons.

Ref
erences:
-
(
1)CashTextbookofor
thopedi
csandr
heumat
ology

(
2)Ti
dysphy
siot
her
apy

(
3)Textbookofor
thopedi
csf
orphy
siot
her
api
st—Jay
antJoshi
.

(
4)Spor
tsMedi
ci
ne—C.
S.Jay
apr
akash.

(
5)TextBookofSpor
tsMedi
cine—Das.

(
6)Ther
apeut
icexer
cise—Ki
sner

(
7)Or
thopaedi
cphy
sical
assessment—Magee.

(
8)Cl
i
nical
Ort
hopedi
cRehabi
l
itat
ion—Br
ent&Br
otzman.

113
 CLI
NICALNEUROLOGY
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:125
Theor
y:100mar
ks(
80+20I
A)
COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Fol
l
owi
ngt
hebasi
csci
enceandcl
i
nical
sci
encecour
se,
thi
scour
sei
ntr
oducest
hest
udent
s
t
otheneur
ologi
cal
condi
ti
onswhi
chcommonl
ycausedi
sabi
l
ity
.Par
ti
cul
aref
for
tist
obe
madet
oav
oidbur
deni
ngt
hest
udentwi
thanydet
ail
per
tai
ningt
odi
agnosi
swhi
chwi
l
lnot
cont
ri
but
etot
hei
runder
standi
ngoft
hel
i
mit
ati
onsi
mposedbyneur
ologi
cal
pat
hol
ogyont
he
f
unct
ioni
ngoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.
COURSEOBJECTI
VES:
Theobj
ect
ivesoft
hiscour
sei
sthataf
ter125hour
sofl
ect
ures&demonst
rat
ionsi
naddi
ti
on
t
ocl
i
nics,
thest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
etodemonst
rat
eanunder
standi
ngofneur
ologi
cal
condi
ti
ons
causi
ngdi
sabi
l
ityandt
hei
rmanagement
.
COURSEOUTLI
NE:
A.NEUROANATOMY:

Rev
iewt
hebasi
canat
omyoft
hebr
ainandspi
nal
cor
dincl
udi
ng:
bloodsuppl
yoft
hebr
ainand
spi
nal
cor
d,anat
omyoft
hev
isual
pat
hway
,connect
ionsoft
hecer
ebel
l
um andext
rapy
rami
dal
sy
stem,
rel
ati
onshi
poft
hespi
nal
ner
vest
othespi
nal
cor
dsegment
s.Longt
ract
soft
he
spi
nal
cor
d,t
hebr
achi
alandl
umbarpl
exuses,
andcr
ani
alner
ves.
B.NEUROPHYSI
OLOGY:

Rev
iewi
nbr
ieft
heneur
ophy
siol
ogi
cal
basi
sofl
ear
ning,
mot
orcont
rol
,mot
orl
ear
ning:
tone
anddi
sor
der
soft
oneandpost
ure,
bladdercont
rol
,muscl
econt
ract
ionandmov
ementand
pai
n.
C.ASSESSMENT:

Cl
i
nical
assessmentofneur
ologi
cal
funct
iont
obet
aughtt
hroughbedsi
dedemonst
rat
ionof
cl
i
nics.
1.Basi
chi
stor
ytaki
ngt
odet
ermi
newhet
hert
hebr
ain,
spi
nal
cor
dorper
ipher
alner
ve
i
sinv
olv
ed.

2.Assessmentofhi
gherment
alf
unct
ionsuchasor
ient
ati
on,
memor
y,at
tent
ion,
speechandl
anguage.

3.Assessmentofcr
ani
alner
ves.
114
 4.Assessmentofmot
orpower
.

5.Assessmentofsensor
yfunct
ion:
touch,
pai
nandposi
ti
on.

6.Assessmentoft
one:
spast
ici
ty,
rigi
dit
yandhy
pot
oni
a.

7.Assessmentofcer
ebel
l
arf
unct
ion.

8.Assessmentofhi
ghercor
ti
cal
funct
ion—apr
axi
aet
c.

9.Assessmentofgai
tabnor
mal
i
ties.

10.
AssessmentofADLact
ivi
ty

11.
Funct
ional
stat
usofi
ndi
vi
dual
wit
hneur
ologi
cal
dysf
unct
ion

D.CLI
NICALFEATURES&MANAGEMENT:

Br
ief
lyout
li
net
hecl
i
nical
feat
uresandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ngneur
ologi
cal
Disor
der
s:
1.Vest
ibul
ardi
sor
der
s

2.Congeni
tal
andchi
l
dhooddi
sor
der
s.

a.Cer
ebr
alpal
sy

b.Hy
drocephal
us

c.Spi
nabi
fi
da.

3.Cer
ebr
ovascul
aracci
dent
s.

a.Gener
alcl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
thr
ombot
ic,
embol
i
c,haemor
rhagi
c&i
nfl
ammat
ory
st
rokes.

b.Gr
ossl
ocal
i
zat
ionandsequel
ae.

c.Det
ail
edr
ehabi
l
itat
ivepr
ogr
amme.

4.Tr
auma—br
oadl
ocal
i
zat
ion,
fir
stai
dandmanagementofsequel
aeofheadi
njur
y
andspi
nal
cor
dinj
ury
.

5.Di
seasesoft
hespi
nal
cor
d.

a.Cr
ani
over
tebr
alj
unct
ionanomal
i
es.

115
 b.Sy
ingomy
eli
a

c.Cer
vical
andl
umbardi
scdi
sease.

d.Tumour
s

e.Spi
nal
arachnoi
dit
is

6.Demy
eli
nat
ingdi
seases(
cent
ral
andper
ipher
al)

a.Gui
l
li
an—Bar
resy
ndr
ome

b.Acut
edi
ssemi
nat
edencephal
omy
eli
ti
s.

c.Tr
ansv
ersemy
eli
ti
s.

d.Mul
ti
plescl
erosi
s.

7.Degener
ati
vedi
sor
der
s.

a.Par
kinsonsdi
sease.

b.Dement
ia

8.I
nfect
ions

a.Py
ogeni
cmeni
ngi
ti
ssequel
ae.

b.Tuber
cul
ousi
nfect
ionofcent
ral
ner
voussy
stem.

c.Pol
i
omy
eli
ti
s.

9.Di
seasesoft
hemuscl
e:cl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
signs,
sympt
oms,
progr
essi
onand
management
.

10.
Per
ipher
alner
vedi
sor
der
s.

a.Per
ipher
alner
vei
njur
ies:
local
i
zat
ionandmanagement

b.Ent
rapmentneur
opat
hies.

c.Per
ipher
alneur
opat
hies.

11.
Miscel
l
aneous.

116
 a.Epi
l
epsy
;def
ini
ti
on,
classi
fi
cat
ionandmanagement

b.My
ast
heni
aGr
avi
s:def
ini
ti
on,
cour
seandmanagement

c.I
ntr
acr
ani
alt
umour
s:br
oadcl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
signsandsy
mpt
oms.

d.Mot
orneur
ondi
sease.

e.Managementofunconsci
ouspat
ient

f
. ManagementofJapaneseencephal
i
tis.

g.Cer
ebel
l
arl
esi
ons—at
axi
a,f
ri
edr
eich;
sher
edi
tar
y,cer
ebel
l
arat
axi
a
&t
abesdor
sal
i
s.

h.Mov
ementdi
sor
der
s—dy
stoni
a,chor
ea,
bal
l
ismus,
athet
osi
s,t
ics,
myocl
onus
andwi
l
sonsdi
sease.

Ref
erences:
1.Dav
idsonspr
inci
plesandpr
act
iceofmedi
ci
ne.

2.Neur
oAnat
omy—I
nder
birSi
ngh.

3.Cl
i
nical
Neur
oAnat
omy—Vi
shr
am Si
ngh.

4.Cl
i
nical
Neur
oPhy
siol
ogy—U.
K.Mi
sra.

5.Neur
ologi
cal
Exami
nat
ion—Rober
tJ.Schwar
tzman.

6.Neur
ologi
cal
Dif
fer
ent
ial
Diagnosi
s—JohnPat
ten.

7.ABCofSpi
nal
Cor
dInj
ury—Dav
idGr
undy
.

117
 PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
NNEUROLOGI
CALCONDI
TIONS
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:II
Iyear I
nst
ruct
ionHour
s:110
Theor
y:100mar
ks(
80+20I
A)
Pr
act
ical&Vi
va100mar
ks(
60-Pr
act
ical
+20-Vi
va+20-I
A)
COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Thi
scour
seser
vest
oint
egr
atet
heknowl
edgegai
nedbyt
hest
udent
sincl
i
nical
neur
ology
wi
tht
heski
l
lsgai
nedi
nexer
ciset
her
apy
,el
ect
rot
her
apyandmassage,
thusenabl
i
ngt
hem t
o
appl
ythesei
ncl
i
nical
sit
uat
ionsofdy
sfunct
ionduet
opat
hol
ogyi
nthener
voussy
stem.
COURSEOBJECTI
VES:
Theobj
ect
ivesoft
hiscour
sei
sthataf
ter110hour
sofl
ect
ures,
demonst
rat
ionspr
act
ical
s
andcl
i
nicst
hest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
etoi
dent
if
ydi
sabi
l
ityduet
oneur
ologi
cal
dysf
unct
ion,
set
t
reat
mentgoal
sandappl
ythei
rski
l
lsi
nexer
ciset
her
apy
,el
ect
rot
her
apyandmassagei
n
cl
i
nical
sit
uat
iont
orest
oreneur
ologi
cal
funct
ion.
COURSEOUTLI
NE:
A.REVI
EW OFNEUROANATOMYANDPHYSI
OLOGY:

Rev
iewt
hest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionof:
-a)neur
onb)sy
napsec)suppor
ti
ngt
issue;
Rev
iewt
he
or
gani
zat
ionandf
unct
ionof:
a)cer
ebr
alhemi
spher
esb)cer
ebel
l
um c)spi
nal
cor
dd)
per
ipher
alner
vese)py
rami
dal
syst
em f
)ext
rapy
rami
dal
syst
em.Rev
iewt
hef
act
ors
i
nfl
uenci
ngal
phamot
orneur
onact
ivi
ty.Rev
iewt
heneur
ologi
cal
basi
sofmuscl
etoneand
mov
ementanddemonst
rat
ethef
oll
owi
ng:
a)hy
pot
oni
ab)hy
per
toni
a—spast
ici
tyandr
igi
dit
y
c)at
axi
ad)at
het
osi
se)chor
ea.
B.PRI
NCI
PLESOFASSESSMENT:

Rev
iewa)ski
l
lsi
nhi
stor
ytaki
ngb)assessmentofhi
gherf
unct
ions,
cor
ti
cal
sensat
ions,
cr
ani
alner
ves,
dor
sal
col
umnsensat
ionandpai
nandt
emper
atur
esensat
ionsc)assessment
ofmot
orf
unct
ion:
gradi
ngofmuscl
epoer
,assessmentofr
angeofmov
ement
,bal
anceand
coor
dinat
iond)assessmentofsuper
fi
cial
anddeepr
efl
exese)assessmentofr
efl
ex
mat
urat
ioni
nter
msofst
imul
us,
posi
ti
on,
negat
ive/posi
ti
ver
eact
ionsandt
hei
rsi
gni
fi
cancef
)
assessmentofgai
t—bot
hnor
mal
andabnor
mal
(spast
ic,
ataxi
candpar
aly
ticpat
ter
ns)
.
Emphasi
sshoul
dbepl
acedont
eachi
ngaccur
ateassessmentt
echni
quesandv
ari
ous
r
ecor
dingmet
hodseg.col
our
codi
ngonbodychar
ts,
graphset
c
C.PRI
NCI
PLESOFTREATMENT:

Rev
iewt
het
reat
mentpr
inci
plesasf
oll
ows:
-
118
 a.Sensor
yre-
educat
ion:
hyper
sensi
ti
vi
ty,
hyposensi
ti
vi
tyandanest
hesi
a.

b.Tr
eat
mentofal
ter
edt
one:
hyper
toni
cit
yandhy
pot
oni
cit
y

c.Mot
orr
e-educat
ion:
str
engt
heni
ngexer
cises,
coor
dinat
ionexer
cises,
joi
nt
mobi
l
izat
ionexer
cises,
usesofequi
l
ibr
ium andl
abr
ynt
hinesy
stem,
useofPNF
pat
ter
ns,
cont
rol
l
edsensor
yst
imul
ati
ont
obi
ast
hespi
ndl
ecel
leg.v
ibr
ati
on,
tact
il
e,
i
ceet
c.,
useofst
ret
cht
oel
i
citmov
ement(
faci
l
itat
ion)
,li
ghtj
ointcompr
essi
on
(
inhi
bit
ion)
,useofr
efl
exact
ivi
tyt
oimpr
ovemot
orf
unct
ion,
phy
siogeni
csequence
ofmot
orbehav
ior
.

d.Tr
eat
mentt
oimpr
ovef
unct
ions:
freeexer
cises,
gai
ttr
aini
ngwi
thandwi
thoutai
ds,
act
ivi
ti
esofdai
l
yli
vi
ng,
matexer
cisesandexer
cisesandr
ecr
eat
ion.

e.Rev
iewt
heuseofambul
ator
yai
dsi
nneur
ologi
cal
condi
ti
ons:
inspast
icupper
mot
orneur
onl
esi
ons,
inl
owermot
orneur
onl
esi
ons,
indor
sal
col
umndy
sfunct
ion
andcer
ebel
l
ardy
sfunct
ion.

f
. Rev
iewt
heuseofspl
i
ntsandbr
acesi
nspast
icuppermot
orneur
onandf
lacci
d
l
owermot
orneur
onl
esi
onsi
nbot
hupperandl
owerl
i
mb.

g.Rev
iewt
hemanagementofchr
oni
cpai
ninneur
ologi
cal
condi
ti
onswi
thr
espectt
o
t
hepai
n,t
reat
mentmodal
i
tiesav
ail
abl
e,sel
ect
ioncr
it
eri
aforeachmodal
i
tyand
possi
blecompl
i
cat
ions.

h.Vest
ibul
arr
ehabi
l
itat
ion

i
. Gener
alpr
inci
plesandsel
ect
ionofor
thosesandassi
sti
vedev
ices,
trai
ningof
pat
ient
swi
thor
thosesi
nvar
iousneur
ologi
cal
condi
ti
ons.

