MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

A
MICRO PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Linux File system and versions
Subject Code :312001

SUBMITTED BY

Name Enrollment No

1:Patel Md Talha shahbaz 23612410151

2:Rayyan Mubeen khan 23612410145
3:Pathaan Ayaan khan 23612410117
4:Pathaan Abdurrahman 23612410194

GUIDED BY
Miss. Juwairiya Sadaf

Al Jamia Mohammediyah Education Society’s

MAULANA MUKHTAR AHMAD NADVI TECHNICAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
 Academic Year 2023-24

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mister.
1. Patel Md Talha shahbaz
2. Rayyan mubeen khan
3. Pathaan Ayaan khan
4. Pathaan Abdurrahman
Of Second Semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering of
Institute, Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus,
Malegaon. (Code: 1726) Course of BLP [312001] for the Academic
Year 2023-24 as prescribed in the Curriculum.

Place: Malegaon Date: ……………………...

Subject In-charge HOD Principal

Miss. Juwairiya Sadaf Dr. Aasif Rasool Dr. MD. Azhar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

VISION

To build strong research and learning environment producing

globallycompetentprofessionals and innovators who will contribute
to the betterment of the society.

MISSION
• To create and sustain an academic environment Conducive to the
highest level of research and teaching.
• To provide state-of-the-art laboratories which will be up to date
with the new developments in the area of computer engineering.
• To organize competitive event, industry interactions and global
collaborations in view of providing a nurturing environment for
students toprepare for a successful career and the ability to tackle
lifelong challenges in global industrial needs.
• To educate students to be socially and ethically responsible
citizensI viewof national and global development.
 INDEX

Sr. No Topic Page

No
1 INTRODUCTION 01

2 THEORY 02

3 FILE SYSTEM 03

4 FILE VERSIONS 04

5 VERSION CONTRO SYSTEM 05-06

6 CONCLUSION 07
 Introduction :
The Linux file system is the backbone of the Linux operating system, providing the structure and
organization necessary for storing, accessing, and managing data. As an integral part of the Linux
ecosystem, the file system plays a crucial role in facilitating communication between hardware components,
software applications, and users.

At its core, the Linux file system adheres to a hierarchical structure, also known as the "Filesystem
Hierarchy Standard (FHS)," which defines the directory layout and naming conventions for various system
files, configuration files, libraries, binaries, and user data.

This hierarchical arrangement enables efficient organization and retrieval of files and directories,
promoting ease of use and system maintenance. One of the key features of the Linux file system is its
support for multiple file systems, each designed to cater to specific use cases and requirements.

These file systems vary in terms of performance, reliability, scalability, and compatibility with different
storage media. From traditional disk-based file systems to modern flash-friendly file systems optimized for
solid-state drives (SSDs), Linux offers a diverse range of options to suit various computing environments
and workloads.

Among the most commonly used file systems in the Linux ecosystem are Ext4 (Fourth Extended File
System), Btrfs (B-tree File System), XFS (XFS File System), ZFS (Zettabyte File System), and F2FS (Flash-
Friendly File System). Each file system has its own set of features, advantages, and limitations, allowing
users to choose the most suitable option based on their specific needs and preferences.

The Linux file system also incorporates advanced features such as journaling, which ensures data
integrity and facilitates faster file system recovery in the event of system crashes or power failures.
Additionally, many Linux file systems support features like snapshots, compression, encryption, and online
resizing, further enhancing their flexibility and utility in various scenarios.

Overall, the Linux file system serves as a robust foundation for the Linux operating system, providing the
framework for efficient data storage, management, and retrieval. Its flexibility, scalability, and compatibility
with a wide range of file
systems make it a preferred choice for a diverse array of computing environments, from personal desktops to
enterprise servers and embedded systems.
 Theory:
The Linux file system represents a sophisticated framework that underpins the storage and retrieval of
data within the Linux operating system. Rooted in Unix principles, it adheres to the Filesystem Hierarchy
Standard (FHS), which delineates the organizational structure of directories and files.