D.CEREBRALPALSY:

Def
inecer
ebr
alpal
syanddescr
ibet
het
opogr
aphi
cal
classi
fi
cat
ion—monopl
egi
a,di
plegi
a,
par
apl
egi
a,hemi
plegi
a&t
etr
apl
egi
a.Descr
ibet
ypesofcer
ebr
alpal
sy;
spast
ic,
athet
oti
c,
mi
xed.I
dent
if
ycommonassoci
atedpr
obl
ems:
visual
,hear
ing,
speechandi
ntel
l
igence.
Assessr
efl
exact
ivi
tyatdi
ff
erentl
evel
s:cor
ti
cal
,mi
dbr
ain,
brai
nst
em,
spi
nal
.Assess
dev
elopment
almi
l
est
onesf
rom bi
rt
htof
ivey
ear
s.Assessf
unct
ional
abi
l
ity
:Pr
onet
osupi
ne
(
rol
l
ing)
,cr
awl
i
ngt
osi
tt
ingquadr
ipod,
crawl
i
ng,
kneel
i
ngkneel
—st
and,
standwi
thsuppor
t
andwal
ki
ng.Exami
nef
orcont
ract
uresasf
oll
ows:
hip:
flexi
on,
adduct
ion,
int
ernal
rot
ati
on;
119
knee:
flexi
on;
ankl
e:pl
ant
arf
lexi
on,
inv
ersi
on/ev
ersi
on;
flexi
oncont
ract
uresofel
bow,
wri
st&
f
inger
sandspi
nal
def
ormi
ti
es.
Tr
eat
ment—Descr
ibeanddemonst
rat
ethet
reat
mentofmot
ordi
sabi
l
iti
es:
passi
ve
mov
ement
,st
ret
chi
ngofsof
tti
ssuet
oti
ght
ness,
useofi
cet
oreducespast
ici
ty,
posi
ti
oni
ng
t
hechi
l
dtopr
eventsof
tti
ssuecont
ract
ures,
toi
nhi
bitabnor
mal
ref
lexesandt
ofaci
l
itat
e
r
otat
ional
mov
ement
.Descr
ibeanddemonst
rat
etechni
quesofcar
ryi
ngofdi
ff
erentt
ypesof
CPchi
l
dren,
encour
agi
ngbi
manual
act
ivi
ti
esi
ndi
ff
erentst
art
ingposi
ti
onsl
i
kepr
one,
sit
ti
ng
andst
andi
ngandact
ivi
ti
esacr
osst
hemi
dli
ne.Descr
ibeappr
opr
iat
ehomepr
ogr
ammesf
or
posi
ti
oni
ngt
hechi
l
d,handl
i
ngt
hem andassi
sti
ngi
mpr
ovementoff
unct
ion,
int
roduct
iont
o
t
reat
mentt
echni
ques:
Bobat
h,Rood.
E.PERI
PHERALNERVELESI
ONS:

I
dent
if
yty
pesofper
ipher
alner
vel
esi
ons.Assesst
hemot
orsy
stem:
speci
fi
cmuscl
es,
range
ofmot
ion,
act
iveandpassi
ver
anges,
muscl
egi
rt
h.Assesssensor
ysy
stem:
touch,
pai
n,
t
emper
atur
e,par
ast
hesi
a,ner
ver
egener
ati
on.Assessaut
onomi
cfunct
ion:
sweat
ing,
ski
n
condi
ti
on,
sof
tti
ssueat
rophy
.Tr
eat
ment
:descr
ibemuscl
ere-
educat
iont
echni
ques:
elect
ri
cal
st
imul
ati
on(
sel
ect
ionofcur
rent
);act
ive,
assi
sted,
resi
stedmov
ement
s;passi
veeducat
ion
andpai
nrel
i
efbyv
ari
ousmodal
i
ties.Descr
ibet
hecommonspl
i
ntsusedi
nper
ipher
alner
ve
l
esi
ons;
stat
ic,
dynami
candf
unct
ional
,muscl
etr
ansf
ers:
prepar
ati
onf
ort
ransf
erassessment
ofmuscl
epower
,st
ret
chi
ngofsof
tti
ssuet
ight
ness,
Post
-oper
ati
vemanagement
:pr
essur
e
bandagi
ng&muscl
ere-
educat
ionaf
tert
ransf
er.Descr
ibeahomepr
ogr
amme.
F.MUSCULARDYSTROPHY:

Descr
ibest
agesoft
hedi
sease:
ambul
ator
y,wheel
chai
randbedst
ages.Descr
ibe
si
gni
fi
canceofexer
cises-r
esi
sti
ve,
act
iveandf
ree.I
dent
if
yandassesscommon
cont
ract
uresanddef
ormi
ti
es.Assessr
angeofmot
ionandmuscl
epower
.Assessf
unct
ional
abi
l
ity
.
Demonst
rat
etr
eat
mentpr
ogr
ammef
orst
rengt
heni
ngweakmuscl
es;
act
ivemov
ement
sand
hy
drot
her
apy
.Incr
easer
angeofmot
ionbysuspensi
ont
her
apy
,poderboar
d,passi
ve
st
ret
chi
ng.Posi
ti
oni
nget
c.demonst
rat
egai
ttr
aini
ngwi
thappr
opr
iat
eor
thoses.Descr
ibe
managementofchestcompl
i
cat
ions:
breat
hingexer
cises,
chestper
cussi
on,
drai
nageof
secr
eti
ons,
andassi
stedcoughi
ng.
G.Par
kinsoni
sm:

120
Rev
iewt
henat
ural
hist
ory
,cour
seandpr
ognosi
s.I
dent
if
yandassesspr
obl
emsi
npost
ure,
si
tt
ing,
kneel
i
ngandst
andi
ngbal
ance,
vol
unt
aryandaut
omat
icmov
ement
s,r
igi
dit
y,t
remor
andgai
t.Assessal
sohear
ing,
speech,
finger
s,dext
eri
ty.Descr
ibedi
sabi
l
itygr
adi
ngaccor
ding
t
oYal
u.
Demonst
rat
etr
eat
ment
:post
ural
awar
enessandr
elaxat
iont
rai
ning,
gai
ttr
aini
ng,
techni
ques;
associ
atedr
eact
ions,
heel
-t
oegai
t.Ov
ercomi
ngobst
acl
es,
star
tandst
oponcommand,
t
urni
ngandwal
ki
ngbackwar
ds,
for
war
dsandsi
dewar
ds.Descr
ibeanappr
opr
iat
ehome
exer
cisepr
ogr
amme.
H.SPI
NALCORDLESI
ONS:

Descr
ibet
ypesofspi
nal
cor
dlesi
ons.Descr
ibesi
gnsoft
ractandr
ooti
nter
rupt
ions.Descr
ibe
posi
ti
oni
ngoft
hepat
ienti
nacut
espi
nal
cor
dinj
ury
.Descr
ibeassessmentoft
hemot
or
sy
stem:
tone,
powerofspeci
fi
cmuscl
es,
rangeofmot
ionandl
i
mbgi
rt
h.Descr
ibet
he
assessmentofsensor
ysy
stem andr
efl
exes.Descr
ibeassessmentoff
unct
ional
abi
l
ityand
bal
ancer
eact
ionsi
nappr
opr
iat
ecases.Descr
ibeassessmentofr
espi
rat
oryf
unct
ion:
muscl
esofr
espi
rat
ion,
coughi
ngabi
l
ityandv
ital
capaci
ty.Descr
ibehowt
hel
evel
ofl
esi
oni
s
ascer
tai
ned.
Tr
eat
ment
:Descr
ibet
hest
agesofi
mmobi
l
izat
ion&st
agewhenl
oadi
ngoft
hespi
nei
s
al
l
owed.Descr
ibespi
nal
ort
hosi
s.Demonst
rat
emot
orr
e-educat
ionpr
ogr
amsandapr
ogr
am
f
orr
espi
rat
orycar
einhi
ghl
evel
par
apl
egi
csandquadr
ipl
egi
cs.Demonst
rat
epr
ogr
essi
ve
ambul
ati
on,
matexer
cises,
var
iousst
rengt
heni
ngpr
ogr
ammes,
met
hodsofdecr
easi
ng
spast
ici
tyandi
mpr
ovi
ngsi
tt
ingbal
ance.Demonst
rat
evar
ioust
ypesofpar
apl
egi
cgai
tsandr
e
-
educat
ioni
nfunct
ional
act
ivi
ti
es;
transf
ersandpr
otect
ivef
all
i
ng.Descr
ibecommon
ambul
ator
yai
dsusedi
npar
apl
egi
csandcommonspl
i
ntsusedi
ntet
rapl
egi
cs.Descr
ibet
he
useofhy
drot
her
apyi
npar
apl
egi
cs.Descr
ibet
heconceptoft
eam appr
oachi
nrehabi
l
itat
ionof
t
hesepat
ient
s.

I
. C.
V.A.(
CEREBROVASCULARACCI
DENTS)
:

Def
inehemi
plegi
aandi
dent
if
ythef
oll
owi
ng:
Sensor
ydi
stur
bance,
alt
erat
ioni
ntone,
lossof
sel
ect
ivemov
ement
,lossofbal
ancer
eact
ionsandcommuni
cat
ionpr
obl
ems.
Tr
eat
ment
:Descr
ibet
heuni
l
ater
alandbi
l
ater
alappr
oachest
otr
eat
ment
.Descr
ibeposi
ti
oni
ng
i
nthesupi
neposi
ti
on,
ont
heaf
fect
edandontheunaf
fect
edsi
de.Demonst
rat
eact
ivi
ti
esi
n
121
t
her
ecumbentposi
ti
on:
arm mobi
l
izat
ion,
trunkel
ongat
ion,
scapul
armov
ement
,ar
m
el
evat
ion,
act
ivi
ti
esf
orar
ecov
eri
ngar
m:act
ivi
ti
esf
ort
hel
owerl
i
mbi
.e.
,hi
pandkneef
lexi
on
ov
ert
hesi
deoft
hebed,
kneeext
ensi
onwi
thdor
sif
lexi
on,
hipcont
rol
,i
sol
atedkneeext
ensi
on.
Matact
ivi
ti
es:
demonst
rat
erol
l
ingont
oaf
fect
edandunaf
fect
edsi
des,
sit
ti
ngandkneel
i
ng.
Descr
ibet
het
echni
queofmaki
ngapat
ientsi
tpassi
vel
yandact
iveassi
stedsi
tt
ing.
Demonst
rat
etr
ansf
ert
echni
ques.Descr
ibeact
ivi
ti
esi
nsi
ti
ng:
equal
wei
ghtt
ransf
erenceon
bot
hbut
tocks,
shuf
fl
ingonbut
tocks,
wei
ghtt
ransf
ert
hroughar
msbal
ance,
react
ionsoft
runk
—head.Demonst
rat
eact
ivi
ti
esi
nthest
andi
ngposi
ti
on:
standi
ngf
rom pl
i
nth,
from chai
r
(
assi
stedandi
ndependent
),wei
ghtbear
ingonaf
fect
edl
eg,
kneecont
rol
inst
andi
ng,
wei
ght
t
ransf
ersf
orwar
ds,
backwar
dandsi
dewar
ds,
gai
ttr
aini
ngandst
aircl
i
mbi
ng.Descr
ibet
il
t
boar
dact
ivi
ti
esi
nthel
yi
ngandsi
tt
ingposi
ti
ons.Descr
ibeaddi
ti
onal
met
hodsofst
imul
ati
on
usi
ngv
erbal
cues,
ice,
pressur
e&t
appi
ng.Descr
ibemanagementofshoul
derpai
nand
shoul
derhandsy
ndr
ome.I
dent
if
yanddescr
ibeahemi
plegi
cgai
t,i
dent
if
ysy
ner
gy
component
sandabnor
mal
ref
lexact
ivi
ti
es.Demonst
rat
ere-
educat
ionofgai
t:mot
orr
e-
l
ear
ningt
echni
ques,
funct
ional
appr
oachanduseofor
thoses.
J.CEREBELLARLESI
ONS:

I
dent
if
yandassessabnor
mal
tone,
decomposi
ti
onofmov
ement
,rapi
dal
ter
nat
emov
ement
s,
pl
eur
othot
onus,
propr
iocept
ion,
dysmet
ri
a,post
ureandgai
t.
Tr
eat
ment
:Demonst
rat
eexer
cisef
ori
ncoor
dinat
ion—Fr
enkel
sandwei
ght
edexer
cise.
Demonst
rat
etechni
quesf
orr
e-educat
ionofbal
anceandequi
l
ibr
ium r
eact
ionsbyv
isual
compensat
ion.Descr
ibeuseofappr
opr
iat
eai
dsf
orambul
ati
ondependi
ngont
hesev
eri
tyof
af
fect
ati
on—wal
ker
,el
bowcr
utches,
quadr
ipodwal
ki
ngst
ickset
c.,
K.POLI
OMYELI
TIS:

Def
inepol
i
omy
eli
ti
sandr
evi
ewt
hest
agesi
nthedi
sease,
acut
erecov
eryandr
esi
dual
par
aly
sis.Descr
ibet
reat
menti
ntheacut
est
ate:
heat
,chestcar
e,posi
ti
oni
ng.Descr
ibet
he
assessmentofapat
ienti
nther
ecov
eryst
age:
act
iveandpassi
ver
angeofmot
ion,
sof
tti
ssue
t
ight
ness,
muscl
epower&spi
nal
def
ormi
ti
es.Demonst
rat
etr
eat
menti
nther
ecov
eryst
age:
muscl
est
rengt
heni
ng,
progr
essi
ver
esi
sti
veexer
cise:
act
ive—assi
sted,
act
ive-r
esi
sti
ve
exer
cise.Descr
ibet
her
oleofsuspensi
onandhy
drot
her
apy
.Descr
ibet
het
reat
mentofsof
t
t
issuet
ight
nessbypassi
vest
ret
chi
ng,
aut
ost
ret
chi
ngandposi
ti
oni
ng.Demonst
rat
e
t
reat
menti
nthest
ageofr
esi
dual
par
aly
sis,
pre-
oper
ati
veassessmentofcont
ract
ures:
hip
f
lex
ion,
TELcont
ract
ure,
kneef
lexi
onandf
ootdef
ormi
ti
es.Descr
ibeal
soassessmentofl
i
mb
l
engt
hdi
scr
epancyandspi
nal
def
ormi
ti
es.Reviewor
thot
icai
dscommonl
yusedi
nthe
122
managementofpol
i
o.Descr
ibet
endont
ransf
eroper
ati
onscommonl
yper
for
med.Descr
ibe
f
unct
ional
ret
rai
ningf
orsel
fcar
e,gai
ttr
aini
ngandpost
urecor
rect
ion.
L.POLYNEUROPATHI
ES,
MULTI
PLESCLEROSI
SANDGUI
LLI
NA—BARRESYNDROME.

Ev
aluat
ionandmanagementoft
heabov
econdi
ti
on,
hist
ory
,obser
vat
ion,
pal
pat
ion,
mot
or&
sensor
yexami
nat
ion,
ref
lext
est
ing,
dif
fer
ent
ial
diagnosi
s,bal
anceandco-
ordi
nat
ion
exami
nat
ion,
gai
tanal
ysi
s,f
unct
ionsanal
ysi
s.
Li
stofpr
obl
emsandcompl
i
cat
ions,
shor
tandl
ongt
erm goal
sandmanagementofsy
stemi
c
compl
i
cat
ionsandphy
siot
her
apyi
nter
vent
ion.
M.PTManagementi
nHeadi
njur
iesandmot
orneur
ondi
seases.

Ref
erences:
-
1.CashTextBookofNeur
ologyf
orPhy
siot
her
apy

2.Keyi
ssuesi
nNeur
ologi
cal
phy
siot
her
apy—Ada/canni
ng.

3.Phy
sical
Rehabi
l
itat
ion—AssessmentandTr
eat
mentbySusanB.
OsSul
l
ivanThomas
J.
Schemi
tz.

4.Neur
ologi
cal
Exami
nat
ioni
ncl
i
nical
pract
ice—JohnSpi
l
lane,
Bickerst
aff
s

5.Neur
ologi
cal
Phy
siot
her
apy—SusanEdwar
ds.

6.St
epst
ofol
l
ow:
Thecompr
ehensi
vet
reat
mentofpat
ient
swi
thHemi
plegi
a—Pat
ri
cia
M Dav
ies.

7.Adul
themi
plegi
a—Bobat
h.

8.Phy
siot
her
apyi
nNeur
ocondi
ti
ons—Gl
adySamuel
Raj
.

9.Neur
omuscul
oskel
etal
exami
nat
ion—Ni
col
aJ.Pet
ty.

10.
Str
oke—Hanl
ey.

11.
Cli
nical
Eval
uat
ionandManagementofSpast
ici
ty—Dav
idAGel
ber
.

12.
Neur
ologi
cal
rehabi
l
itat
ion—Dancy
Umphr
ed.

123
 NonUni
ver
sit
y-exam subj
ect
s
Subj
ect I
nst
ructi
onalhour
s y
ear
1.Nur
singandFi
rstAi
d 40 I
II

2.Di
agnost
icI
magi
ngf
orPhy
siot
her
api
st 15 I
II

3.Emer
gencyCar
e&BLS 10 I
II

4.Pr
ojectwor
k 40 I
II

1)NURSI
NGANDFI
RSTAI
D—40HOURS

NURSI
NG

1.Whati
snur
sing?Nur
singpr
inci
ples,
Int
er-
Per
sonnel
rel
ati
onshi
ps.

2.Vi
tal
signs:Observat
ion,
report
ingandrecor
dingtemper
atur
e,r
espi
rat
ionandpul
se,
si
mpleasept
ictechni
que,ster
il
izat
ionanddi
sinf
ecti
on.

3.Nursi
ngposit
ions:Supi
ne,Pr
one,Lat
eral,
dorsal
,dor
sal
recumbent
,Fl
ower
s
posit
ions,
comfortmeasur
es,r
estandsleep.

4.Saf
etyenv
ironment:
Typesofbeds,
bedmaki
ng.

5.Li
ft
ingandtr
ansport
ingpati
ent
s:Lif
ti
ngpati
entsupinthebed.Tr
ansf
err
ingf
rom
bedtowheelchai
r.“
Tranf
err
ingfr
om bedt
ostretcher
”.

6.Met
hodsofgi
vi
ngnour
ishment:
Feedi
ng,
tubef
eedi
ng,
dri
ps,
transf
usi
on.

7.Bedsidemanagement:Giv
ingandtaki
ngbedpan,Ur
inal
,Obser
vati
onofstool
s,
uri
ne,
obser
vati
onofsputum,under
standuseandcar
eofcathet
ers,enemagiv
ing.

8.Sur
gical
dressi
ng:
Obser
vat
ionofdr
essi
ngpr
ocedur
es.

124
FI
RSTAI
D

1.I
mpor
tanceoff
ir
stai
dinphy
siot
her
apy
.

2.Exami
nat
ionofv
ital
signs.

3.Fi
rstai
dincar
diacar
rest
.

4.Fi
rstai
dinr
espi
rat
oryf
ail
ure.

5.Fi
rstai
dinbur
ns.

6.Fi
rstai
dinel
ect
ri
cshock.

7.Fi
rstai
dindr
owni
ng.

8.Fi
rstai
dinspi
nal
cor
dinj
uri
es.

9.Fi
rstai
dinhy
pov
olemi
cshock.

10.
Fir
stai
dinpoi
si
oni
ng.

11.
Inst
rument
ati
onusedi
nfi
rstai
d(Fi
rstai
dki
t)
.

12.
Fir
stai
dinRTA.

13.
Indi
cat
ionofCPR.

14.
Assessmentandt
echni
queofCPR.

15.
Art
if
ici
alv
ent
il
ati
on.

RecommendedText
books

1.Fi
rstai
dinemer
gency—St
.John.Ambul
anceAssoci
ati
on.

2.Phy
siot
her
apyf
orbur
nsandr
econst
ruct
ion—Gl
assey
.

3.Sur
gical
andMedi
cal
procedur
esf
ornur
ses&par
amedi
cal
staf
f—Nat
han.

4.Fi
rstai
d&managementofgener
ali
njur
ies&commonai
l
ment
s—Gupt
a&Gupt
a.

2)DI
AGNOSTI
CIMAGI
NGFORPHYSI
OTHERAPI
ST—15HOURS

SUBJECTDESCRI PTI
ON-Thiscoursecover
sthestudyofcommondi agnosti
cand
ther
apeut
icimagingt
ests.Attheendofthecoursestudent
swillbeawareoft hei
ndicat
ions
andimpli
cat
ionsofcommonl yuseddi
agnost
icimagi
ngt est
sast heypert
aintopati
ents
management.Thecoursewil
lcovert
hathowX-Ray,CT,MRI,Ult
rasoundandOt herMedical
I
magesar ecreat
edandhowt heyhel
pthehealt
hprofessi
onalst
osav eli
ves.

1.IMAGEINTERPRETATI
ON
a.Hi
stor
y

125
b.
ANewKi
ndofRay
c.HowaMedi
cal
ImageHel
ps
d.
WhatI
magi
ngSt
udi
esRev
eal
e.Radi
ography(x-
ray
s)
f.Fl
uor
oscopy
g.Comput
edTomogr
aphy(
CT)
h.
Magnet
icResonanceI
magi
ng(
MRI
)
i
.Ultr
asound
j
.Endoscopy
.

2.RADI
OGRAPHYANDMAMMOGRAPHY
a.Equi
pmentcomponent
s
b.
Procedur
esf
orRadi
ogr
aphy&Mammogr
aphy
c.Benefi
tsversusRi
sksandCosts
d.I
ndicat
ionsandcontr
aindi
cat
ions.

3.FLUOROSCOPY
a.Whati
sFl
uor
oscopy
?
b.
Equi
pmentusedf
orf
luor
oscopy
c.I
ndi
cat
ionsandCont
rai
ndi
cat
ions
d.Howithel
psindi
agnosi
s
e.TheFindi
ngsi
nFluor
oscopy
f
.Benef
it
sver
susRi
sksandCost
s.

4.COMPUTEDTOMOGRAPHY(
CT)
a.Whati
sComput
edTomogr
aphy
?
b.
Equi
pmentusedf
orComput
edTomogr
aphy
c.Indi
cat
ionsandContrai
ndi
cat
ions
d.Howithelpsi
ndiagnosi
s
e.TheFi
ndi
ngsi
nComput
edTomogr
aphy
f
.Benef
it
sver
susRi
sksandCost
s.

5.MAGNETI
CRESONANCEI
MAGI
NG(
MRI
)
a.Whati
sMRI
?
b.
Equi
pmentusedf
orMRI
c.I
ndi
cat
ionsandCont
rai
ndi
cat
ions
d.Howithel
psindi
agnosi
s
e.TheFindi
ngsi
nMRI

126
f
.Benef
it
sver
susRi
sksandCost
s
g.Funct
ional
MRI
.

6.ULTRASOUND
a.Whati
sUl
tr
asound?
b.
Equi
pmentusedf
orUl
tr
asound
c.I
ndicati
onsandContraindi
cat
ionsd.
Howi
t
hel
psindiagnosi
s
e.TheFindingsi
nUl
trasound
f
.Benef
it
sver
susRi
sksandCost
s.

7.ENDOSCOPY
a.Whati
sEndoscopy
?
b.
Equi
pmentusedf
orEndoscopy
c.I
ndicati
onsandContr
aindi
cat
ionsd.
Howi
thel
ps
i
ndiagnosis
e.TheFindingsi
nEndoscopy
f
.Benef
it
sver
susRi
sksandCost
s.

8.NUCLEARMEDI
CINE
a.Whati
sNucl
earMedi
ci
ne?
b.
Equi
pmentusedf
orNucl
earMedi
cine
c.I
ndicat
ionsandContrai
ndi
cati
onsd.
Howi
t
hel
psindiagnosi
s.
e.Benefi
tsver
susRisksandCost
s

3)Emer
gencyCar
e&BLS:-10hour
s

Basicsofemer gencycareandl i
fesuppor tski
ll
s-Basi cli
fesupport(BLS)i sthefoundation
forsavi
ngl iv
esf oll
owi ngcar
diacarrest.Fundament alaspectsofBLSincl udeimmedi ate
recogni
t i
onofsuddencar di
acar rest( SCA)andact iv
ati
onoft heemer gencyr esponse
system,ear l
ycar diopulmonaryresuscitati
on( CPR) ,andr apiddefi
bri
llati
onwi t
han
automat edext ernaldefi
bri
ll
ator(AED) .Ini
ti
alr ecognit
ionandr esponset ohear tattack
andst rokear eal soconsideredpartofBLS.Thest udentisalsoexpectedt olearnabout
basicemer gencycar eincl
udingfi
rstaidandt ri
age.Topicstobecov eredundert hesubject
areasfol l
ows:
a. Vitalsignsandprimaryassessment
b.Basi
cemer
gencycar
e—f
ir
stai
dandt
ri
age
127
c. Vent
il
ati
onsi
ncl
udi
nguseofbag-
val
ve-
masks(
BVMs)
d.Choki
ng,
rescuebr
eat
hingmet
hods
e. One-andTwo-
rescuerCPR
f. Usi
nganAED(Aut omatedext
ernal
def
ibr
il
lat
or)
.
g.Managi
nganemer
gencyi
ncl
udi
ngmov
ingapat
ient

Attheendofthi
stopic,focusshoul dbet oteacht
hestudent
stoper for
mthemaneuv
ersi
n
si
mulati
onlabandtot esttheirski
llswithfocusonai
rwaysmanagementandchest
compressi
ons.Attheendoft hef oundati
on cour
se,eachst udentshoul
dbeableto
per
form andexecute/operateont heabov ementi
onedmodalit
ies.

128
FOURTHYEAR

129
130
 COMMUNI
TYMEDI
CINE
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:IVYear
I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:150
i)Theory:80mar ks
i
i)I
nternalAssessment20mar
ks

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Thi
scour
sewi
ll
enablest
udent
stounder
standtheeff
ect
soft
heenv
ironment
andt
hecommuni
tydynami
csontheheal
thoftheindi
vi
dual
.

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

Theobject
iveofthiscour
seisthataft
er150hoursoflectur
es,demonstr
ati
ons,
practi
calsandcli
nics,t
hestudentwil
lbeabletodemonstrateanunder
standingof
theinfl
uenceofsocialandenvir
onmentalfact
orsonthehealthofthei
ndiv
idual
andsociety.

A. Outl
i
nethenatural
hist
oryofdi
seasesandt hei
nfl
uenceofsoci
al,
economi
c
andcul
tur
alaspectsofheal
thanddiseases. [8hours]

B. Outl
inethevar
iousmeasuresofpr
event
ionandmethodsofi
nter
vent
ion
especi
all
yfordiseaseswi
thdi
sabi
l
ity
. [
10hours]
C. Outl
inet
henati
onalcar
edeli
verysyst
em andthepubl
i
cheal
thadmi
nist
rat
ion
syst
em atcent
ral
andstat
elevel. [
9hours]
D. Out
li
nesel
ect
ednat
ional
heal
thpr
ogr
ammes. [10hour
s]
E. Def
ineoccupat
ionalheal
thandli
stmet
hodsofpr
event
ionofoccupat
ional
di
seasesandhazards. [
10hour
s]
F. Out
li
net
heempl
oyeesst
atei
nsur
anceschemeandi
tsbenef
it
s.[5hour
s]
G. Descr
ibethesoci
alsecuri
tymeasur
esforpr
otect
ionf
rom occupat
ional
hazar
ds,acci
dents,di
seases,
andtheworkmanscompensati
onAct .
[5hours]
H. Outl
inetheobj
ect
ivesandst
rat
egi
esoft
heNat
ional
Fami
l
yWel
far
e
Programme.
[9hour
s]
I
. Definecommunitybasedandinst
it
uti
onbasedrehabi
l
itat
ion.Descr
ibet
he
advantagesanddisadv
antagesofi
nsti
tut
ionandcommuni t
ybased
rehabil
i
tati
on. [5hour s]
J. Descri
bethefol
lowi
ngcommuni cablediseaseswit
hr efer
encetoreser
voi
r,
modeoft r
ansmissi
on,r
outeofentryandl ev
elsofpreventi
on:a)Poli
omyel
it
is
b)Meningi
ti
sc)Encephali
ti
sd)Tuber culosi
s,e)Fil
ariasi
s,f)Lepr
osyg)
Tetanus& h)Measl
es.
[18hour
s]
K. Descri
betheepidemiol
ogyofrheumati
cheartdisease,cancer
,chroni
c
degenerat
ivedi
seaseandcerebrov
ascul
araccidents. [8hour
s]
L. Outl
i
netheinf
luenceofnutri
ti
onal
factor
ssuchasprotei
nenergymal
nut
ri
ti
on,
anemia,
vit
amindefi
ciencyandmineral
sondisabi
l
ity
.[7hours]
M.Li
stthepri
nci
plesofhealt
heducation,methodsofcommuni
cat
ionandr
oleof
heal
theducat
ioninrehabi
li
tat
ionservi
ces.[7hours]

131
N. Defi
netherol
eofcommuni
tyl
eader
sandheal
thpr
ofessi
onal
sinheal
th
educat
ion. [7hours]
O. Outl
i
net her
oleofi
nter
nat
ional
heal
thagenci
esi
nrehabi
l
itat
ionoft
he
di
sabled. [7hour
s]
P.Hospi
talwast
emanagement
:Sour
cesofhospi
tal
wast
e,heal
thhazar
ds,
wast
e
management.[7Hour
s]
Q. Di
sasterManagement: Natur
alandmanmadedi sast
ers,di
sast
erimpactand
response,
rel
iefphase,
epidemiologi
csurvei
ll
anceanddiseasecontr
ol,
nutri
ti
on,r
ehabil
it
ati
on,di
sasterprepar
edness. [10hour s]

R.MentalHealt
h: Char
act
eristi
csofament al
lyhealt
hyperson,
typesofment al
i
ll
ness,causesofment alil
lheal
th,preventi
on,mental
healt
hservi
ces,alcohol
anddrugdependence.emphasi soncommuni t
yaspectsofmentalhealth.
Rol
eofphy siother
api
stinment alhealt
hpr obl
emssuchasment alret
ardation.
[8hours]

 I
ntr
oduct
iont
oCommuni
tyMedi
cine:

Historyofmedici
ne-evol
uti
onofcommuni tymedicine-medi ci
nei
nthe
ol
denday s—di f
fer
entsyst
emsofmedi cineindiff
erentpartsofworl
d—
or
iginofmodernmedi ci
ne—sanitaryawakening—di scoveryofbact
eri
a,
vi
ruses—or i
ginofpubli
cheal
th,
social&pr event
ivemedicine&communi t
y
medicine—healthforal
l—mill
ennium developmentgoals.

 Basi
cConcept
sofHeal
th&Di
sease: [5hour
s]

Defini
ti
ons—di mensions—determinants-indicator
s-measur
ementof
heal
th—concept sofwellbei
ng—st andards&lev el
sofli
vi
ng—natur
al
hi
storyofdiseases—conceptsofcontrol
&prev enti
on-modesof
i
nterv
entions-heal
thpoli
cy&goals.

 Appl
icat
ionofSoci
alandBehav
iour
alSci
encesi
nCommuni
tyMedi
cine:

Humani t
iesincommuni tymedicine—medi calsoci
ology—socialfact
orsin
healt
h&di sease—f amili
es—t ypesoffamili
es—r ol
eoff amil
yinheal
th&
di
sease-accul tur
ati
on—soci alheal
thproblems-soci al
organi
zati
ons-
organi
zationalbehavi
our-leadershi
p—del egati
on—mot iv
ati
on—
emot i
ons—gr oupdynamics—gr oupdiscussi
ons—behav i
ourchange
communi cation—skill
sofcommuni cati
on—counsel inginheal
th&disease
—heal t
heconomi cs.

 Demogr
aphy&Fami
lyWel
far
ePl
anni
ng: [3hour
s]

Defi
nit
ion—demogr aphi
ccycl
e—populat
ionexpl
osi
on-populat
ion
tr
endsinindi
aandwor l
d—censusi
ndia2011—f ami
lywel
fareplanni
ng—
contr
acepti
ves-nati
onalf
amil
ywel
far
eprogramme—nat i
onalpopulat
ion
poli
cy—genderissuesandwomenshealt
h.

 Appl
iedNut
ri
ti
on: [
4hour
s]

Nutri
ent
sandt hei
rrequi
rements—mal nutr
it
ionamongi nfants&under
fi
ves—gr owthmonitori
ngandnutri
tionalsurveil
lance—nut ri
tional
anaemia—v it
aminAdef i
ciency—iodinedeficiencydisorders—f ood
consumptionsurv
eys—ot hernut
ri
tionalhealthpr obl
ems-nat i
onal

132
 nutr
it
ionpoli
cy—nutr
it
ionint
erv
ent
ionprogrammes—pr
event
ionoff
ood
adul
terat
ion-foodf
ort
ifi
cati
on—foodtoxins.

 Env
ironment
alHeal
th: [3hour
s]

Concept
sofbasicsani
tati
on-potablewater—waterpuri
fi
cat
ionstandar
ds
—endemicfl
uorosis—disposalofsoli
dandli
qui
dwast es-poll
uti
onofair,
water
,soi
let
c,-global
war ming.

 Gener
alEpi
demi
ology&i
tsappl
icat
ions: [
7hour
s]

Conceptsinepidemiol
ogy—epidemiologyofcommuni cabl
eandnon-
communi cabl
ediseases—met hodsofepidemiol
ogy—causation&
associ
ati
on—epi demi
ologi
cal
survei
ll
anceofdiseases-outbr
eak
i
nvesti
gation.

 Bi
ost
ati
sti
cs:

Basicconcepts—Gaussiancurv
e-measurementofcent r
altendencyand
vari
abi
li
ty—sampl ing—probabi
li
ty—hypothesi
sformulati
on&t esti
ng—
test
sofsigini
fi
cance—parametri
c&non-parametr
ictests—cor rel
ati
on&
regr
ession—comput er
sinmedicine-l
i
fetable.

 Epi
demi
ologyofCommuni
cabl
eDi
seases: [4hour
s]

Vacci nepreventabl
edi seases: measles,pert ussis,diphtheria, t
uberculosi
s,
tetanus,hepat i
ti
sB,pol i
omy el
iti
s—wat er-bor nedi seases: chol er
a,typhoi
d,
viralhepat
ites,foodpoi soning,amoebiasis, ancy l
ost omiasis—v ector
-bor
ne
diseases:mal ari
a,fi
lariasi s,dengue,
Japaneseencephal it
is,KFD,
chikunguny afever,
pl ague—acut er
espirator yinfections—HI V/AIDS—
STDs—t uber cul
osis—l eprosy—SARS-i nf l
uenza—swi nef lu—av i
anf l
u—
zoonot i
cdiseases—r abi es—ARBOv i
raldiseases—r i
ckettsialdiseases,
etc.

 Epi
demi
ologyofNon-
Communi
cabl
edi
seases: [
3hour
s]

Di
abestes—obesi
ty—hyper
tensi
on—car
diov
ascul
ardi
seases—acci
dent
s
—bl
indness—cancer
s.

 Mat
ernal
&Chi
ldHeal
th: [
6hour
s]

Preventiveobstetr
ics&paedi atr
ics—ant enatalcare—i nt r
anat al care-
postnatalcare—neo- natal
care—postneo- natalcare—f eedingofchi ldren
—br eastfeeding—suppl ementaryfeeding—weani ngofchi ldr
en-gr owt h
moni t
ori
ng—pr eventionofchil
dheal t
hpr obl ems—l owbi rthwei ght-
del
iveryofMCHser vices—underf i
vesclinics—MCHcl i
nics-indi catorsof
MCHcar e—neo- natal mort
ali
ty—post -neo- natal
mor tali
ty-perinat al
mortali
ty-infantmor t
alit
y—underf i
vemor tali
ty—mat er
nal mort alit
y—
j
uveniledeli
nquency—congeni talmalformat ions.

 Nat
ionalHeal
thPr
ogr
ammes: [4hour
s]

RevisedNat
ionalTBContr
olProgramme—l eprosyeradicat
ion
programme—ant i
malari
aprogramme—nat ionalfi
lari
asiscont
rol
programme—nat i
onalv
ector-
bornediseasescontrolprogramme-
reproducti
ve&chil
dhealt
hprogramme—MCHser vices—i nt
egrat
edchi
l
d

133
 devel
opmentpr ogr amme—i mmuni zationpr ogramme-school healt
h
programme—i ntegratedmanagementofneo- natal&chi l
dhoodi ll
nesses
programme—nat i
onal AI
DScont rolpr ogramme—nat ionalrural&ur ban
healt
hmi ssi
on—nat ionalmental healthpr ogramme—nat i
onal cancer
contr
ol programme—nat ionalprogrammef orpr eventionofdiabet es,
cardi
ov asculardiseasesandst roke, -nati
onal programmef orcont r
ol of
occupat i
onal di
seases—i nt
egrateddi seasessur veill
ancepr oj
ect—nat i
onal
watersuppl yandsani tati
onprogramme—mi nimum needspr ogramme—
20poi ntprogramme.

 Occupat
ional
Heal
th: [4hour
s]

I
ntroducti
on—occupat i
onalhazards—occupat i
onaldiseases—
pneumoconi oses—l eadpoisoning—occupat i
onalcancers—r adiati
on
hazards—acci dentsinindust
ries—si cknessabsenteeism —healt h
problemsduet oindustr
iali
zat
ion—heal thprot
ecti
onofi ndust
rialworkers—
preventi
on&cont rolofoccupational
di seases—legisl
ations:f
actoriesact—
minesact-ESIact .

 Heal
thManagementandAdmi
nist
rat
ion: [4hour
s]

Conceptsofhealt
hcare,medicalcare,healthpl
anni
ng—pl anningcycle—
managementmet hods&t echniques-reportsofimport
anthealt
h&
devel
opmentcommi t
tees:Bhore,Mudali
ar ,
Jungalwal
a,Kar
tarSingh,
Sri
vastava&others—healthcar edel
iveryinIndi
a—pr i
maryhealthcenters,
subcenters,
communi tyhealt
hcenters,etc.

 Mi
scel
laneous: [
9hour
s]

Rehabil
i
tati
on—communi ty—basedr ehabi
li
tat
ion-hospit
al wast
es
management-di sastermanagement—ger i
atr
ichealthpr
oblems—
medicalentomol
ogy—v ectorcont
rol-medicalgeneti
cs—r esear
ch
methodology—medi calethics—inter
nati
onalHealthRegul
at i
ons—ICD-
NGOs—WHO—UNCF—I LO—FAO—WB—CARE—DFI D-SI DA,et
c.

Pr
act
ical
s/Demonst
rat
ions&Fi
eldv
isi
ts:

 Exer
cisesi
nepi
demi
ology&st
ati
sti
cs,

 Model
sandspeci
mensofcommuni
cabl
edi
seases,

 Model
s&speci
mensoff
ami
l
ypl
anni
ng,

 Model
s&speci
mensofenv
ironment
alheal
th,

 Vacci
nes

 Vi
si
ttoi
mmuni
zat
ioncl
i
nic,

 Vi
si
ttoant
e-nat
alcl
i
nic,

 Vi
si
ttoDMCofRNTCP,

 Vi
si
ttopr
imar
yheal
thcent
er&subcent
er,

 Fami
l
yheal
thst
udi
es&di
etsur
vey
s,

134
  Vi
si
ttowat
erwor
ks,

 Vi
si
ttomi
l
kdi
ary
,

 Vi
si
ttoaf
act
ory
,

 Vi
si
ttoI
CTC,

 Communi
ty-
basedr
ehabi
l
itat
ion

 Cli
nicosoci
alcasestudi
esofTB,malari
a,l
epr
osy,acutegastr
oenter
it
is,
antenatal
,post
natal
,PEM chi
l
d,hypert
ensi
on,di
abetes,cor
onaryheart
di
sease, et
c.

Ref
erences:
-

1.Pr
event
ion&Soci
alMedi
cine-Par
k&Par
k.
2.Rev
iewi
ncommuni
tymedi
cine-Seshubabu.
3.HandBookofPr
event
iveandSoci
alMedi
cine-Vi
dyaRat
an.
4.Essent
ial
ofcommuni
tymedi
cine-APr
act
ical
Appr
oach.-DAHi
remat
h.
5.TextBookofcommuni
tyMedi
cineandcommuni
tyRehabi
l
itat
ion-Dr
.T.Bhaskar
a
Rao.

135
 CLI
NICALCARDI
O-RESPI
RATORYCONDI
TIONS
Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:IVYear
I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:125
Mar
ks:Theor
y80+20I
A.

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Thiscourseintroducesthestudenttot
hecardi
o-t horaci
cconditi
onswhi chcommonl y
causedisabil
ity
.Par ti
cul
areffor
tistobemadet oav oi
dburdeningthestudentwithany
detail
pertai
ningtodiagnosiswhichwil
lnotcontr
ibutetothei
runderstandingofthe
l
imitati
onsimposedbycar di
o-thoraci
cpathol
ogyont hefuncti
oningoftheindiv
idual
.

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

Theobj
ect
iveoft
hiscour
sei
saf
ter125hour
sofl
ect
ures&demonst
rat
ions,
in

addi
ti
ont
ocl
ini
cs,
thest
udentwi
llbeabl
etodemonst
rat
eanunder
standi
ngof

car
dio-t
hor
aci
ccondi
ti
onscausi
ngdi
sabi
l
ityandt
hei
rmanagement
.

COURSEOUTLI
NE:

A. ANATOMYANDPHYSI
OLOGY: [25hour
s]

1. Descr
ibei
ndet
ailt
heanat
omyoft
het
hor
aci
ccage.

2. Descr
ibei
ndet
ailt
heanat
omyoft
hel
ungs,
bronchiandbr
onchopul
monar
y

segment
s.

3. Rel
ati
onshi
poft
hebonyt
hor
axandt
hel
ungst
oeachot
herandt
othe

abdomi
nalcont
ent
s.

4. Br
ief
lydescr
ibet
hev
ari
ati
onsi
nthebonycagei
nthef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

a.Cer
vicalr
ibs:t
hor
aci
cout
letsy
ndr
ome

b.Ri
cket
s-r
icket
yrosar
y

c.Depr
essi
ondef
ormi
ti
es:pect
usexcav
atum

d.Pr
otr
usi
ondef
ormi
ti
es:pect
uscar
inat
um (
pigeonchest
)

e.Scol
iosi
s

136
 f
.Ky
phosi
s

g.Rar
edef
ormi
ti
es:st
ernalcl
eft
s,absentst
ernum,
Pol
andsy
ndr
ome,
fused

r
ibs,
absentr
ibs,
Jenunesdi
sease.

5. Descr
ibet
hemov
ement
soft
het
hor
ax:Buckethandl
e,pumphandl
e.

6. Li
stt
hemuscl
esofr
espi
rat
ionsi
nvol
vedi
ninspi
rat
ionandexpi
rat
ion

(
incl
udi
ngaccessor
ymuscl
esofr
espi
rat
ion)
.

7. Li
stt
hemechani
cal
fact
orsi
nvol
vedi
nbr
eat
hing.Descr
ibebr
ief
lyf
act
ors

af
fect
ingl
ungcompl
ianceandai
rwayr
esi
stance.

8. Descr
ibei
ndet
ailt
hecoughr
efl
ex.

9. Li
stt
hef
act
orsaf
fect
ingdi
ff
usi
onofoxy
genandcar
bon-
dioxi
dei
nthe

l
ungs.Expl
ainv
ent
il
ati
on,
per
fusi
onandt
hei
rint
err
elat
ionshi
p.

10.Descr
ibet
hephy
siol
ogi
cal
cont
rol
ofr
espi
rat
ionandhi
ghl
ightt
hef
unct
ionof

t
hemedul
lar
yandpont
iner
espi
rat
orycent
resandcent
ralandper
ipher
al

chemor
ecept
ors.

11. Pul
monar
yfunct
ionassessment
:Br
ief
lydescr
ibet
hepul
monar
yfunct
ion

t
est
sandt
hei
ruse;
bri
efl
yout
li
net
hebasi
sandv
alueofbl
oodgasanal
ysi
s.

12. Descr
ibei
nbr
ieft
heanat
omyoft
hehear
tandi
tsbl
oodsuppl
yandbr
ief
ly

out
li
net
heel
ect
ri
cal
act
ivi
tyort
hemy
ocar
dium andnor
malECG.

13. Descr
ibet
hemechani
sm f
ormai
ntenanceofbl
oodpr
essur
e.

14.Fundament
alsofECGr
ecor
dingandbasi
cint
erpr
etat
ion.

15.Br
ief
lydescr
ibet
hepr
inci
plesofEchocar
diogr
aphy
:M-
mode,
Doppl
er(
trans
t
hor
aci
candt
ransoesophageal
echocar
diogr
aphy
)

16. Br
ief
lyout
li
net
hepr
inci
plesofcar
diov
ascul
arst
resst
est
ing.

17. Basi
csofar
rhy
thmi
as,
syncopeandi
tsmanagement
.

18. Pr
inci
ples,
indi
cat
ionandmet
hodol
ogyoft
empor
aryandper
manent

pacemar
keri
mpl
ant
ati
on

137
 19. Fundament
alsofcar
diaccat
het
eri
zat
ion:angi
opl
ast
y,per
cut
aneous

bal
loonmi
tr
alv
alv
otomy
,pul
monar
yval
vot
omy
,aor
ti
cval
vot
omy
,dev
ice

cl
osur
eofpat
entduct
usar
ter
iosus,
atr
ialsept
aldef
ect
s,v
ent
ri
cul
arsept
al

def
ect
s.

20. Out
li
net
heener
gyexpendi
tur
eofv
ari
ouscommondai
lyact
ivi
ti
es.

B.CARDI
ACSURGERY: [20hour
s]

1. I
ntr
oduct
iont
ocar
diacsur
ger
y:def
ineext
racar
diacoper
ati
ons,
closed

i
ntr
a-car
diacoper
ati
onsandopencar
diacoper
ati
ons.

2. Pr
inci
plesofcar
diopul
monar
yby
passandi
tscompl
icat
ions.Def
ine

hy
pot
her
miaanddeepci
rcul
ator
yar
rest
.

3. My
ocar
dialpr
eser
vat
iont
echni
quesdur
ingcar
diopul
monar
yby
pass.

4. Pr
inci
plesofl
efthear
tby
pass(
lef
taor
taf
emor
alby
pass)
,femor
alby
pass,

Got
tsshunt
,mi
nimal
lyaccesssur
ger
y,por
taccesssur
ger
y

5. Car
diaccondi
ti
onsr
equi
ri
ngcl
osedhear
tsur
ger
y:

a.Congeni
taldi
seases:Pat
entduct
usar
ter
iosus,
coar
ctat
ionofaor
ta.

b.Acqui
redhear
tdi
seases:mi
tr
alst
enosi
s

6. Car
diaccondi
ti
onsr
equi
ri
ngopenhear
tsur
ger
y:br
ief
lydescr
ibet
he

pat
hophy
siol
ogy
,cl
ini
calpr
esent
ati
onsandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

condi
ti
ons:

a.Congenitaldiseases:atri
alseptaldefect,ventri
cularseptaldefects,
pulmonaryst enosis,t
etral
ogyofFal lot
,doubl eoutletr
ightventri
cle.
tr
anspositi
onofgr eatvessels,AVcanal defect.
b.Acquir
eddi seases:mi t
ralstenosis,mitr
alregur gi
tati
on,aorti
cst enosi
s,
aort
icregurgitat
ion,andmi xedv alv
ularlesions.
Coronaryarterydisease:cli
nicalpresentati
on, pat
hophy si
ologyand

management
:PTCAandst
ent
ing,
offpumpcor
onar
yar
ter
yby
pass

138
 sur
ger
y(OPCAB)
,onpumpcor
onar
yar
ter
yby
passgr
aft
ing,
mini
mal
ly

i
nvasi
vedi
rectcor
onar
yar
ter
yby
pass(
MIDCAB)
.

7.Intraaort
icball
oonpump:princi
ples, i
ndi
cati
ons,adv
ant
agesand
disadvantages
8.Fundament alpri
ncipl
esofventr
icularassi
stdevi
ces
9.Car di
actranspl
antati
on
10.
Princi
plesofroboti
csurger
yincar diacsur
gery

C.THORACI
CSURGERY: [30hour
s]

1.Pat
hophy
siol
ogyofv
ari
ousf
ormsofchestt
rauma.Car
diact
amponade.

2.Descr
ibev
erybr
ief
lyt
hecl
ini
cal
feat
uresandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

si
mpl
eandmul
ti
pler
ibf
ract
ures,
flai
lchest
,st
ovei
nchest
,pneumot
hor
ax,

hemot
hor
ax,
hemopneumot
hor
ax.Lungcont
usi
on,
lacer
ati
on,
inj
uryt
ohear
t,

gr
eatv
essel
sandi
njur
ytot
het
racheo-
bronchi
alt
ree.

3.Empy
emat
hor
aci
s:def
ini
ti
on,
causes,
management
.Br
ief
lydescr
ibe

i
nter
cost
alsdr
ainage,
ribr
esect
ion,
decor
ti
cat
ionandwi
ndowoper
ati
on.

4.Pul
monar
yTuber
cul
osi
s:cl
ini
cal
present
ati
on,
pat
hol
ogy
,andmanagement
.

Li
stt
hemani
fest
ati
onsofpul
monar
ytuber
cul
osi
sandbr
ief
lydescr
ibe

t
uber
cul
oma,
bronchi
ect
asi
ssi
cca,
bronchost
enosi
s.Cl
ini
calpr
esent
ati
on

ofdest
roy
edl
ungandmanagement
.Managementofhemopt
ysi
s.Def
ine

massi
vehemopt
ysi
sandt
hest
rat
egi
esi
nvol
vedi
nthemanagementof

pat
ient
swi
thmassi
vehemopt
ysi
sincl
udi
ngbr
onchi
alar
ter
yembol
izat
ion,

cr
yoabl
ati
on.

5.Out
li
nebr
ief
lyt
hecl
ini
cal
feat
uresandmanagementoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

suppur
ati
vel
esi
onsoft
hel
ung;
bronchi
ect
asi
s,l
ungabscess,

br
onchopneumoni
a&asper
gil
losi
s.

6.Out
li
nebr
ief
lyt
hecl
ini
cal
feat
uresandmanagementofcar
cinomal
ung.

7.Out
li
net
heext
ent
,useandcompl
icat
ionsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsur
gicali
nci
sions:

ant
erol
ater
alt
hor
acot
omy
,post
erol
ater
alt
hor
acot
omyandmedi
an

st
ernot
omy
.

139
 8.Descr
ibeanddef
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngandt
hepost
-oper
ati
vemanagementof

pat
ient
swhohav
eunder
gonewedger
esect
ion,segment
ect
omy
,lobect
omy
,

bi
lobeot
omy
,pneumonect
omy
,pl
eur
opneumonect
omy&t
racheost
omy
.

9.Descr
ibei
ndet
ailt
hepr
eoper
ti
veassessmentandmanagementofapat
ient

post
edf
ort
hor
acot
omy
.

10.Onel
unganaest
hesi
a:pr
inci
ple,
indi
cat
ionsandcont
rai
ndi
cat
ions.

11.Vi
deo—assi
stedt
hor
acoscopysur
ger
y:pr
inci
ple,
indi
cat
ions,

cont
rai
ndi
cat
ionsand adv
ant
ages.

12.Descr
ibet
hepr
inci
plesofcar
dio-
pul
monar
yresusci
tat
ion,
car
diacmassage,

ar
ti
fi
calr
espi
rat
ion,
def
ibr
il
lat
orsandt
hei
ruses.

13.Adv
ancedl
if
esuppor
tsy
stem

D.I
NTENSI
VECARE: [25hour
s]

1. Out
li
nebr
ief
lyt
hepr
inci
plesofv
ari
ousv
ent
il
ator
sandt
hei
ruse.

2. Tr
acheost
omy
:def
ini
ti
on,
indi
cat
ions,
procedur
e,compl
icat
ionsand

adv
ant
ages.

3. Descr
ibei
ndet
ailt
hef
oll
owi
ngpost
-oper
ati
vepr
ocedur
es:managementof

endot
racheal/endonasal
tube,
tracheal
suct
ion.

4. Weani
ngt
hepat
ientf
rom t
hev
ent
il
ator
,ext
ubat
iont
echni
que,
post

ext
ubat
ioncar
e.

E. MI
SCELLANEOUS: [20hour
s]

1.Br
ief
lyout
li
net
hemanagementofapat
ientaf
teramy
ocar
diali
nfar
cti
on.

2.Br
ief
lyout
li
net
hemanagementofapat
ientwi
thchr
oni
cobst
ruct
iveai
rway

di
sease.

F. RECENTADVANCES: [5hour
s]

1.Tr
anscat
het
eraor
ti
candmi
tr
alv
alv
eimpl
ant
ati
on.

140
Ref
erences:
-

1.Car
diacRehabi
li
tat
ionbyPi
yushJai
n.

2.Dav
idsonspr
inci
ples&pr
act
iceofmedi
cine.

3.TextbookofHear
t,Chest&Vascul
ardi
seasesf
orPhy
siot
her
api
st-Pat
ri
ca

Adowi
ne.

141
 PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
N

CARDI
ORESPI
RATORYCONDI
TIONS

Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:IVYear

I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:110

i
)Theor
y80mar
ks

i
i
)Pr
act
ical
60mar
ks

i
i
i)Or
al20mar
ks.

i
v)I
nter
nal
—Theor
y :
20

Pr
act
ical
:20

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Thi
scour
seser
vest
oint
egr
atet
heknowl
edgegai
nedbyt
hest
udent
sincl
ini
cal

car
dior
espi
rat
orycondi
ti
onswi
thski
ll
sgai
nedi
nexer
ciset
her
apy
,el
ect
rot
her
apy

andmassage,
thusenabl
ingt
hem t
oappl
ythesei
ncl
ini
calsi
tuat
ionsof

dy
sfunct
ionduet
ocar
dior
espi
rat
orypat
hol
ogy
.

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

Theobj ecti
veofthiscourseisthataf
ter110hoursoflectures,
demonst rati
ons,
practi
calsandcl i
nical
sthestudentwil
lbeabletoidenti
fycardi
orespir
atory
dysfunction,sett
reatmentgoalsandapplythei
rskil
lsi
nexer ci
setherapy,
elect
rotherapyandmassagei nclini
calsi
tuati
onstorestorecardi
orespi
ratory
functi
on.

COURSEOUTLI
NE:

A. ANATOMY: [5hour
s]

1.Car
diovascul
arsy
stem:
 Mediasti
num:di
vi
sionsandcont
ent
s

142
  Per i
cardium: thor acicwal l:posit
ion,shapeandpar t
soft heheart,
conduct ingsy stem, bloodsuppl yandner v
esupplyoft heheart,namesof
thebl oodv esselsandt heirdist
ributioninthebody ,
regionwise.
2.Respi
ratorysy stem:
 Out l
ineoft her espirator ypassages.
 Pleur aandl ungs: posi ti
on, part
s, r
elati
ons,bloodsupplyandner vesupply.
 Lungs—emphasi sonbr onchopul monar ysegment sandt hei
rapplied
aspect s.
 Diaphr agm: origin,insertion,nervesuppl yandaction
 Intercostalmuscl esandaccessor ymuscl esofrespirat
ion:ori
gin,i
nsert
ion,
ner v
esuppl yandact ion.

3.Thor
ax
 Li
stthemainbonesandjoi
ntsofthor
aciccage.Menti
ontheboundar
ies
andcont
entsofthor
aci
ccavit
y.
 Analy
sepumphandleandbuckethandlemov ementofri
bs.
 Surf
aceanatomyofhear
tandlungs.

B. PHYSIOLOGY: [5hour s]
1.Cardi
ovascul arsy st
em:
 Pr opert i
esofcar diacmuscl e,cardiaccy cl
e.
 ECG, hear tsounds, cardi
acout put.
 Fact orsr egulati
ngt heact i
onoft hehear t.
 Bloodpr essur e,itsmai ntenanceandr egulat
ion.
 Renal circul
ation, pulmonar ycircul
ation
 Vascul armechani cs
 Ly mphf actorsaf fectingitsfl
ow.
2.Respi
ratorysy stem:
 Defencemechani sm inther espirat
orytract,mucoci
l
iar
ytr
anspor
t,
mechani csofr espir
ati
on.
 Transpor tofbl oodgases, acidbasebal ance.
 Neural andchemi calregulati
onofr espirati
on.

C. GENERALOVERVI EW:ASSESSMENT [10hour s]

—Descr ibephy sical assessmenti ncar dior espiratorydy sfunct ion.
1.I nspect ion: post ur e(r
ecumbent ,er ector thopnei c) :br eat hingpat tern( rate,
rhyt hm andpat tern,useofaccessor ymuscl es) ,chestmov ement( sy mmet ry,
i
nt er cost alsanddi aphragmat iccomponent s) ,chestdef ormi ty(bar r
el chest ,
pigeonchest ); spinaldef ormity(scol i
osis,ky phosi s, ky phoscol iosis);sput um
(colour ,type, vol ume, consistency );cough( types, product ive/non- product ive,
presenceofanor mal coughr eflex) .
2.Pal pat ion: Tact il
eandv ocalfremi t
us, mobi l
ityofcer v ical andt horaci cspi ne,
shoul dergi rdle, ribcage.
3.Per cussi on: dul l
nessandhy perresonance.
4.Auscul t
at i
on: Nor mal andabnor mal breathsounds.
5.Measur ement :Chestexpansi onatdi f
ferentl ev els( axi liary,nipple,xiphoi d);
exer ci set olerance( si
xmi nutewal ki ngtest ).
6.Car di acdy sfunct i
on:ev al
uationofr iskfact ors, respi r ator ysystem ev aluation,
hear tr at erhy thm.
7.Phy si cal assessmenti npost -
oper at i
velungandcar diaccondi t
ions: sur gery
det ails, date, dur ati
on, events,typesandext ent ,incisi on, v i
tal
s, drains, pain,ROM,
thor aci ccav i
ty, neck,shoul dergirdl e,thoraci cspi ne, chestexcur sion, airentry,
sput um, post ure, neurologicalcompl i
cations, exer ciset olerance.

D. GENERALOVERVI
EW:PHYSI
CALTREATMENT: [15hour
s]
1. Descri
beindi
cati
ons,goalsandpr ocedur
eofbr eathi
ngexerci
se.Descr
ibe
diaphr
agmaticbr
eathing,
locali
zedbasal expansion,
apical
expansi
on,
specif
icsegmental
exerci
ser ai
singtherestingrespi
rat
orylev
el.

143
 2. Descr
ibechestmobi
l
izat
ionexer
cises.
3. Descri
berelaxat
ionposit
ionsforthebreat
hlesspatient
:highsi
de,
lyi
ng,
si
tt
ing,r
elaxedsitt
ing,
forwardlean,st
andi
ng, r
elaxedstandi
ng.
4. Descr
ibecont
rol
l
edbr
eat
hingdur
ingwal
ki
nganddur
ingf
unct
ional
act
ivi
ty.
5. Descri
beexer
cisef
ort
hebr
eat
hlesspat
ient
:exer
ciset
oler
ancet
est
ingand
exer
cisepr
ogramme.
6. Descr
ibet hetechni
queofhuf
fi
ngandcoughi ng,f
orcedexpi
rator
ytechni
que,
vi
brat
or ychestshaki
ngandpercussi
on,aut
ogenicdrai
nage,acti
vecycl
eof
br
eathing,inspi
rat
orymuscl
etrai
ningandfl
utter
.
7. Describetechni
quesofpostur
aldrai
nage,includingi
ndicat
ions,general
precauti
onsandcontraindi
cat
ions,prepar
ationofdrainageofindivi
dual
bronchopulmonarysegments,
modi f
iedpostur al
drai
nageandcont inuing
posturaldrai
nageasahomepr ogramme.
8. Out l
i
net hehist or
yofmechani calrespi
rati
on.Def inet hefoll
owingter
msa)
respir
atorb)l ungv enti
lat
orc)resuscit
ator
sd)bodyv enti
latore)
electr
osimulat orf)IPPB g)PEEP h)CPAPi )SIMVj )NEEP.Cl assi
fy
ventil
atorsbyt heircycl
ingcontrol(vol
umecy cling, pressurecycli
ng,t
ime
cycli
ngandmi xedcy cl
i
ng).Describetheprinciplesofoper ati
onofcommonl y
usedv entil
atorsandout l
i
netheuseoft hefollowi ngt ypes:I)bearII
)Bennet
t
II
I)Emer sonIV)Bi rd.
Outli
nethepri
nci
plesofaerosol
ther
apy.Descr
ibethephysi
calproper
ti
esof
aerosol
sandtheirdeposi
ti
onintheal
veol
i
.Describethepri
nci
plesof
operati
onofnebuli
sers.
9. Outli
netheprinci
plesofhumi dif
icati
onther
apyandmet hodsofcor
recti
ng
humidit
ydeficit
s.Describethepr i
ncipl
esofoperat
ionofpass—ov er
humidif
iersandbubbl e—diffusi
onaer osol
therapy
.Descri
bethephysi
cal
propert
iesofaerosolsandtheirdepositi
oninthealveol
i
.Descr
ibet
he
pri
ncipl
esofoper ati
onofnebul i
sers.
10.Out
li
nethepri
ncipl
esofhumidi
fi
cati
ont her
apyandmet hodsofcor
rect
ing
humidi
tydef
ici
ts.Descr
ibet
heprinci
plesofoper at
ionofpass—over
humidi
fi
ersandbubble—dif
fusi
onhumi di
fi
ers.
11.Descr
ibet
echni
quesofst
eri
l
enasophar
yngeal
andendot
racheal
suct
ioni
ng.

E. PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
NOBSTRUCTI
VELUNGDI
SEASES: [
10hour
s]

1.Assess:
Eff
ortofbreathing,extentofwheeze,patt
ernofbr
eathi
ng,sputum
pr
oducti
on,chestdeformity
, exerci
setol
erance(pat
ient
seff
ortt
olerance)
.

2.I
dentif
yprobl
ems: Decreasedout
fl
owduet obronchospasm,anxietydueto
di
ff
icult
yinventi
l
ation,
exhausti
onduetoincr
easedwor kofdist
urbedbreathi
ng.
I
ncreasedsecret
ionswhicharedif
fi
cul
ttoremove,decreasedexerciset
oler
ance.

3.Demonst r
atetreatmentt
echniques:Relaxat
ionpost ur
esandt echniques,
reassur
anceandeducat i
onaboutdisease,control
l
edbr eat
hing,breathi
ng
exerci
se,post
ur al
drai
nage,vi
brator
yshaking,huff
ingandcoughi ng,graduat
ed
exerci
seprogrammeandpost urecorrecti
on.

F. PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
NCHESTI
NFECTI
ONS: [7hour
s]

1.Assess:Sput
um,
cough,
fev
eranddy
sponea.

144
 2.I
dentif
yprobl
ems:Producti
vecoughwi t
hri
skofhemopty
sis,
exhausti
onduet o
i
ncreasedworkofbr
eathing,chestdef
ormi
ty,
decr
easedexer
cisetol
erance.

3.Demonstr
atetr
eatmentt
echniques:Post
uraldr
ainagewit
huseofadjuncts,
per
cussi
on,vi
brati
on,
huff
ingandcoughingtoexpector
ate,mobi
li
zingexerci
ses
tot
horaxandgraduat
edexerci
se.

G. PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
NRESTRI
CTI
VELUNGDI
SORDERS: [10hour
s]

1.Assess:Chestexpansi
onatdiff
erentl
evel
s,mobi
li
tyofthoraxandspi
ne,
posture(
kyphosisorscol
iosi
s)andtest
sforexer
ciset
olerance(si
xminut
e
walkingt
est)
.

2.Identi
fypr
oblems:Decreasedexpansi
onoflungduetorest
ri
cti
onofchestwal
l
mov ementcausingdecreasedvent
il
ati
on,
defect
ivepost
ureanddecr
eased
exerci
setoler
ance.

3.Demonst r
atetreatmentt
echniques:Vigorousmobi l
izi
ngexercisestothorax
andspine,breathi
ngexer
cisetoincreaseventi
lati
onanddrainsecr et
ions,
exer
cisesforposturecor
recti
on,graduatedexerci
sestoincreasetolerance.

H. PRI
NCI
PLESOFI
NTENSI
VECAREPHYSI
OTHERAPY: [10hour
s]

Descr
ibet
hepr
inci
plesofi
ntensi
vecar
ether
apy
.

1.Demonst rat
eknowl edgeofthefoll
owingequipment :endotrachealtubes,
tr
acheostomyt ubes,humi di
fi
er,
venti
lat
ors,highfr
equencyv ent
ilat
ors,
di
fferenti
alventi
lat
ors,CPAPmasks, Sucti
onpump, electr
ocardiogram,
pressuremoni t
ors—ar ter
ial
,centr
alvenous,pulmonar yart
eryand
pulmonarywedge:i ntr
acrani
alandtemperaturemoni tors.

2.Assess:Specialinst
ructi
onsper tai
ningt oanyoperati
onper f
ormed,
respir
ati
on,l
evelofconsci ousness, col
our ,
bloodpressure,
pulse,
temperatur
e,sputum expect orat
ed( colourandquant i
ty)
,drugs( ti
meof
l
astdoseofanal gesicgi
v en),drains,pr
esenceofpacemakerori ntr
aaor
ti
c
ball
oonpump.ECGandbl oodgasr esults.Describechestradiographwit
h
respecttoexpansionoflungs, sizeofhear t
,presenceofsecretionsand
placementofchesttubes.

145
I
. PHYSI
OTHERAPYAFTERPULMONARYSURGERY: [10hour
s]

Pr
eoper
ati
ve:

1.Assess:speci ali
nst r
uctionspertainingtooper at
iveprocedureperformed,
breathsounds, cyanosis,respir
atoryr ate,temperat
ureandpul se,
blood
pressure,drai
nagef rom pleuraldrain(bubbl i
ngorwinging),
sputum
expectorated,analgesi
a, mov ement sofchestwal l(
symmet ry)posi
t i
onof
pati
entandef fortofbr eathi
ng,chestr adiographandbloodgases.

2.Identi
fyprobl
ems:Painduetoint
ercostaldr
aininsi
tu,
decr easedairentr
y,
retai
nedsecreti
ons,
decreasedmov ementsoftheshoulderofaffected
side,decr
easedmobili
tyandpoorposture.

3.Demonst r
atetreatmenttechniques:deepbr eathingandsegment al
breathi
ngexercises,vi
brati
ons,percussions,huffingandcoughing,f
ull
rangeacti
veassi st
edarm exercises,anklefootexer ci
ses,t
runkexer
cises,
posturecorr
ection,posi
tioni
ngofpat ient,
IPPBi nhalat
ions.

J. PHYSI
OTHERAPYAFTERCARDI
ACSURGERY: [11hour
s]

Pr
eoper
ati
ve:

1.Assesspatientsmedicalhi
stor
y,nor
mal breat
hingpat
ternofpat
ient
,pul
se,
respir
ator
yrate,BP.Thoraci
cmobi l
it
y,postur
eandpatient
sexerci
se
toler
ance.

2.Identi
fypr obl
ems:Excesssecr etions, decreasedmobi li
tyoft hor ax,
defectivepostur e, decr easedexer ciset olerance.Demonst ratet reatment
techniques:Expl aint ot hepat ient saboutt heiroperati
onandaboutt he
i
ncision.I CU.Endot racheal t
ube, centrallines,nasogastr i
ct ube, cat heter
,
ECG, leads,drains, per i
pher allines, temper at ureprobeetc.Teach
breathingexercises, slant i
ngofi ncision, huffingandcoughi ng, correct
postur e,r
angeofmot ion, exercisest ot runkandshoul der, acti
v eexer ci
ses
toankl eandfoot .Postoper ati
v e:Assessspeci alinstr
uctionsper tainingto
operat i
veprocedur eper formed, t
y peofi ncision,bloodpr essur e, pulserate,
respi
rat i
on,colour , t
imeofl astanal gesicdose, drains,t
emper at ure,ECG.
chestx- r
ayandbl oodgases.

146
 Postoper
ati
ve:

1.Ident
if
ypr
oblems:Pai
n,decreasedai
rentr
y,r
etai
nedsecr
eti
ons,
reducedar
m
andlegmovements.Decreasedmobil
it
y.

2.Demonstrat
etreat
menttechni
ques:Deepbreathi
ngexer
cises,
sucti
oni
ng,
act
ive/assi
stedexer
cisestoar
m andleg,graduat
edexerci
seprogr
amme.

K. PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
NGENERALSURGERY: [7hour
s]

1.Assessthepati
ent
smedi
calhi
stor
y,pastt
reat
ment
,br
eat
hingpat
ter
n,abi
li
tyt
o
coughandpain.

2.Ident
if
yproblems:Pain,
incr
easedsecr
eti
ons.Def
ect
ivepost
ureandcor
rect
ion
andgraduatedexer
ciseprogramme.

3.Demonstr
atetr
eatmentt
echni
ques:Breat
hingexercise,
huff
ingandcoughi
ng,
mobi
li
zingexer
cise,
post
urecor
recti
onandgr aduatedexer
ciseprogr
amme.

K. PHYSI
OTHERAPYI
NREHABI
LITATI
ONAFTERMYOCARDI
ALI
NFARCTI
ON:
[6hour
s]

1.Descri
betherol
eoft
hephy
siot
her
api
sti
nacor
onar
ycar
euni
tdur
ingt
he
fi
rst48hour
s.

2.Descri
bethepri
nci
plesoffor
mul at
ionofanexer
cisepr
ogr
amme,
bed
exer
cises,
walki
ng,stai
rcl
imbing.

3.Descr
ibeahomeexer
cisepr
ogr
ammeandadv
isel
eisur
eact
ivi
ti
es.

4.Descri
bephysiotherapyforcompli
cati
onsaft
ermyocardi
ali
nfar
cti
on:
chesti
nfect
ion,cerebralemboli
sm andshoul
derhandsyndr
ome.

M.PERI
PHERALVASCULARDI
SEASES: [4hour
s]

1.Outl
inethepathol
ogy,dist
ri
buti
onandsymptomsofather
oscler
osi
s,
i
nter
mi t
tentcl
audicat
ion,Buer
gersdi
sease,
Raynaudsdi
seaseandart
eri
al
embolus.

147
 2.Assessmentoft
heabov
econdi
ti
ons.

3.Managementoft
heabov
econdi
ti
ons.

Ref
erences:
-

1.CashTextf
orChest
,Hear
t&Vascul
ardi
sor
der
s.

2.TheBr
ompt
ongui
det
ochestphy
siot
her
apybyD.
U.Gasket
.

3.TextbookofCar
diopul
monar
yrehabi
li
tat
ion-Scot
tIr
win.

4.Car
diopul
monar
yPhy
sicalt
her
apy—Donaf
rownf
elt
er

5.Cl
ini
calPhy
sicalt
her
apy—Webber&Pr
ayer
.

148
 REHABI
LITATI
ONMEDI
CINE

Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:IVYear

I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:100

Mar
ks:
Theor
y80+I
A20

Pr
act
ical
s60+Vi
va20+I
A20

COURSEDESCRI
PTI
ON:

Foll
owingthebasi
csci
encesandcli
nicalsci
encescour
se,
thi
scour
sewil
lenabl
e
thestudent
stounder
standt
heirr
olei
nt hemanagementofdi
sabi
li
ty.

COURSEOBJECTI
VES:

Theobjecti
vesofthi
scour
searethataft
er100hour
soflect
ures&
demonstrat
ions,
inaddi
ti
ontocl
ini
cs,thest
udentwi
llbeabl
etodemonst
rat
ean
under
standingof:
A.Theconceptofteam appr
oachinrehabi
li
tat
ion(
pract
ical
demonst
rat
ion,
wit
h
cont
ri
buti
onsfrom al
l membersoftheteam).
B.Diagnost
icfeat
uresi
nphy
sical
condi
ti
ons(
pract
isedt
hroughcl
i
nical
demonstrat
ion)
.
C.Medicalandsurgical
aspectsofdi
sabl
i
ngconditi
ons(expl
ainedinr
elat
iont
o
rehabi
li
tati
on).
D.Residualpotent
ial
sinpati
entswit
hparti
alort
otaldi
sabil
it
y( t
emporar
yor

per
manent
)

E.Appr
opr
iat
egoal
s(l
ongandshor
tter
m)i
ntr
eat
ment&r
ehabi
li
tat
ion.

COURSEOUTLI
NE:

A.I
NTRODUCTI
ON: [4hour
s]

Def
inet
het
ermr
ehabi
li
tat
ion.Expl
aini
tsai
msandpr
inci
ples.

Di
scusst
eam wor
kinv
olv
edi
nrehabi
li
tat
ion.Expl
ainbr
ief
lyt
her
oleofeach

t
eam member
.

149
B.THERAPEUTI
CTECHNI
QUES: [7hour
s]

Expl
aint
het
heor
yandmechani
sm oft
her
apeut
ict
echni
quesandr
elev
ant

pr
ecaut
ions,
fort
hef
oll
owi
ng:
-

1.Joi
ntmobi
li
zat
ionandmani
pul
ati
on

2.Reduci
ngspasm.

3.Assi
sti
ngweakmuscl
es.

4.I
ncr
easi
ngendur
ance

5.Muscl
ere-
educat
ionf
oll
owi
ngmuscl
etr
ansf
ersur
ger
y.

6.St
rengt
heni
ngmuscl
es.

7.I
ncr
easi
ngco-
ordi
nat
ion.

8.I
mpr
ovi
ngbal
ance.

9.Gai
ttr
aini
ngwi
thv
ari
ousassi
sti
veai
ds

C.COMMUNI
CATI
ONPROBLEMS: [6hour
s]

I
dent
if
ycommuni
cat
ionpr
obl
ems,
classi
fyt
heseandout
li
nepr
inci
plesof

t
reat
mentandt
rai
ning.

D.BEHAVI
OURALPROBLEMS: [6hour
s]

I
denti
fybehav
iour
alpr
obl
emsi
nthedi
sabl
edandout
li
nepr
inci
plesof
management.

E.PAI
N: [4hour
s]

Descri
bet
hetheori
esofpai
nanddi
scusst
her
apeut
icmanagementofpai
nusi
ng
var
iousmodal
it
ies.

150
 Descr
ibet
hecommonmy
o-f
asci
alpai
nsy
ndr
omesandout
li
net
hei
r
management
.

F.EVALUATI
ONOFPHYSI
CALDYSFUNCTI
ON: [8hour
s]

Demonst r
atemet hodsofev aluati
onforphysicaldysfuncti
on&managementof
disabil
it
ieswithparticul
arreferenceto:Spi
nal cordinj
ury(paraplegiaand
tetrapl
egia),
poliomy el
it
is,
braininjur
y,(
incl
udingst r
okeandcer ebralpalsy)
arthri
ti
ccondi t
ions,musculardy str
ophy,Hansensdi sease,peri
pher alnerv
e
l
esi ons.Fracturedisease&chr oniccar
dio—r espi
ratorydysfuncti
on.

G.ORTHOTI
CDEVI
CES: [5hour
s]

Explainthepri
nci
plesinv
olvedi
nprescr
ibi
ngor t
hoti
cdevicesandfabri
cati
onfor
di
fferentpart
softhebody .Outl
i
nethepurposeofeachty peandl
istmajor
i
ndications&contr
ai ndi
cati
onsanddemonstratemethodsoftrai
ningi
ntheiruse.

H.PROSTHETI
CDEVI
CES: [6hour
s]

Descr
ibet
ypesofart
if
iciall
imbandt
hei
rfunct
ions.Demonst
rat
emet
hodsofpr
e
andpostt
rai
ningandtheiruse.

I
. MOBI
LITYAI
DS: [7hour
s]

Demonstr
ateknowledgeoftheindicat
ionsfordi
ff
erentt
ypesofmobi
l
ityai
ds,
and
t
hei
rfunct
ionseg.wheel
chair
s,walkers,
crutches.

J.PRE-
VOCATI
ONALEVALUATI
ON: [4hour
s]

Di
scussmet
hodsandt
eam i
nvol
vementi
npr
e-v
ocat
ionalev
aluat
ionand

t
rai
ning.

K.ARCHI
TECTURALBARRI
ERS: [8hour
s]

Descr
ibear
chi
tect
uralbar
ri
ersandpossi
blemodi
fi
cat
ions,
wit
href
erencet
o

r
heumat
oidar
thr
it
is,
cer
ebr
ovascul
aracci
dent
,spi
nalcor
dinj
ury
,andot
her

di
sabl
ingcondi
ti
ons.Par
kinsonsdi
sease,
amput
ati
on,
muscul
ardy
str
ophy
,

cer
ebr
alpal
sy,
pol
iomy
eli
ti
s,per
ipher
alner
vel
esi
ons,
Hansensdi
sease,

mul
ti
plescl
erosi
s.

L.DI
SABI
LITYEVALUATI
ON: [5hour
s]

151
 Out
li
net
hepr
inci
plesofdi
sabi
li
tyev
aluat
ionanddi
scussi
tsuse.

M.LEGALASPECTS: [
4hour
s]

Out
li
nel
egalaspect
sofdi
sabi
li
ty,
ter
msofcompensat
ionf
ordi
sabi
li
tyand

benef
it
sav
ail
abl
etot
hedi
sabl
ed.

N.SOCI
ALI
MPLI
CATI
ONS: [4hour
s]

Out
li
net
hesoci
ali
mpl
icat
ionsofdi
sabi
li
tyf
ort
hei
ndi
vi
dualandf
ort
he

communi
ty.

O.COMMUNI
TYBASED REHABI
LITATI
ONMODULE: [3hour
s]

Descr
ibeaCBRmodul
eandcompar
ethi
swi
thani
nst
it
uti
onbased

r
ehabi
li
tat
ionsy
stem.

P. GERI
ATRI
CREHABI
LITATI
ON: [6hour
s]

 Li
fehi
stor
y
 Soci
ologi
cal&t
echnol
ogi
cal
aspect
s
 Theagei
ngbody
 Theor
iesofagei
ng:
phy
siol
ogi
cal
:env
ironment
al
 Locomot
orsy
stem
 Car
dio-
respi
rat
orysy
stem
 Neur
ologi
cal
funct
ion
 Aut
onomi
cfunct
ion

152
  Met
abol
i
cfunct
ion
 Appr
oacht
othet
reat
ment
 I
nter
view
 Exami
nat
ion
 Ai
msofi
nter
vent
ion
 Rol
eoft
hePhy
siot
her
api
st.

Q.WOMENSHEALTH: [7hours]
Defi
net
her ol
eofPhy si
other
apyi
n
a.Antenaleducati
on
b.Postnatalcar
e
c.Pre&Postoper ati
vecarei
nvar
iousabdomi
nal
andgynecologi
calsur
ger
ies.
d.Postmenopausal management
.

Explai
nv ari
ousmechani smsandt her
apeut
ict
echni
quesandpr
ecaut
ionsusedi
n
pel
v i
cfloorrehabili
tat
ion.
1.El ect
rotherapy
2.Bi ofeedback
3.Mobi li
zation&mani pul
ati
on
4.Er gonomi cadvice

R.PALLI
ATIVECARE: [6hour
s]
1.Defi
net heterm pal
l
iativ
ecare
2.Roleofteam member sinpal
li
ati
vecar
e
3.Explai
nbriefl
ytheroleofeachteam member
4.Pall
iat
ivecareinter
mi nali
ll
ness.

Ref
erences:-
1.Textbookofr
ehabi
l
itat
ionmedi
cinebySunder
.
2.TextBookofr
ehabi
l
itat
ionmedi
cinebyDel
i
sa.
3.Ger
iat
ri
csRehabi
l
itat
ion-Ti
dysphy
siot
her
apy
4.CashTextBookofGener
alSur
ger
y.
5.Phy
sical
Rehabi
l
itat
ionAssessmentandt
reat
ment-SusanOSul
l
ivan.
6.Phy
siol
ogi
cal
basi
csofRehabi
l
itat
ionMedi
cine-DownyandDar
li
ngs.
7.HandBookofPhy
sical
Medi
cineandRehabi
l
itat
ion-Randal
landBr
oddom.
8.Manual
ofPhy
sical
Medi
cineandRehabi
l
itat
ion-Chr
ist
opherM Br
ammer
.
9.JoanE.Edel
stei
n-JanBr
uckner-Or
thot
icsAcompr
ehensi
vecl
i
nical
appr
oach.
10.Phy
siot
her
apyi
nObst
etr
ics&Gy
naecol
ogy—Pol
den.

153
 RESEARCHMETHADOLOGYANDBI
OSTATI
STI
CS

Exami
nat
ionatt
heendof
:IVYear

I
nst
ruct
ionhour
s:80

Mar
ks:
Theor
y80+I
A20

1.Intr
oducti
ontoresearchmet hodology:meaningofr esearch,object
ivesof
research,
motiv
ationinresearch,Typesofr
esear ches&r esearchappr oaches,
cri
teri
aforgoodresearch,problemsencounteredbyr esearchersinIndia

2.Resear
chproblem :st
atementofresear
chprobl
em ,st
atementofpur
poseand
obj
ecti
vesofresearchprobl
em ,
necessit
yofdefi
ningprobl
em

3.Researchdesi
gn:Meaningofr
esear
chdesi
gn,
Needf
orr
esear
chdesi
gn,
feat
uresofgoodresear
chdesi
gn

4.Sampli
ngdesi
gn:cr
it
eriaf
orsel
ect
ingprocedure,I
mpli
cat
ionsforsampli
ng
desi
gn,st
epsi
nsamplingdesi
gn,dif
fer
enttypesofsampl
ingdesigns.

5.Measurement&scali
ngtechni
ques:measurementi nresear
ch,scal
esin
r
esearchsour
cesoferrori
nmeasur ement,
t echniqueofdevel
oping
measurementtool
s,meaningofscali
ng&it
scl assif
icat
ioni
mpor t
antscal
ing
t
echniques

6.Methodsofdatacol
lect
ion:col
lect
ionofpri
marydat
a,col
lect
ionofdata
thr
oughquesti
onnai
res&schedules,Dif
fer
encesbet
weenquesti
onnair
es&
schedul
es

7.Sampl
ingf
undamentals:needforsampl
i
ng,
&somef
undament
aldef
ini
ti
ons,
i
mport
antsampl
ingdistr
ibut
ions

8.Processing&anal
ysi
sofdata:pr ocessi
ngoperati
ons,probl
emsi nprocessi
ng,
ty
pesofanal y
sis,
stat
ist
icsi
nr esearch,Measuresofcentr
altendency,
Dispersi
on,Asymmetryr
elat
ionship

9.Test
ingofHypot
hesis:whatisHypothesi
s, basi
cconcept
sconcer
ningt
est
ing
ofhypot
hesi
s,l
imit
ati
onsoftest
ingofhypothesis

10.
Comput ertechnol
ogy:I
ntr
oducti
ontocomput
ers,
comput
erappl
icat
ioni
n
resear
ch, computers&resear
cher

154
BI
OSTATI
STI
CS:

1.Intr
oducti
on:Meani ng,def i
nit
ion,charact
erist
icsofstat
ist
ics, i
mportanceof
studyofstat
ist
ics,Branchesofst at
ist
ics,stati
sti
csandheal t
hscience
i
ncludingphysi
otherapy, parameter
sandest imates,descri
ptiveandinfer
enti
al
stati
sti
csvar
iablesandt heirty
pes, measurementscales

2.Tabulat
ionofData:Basi
cprinci
plesofgraphi
calr
epr
esentat
ions,t
ypesof
diagr
ams—hi stogr
ams, f
requencypolygons,smoot
hfrequencypol
ygon,
cumulati
vefr
equencycurve,nonprobabil
it
ycurve

3.Measur
eofcentr
alt
endency:Needformeasur
eofcent
ralt
endency,def
ini
ti
on
andcal
cul
ati
onofmean-ungrouped&grouped,Meani
ngofcalcul
ati
onof
Mode,compari
sonofmean,medianandmode

4.Pr
obabili
tyandst
andar
ddevi
ation:Meaningofprobabi
li
tyofstandar
d
di
str
ibuti
on,THEBINOMIALDISTRIBUTI
ON, thenormaldist
ri
bution,
di
vergencefr
om nor
mali
ty—skewness,kurt
osis

BOOKSFORREFERENCE:

1.Carol
inHicksResearchforPhysi
otherapy
.
2.TextbookofBiostat
ist
icsbySundarRao.
3.TextbookofBiostat
ist
icsandResearchmethodol
ogybyU.
Sat
yanar
ayana.

155
 PROJECTWORK

TheProjectWorkistobetakenupbyt hestudenti
nthebeginni
ngoftheII
IYear
andsubmitt
edatt heendofIVYear,undert
heguidanceoftheTutor/Assi
stant
Prof
essorconcerned.

Theobject
iveoft
heprojectworkist
oint
roducethestudentstotheconcept
sof
r
esearchmethodol
ogyandlit
eratur
erevi
ewandr ef
erences.Theprojectwor
kalsoaids
t
hestudent
stogainani n-
depthknowledgeoft
hear eatheyhavechosen.

Thear
eaoft
hepr
ojectwor
ktakenupbyt
hest
udent
sshoul
dber
elev
antand

shoul
dinv
olv
eappr
opr
iat
eappl
icat
ionst
othepr
act
iceofPhy
siot
her
apy
.

156
 I
NTERNSHI
P

Af
tersuccessf
ulcompl
eti
onoft
hef
inalexami
nat
ionev
eryst
udentadmi
tt
edt
o

Bachel
orofPhy
siot
her
apyDegr
eecour
seshoul
dunder
go6mont
hsofcompul
sor
y

r
otat
ator
yint
ernshi
pint
hef
oll
owi
ngDepar
tment
s.

Tot
alI
nter
nshi
pHour
s:1150hr
s.

1.Phy
siot
her
apyOut
-pat
ientDepar
tment 1Mont
h.

2.Or
thopaedi
cs: 1Mont
h.

3.Neur
ology&Neur
oSur
ger
y 1Mont
h.

4.Car
diol
ogy&Car
diot
hor
aci
cSur
ger
y 1Mont
h.

5.Gener
alMedi
cine&Gener
alSur
ger
y 1Mont
h.

6.Communi
tybasedRehabi
li
tat
ion/ 1Mont
h.

Ger
iat
ri
cs.

*****

157
158