At its foundation lies the concept of inodes, which serve as metadata containers housing crucial
information about files and directories. This metadata includes permissions,timestamps, file size, and data
block pointers, enabling efficient file manipulation and access.

Linux boasts a diverse range of file systems, each tailored to address specific performance and scalability
requirements. Ext4, a staple in many Linux distributions, balances performance with backward
compatibility, offering features like journaling and delayed allocation to enhance data integrity and disk
utilization.

In contrast, Btrfs represents a modern file system designed for scalability and fault tolerance, incorporating
features such as copy-on-write snapshots and checksums for data integrity verification. This makes Btrfs
particularly well-suited for dynamic storage environments requiring flexible management and protection
mechanisms.

Emerging storage technologies find their place in Linux through file systems like F2FS, optimized for
flash-based storage devices. By leveraging techniques such as wear-levelling and TRIM support, F2FS
maximizes performance and longevity, catering to the demands of SSDs and eMMC modules.

Furthermore, Linux extends its file system capabilities through integration with advanced storage solutions
like ZFS. While not natively included due to licensing considerations, ZFS offers features like data
deduplication and advanced RAID configurations through third-party implementations like ZFS on Linux
(Zoli), augmenting the data management capabilities of Linux environments.

In summary, the Linux file system represents a dynamic ecosystem of storage technologies, continually
evolving to meet the diverse demands of modern computing environments. From foundational concepts like
encodes to innovative solutions for emerging storage mediums, Linux remains at the forefront of file system
innovation, providing users with unparalleled flexibility and reliability in managing their data assets.
 File system:

The Linux file system is a crucial component of the Linux operating system, responsible for organizing,
storing, and retrieving data. It provides a hierarchical structure that facilitates efficient management of files
and directories, enabling users and applications to interact with stored data seamlessly

At its core, the Linux file system adheres to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which defines the
directory structure and naming conventions for various system files, configuration files, libraries, binaries,
and user data. This standardization ensures consistency across different Linux distributions and facilitates
interoperability among them.

The Linux file system organizes data into a tree-like structure, with the root directory ("/") at the top.
Below the root directory are various subdirectories, each serving a specific purpose. Some common
directories found in the Linux file system include

1: /bin: Contains essential executable binaries (programs) that are required for system operation,
accessible to all users. 2: /boot: Stores boot loader files and kernel images necessary for booting the
system.

3: /dev: Houses device files that represent hardware devices connected to the system, allowing
applications to communicate with hardware components.

4: /etc: Contains system-wide configuration files for various software applications and
system services. 5: /home: Stores user home directories, where users can store their
personal files and configurations.
 6: /lib and /lib64: Contains shared libraries (similar to DLLs in Windows) required by system binaries and
shared by multiple programs.
 7: /proc and /sys: Virtual file systems that provide information about system hardware, processes, and kernel
parameters.
8: /tmp: Stores temporary files that are meant to be deleted automatically by the system.
9: /usr: Contains user-accessible files and directories, including user binaries, libraries, and documentation.

10: /var: Holds variable data files, such as log files, spool files, and temporary files generated by system
processes.

In addition to organizing files and directories, the Linux file system supports various file system types, each
with its own features and optimizations tailored to specific use cases. Some commonly used file system
types in Linux include Ext4, Btrfs, XFS, and F2FS.

Ext2: The second extended file system was the default file system for Linux for many years. It provided
basic functionality for organizing files and directories but lacked features like journaling for improved
reliability.
Ext3: Ext3 introduced journaling, which improved reliability by keeping track of changes before they were
actually committed to the file system. This reduced the risk of data loss in the event of a system crash.
Ext4: Ext4 is the current default file system for many Linux distributions. It builds upon Ext3 with support
for larger file sizes and storage devices, faster file system checks, and improved performance through
features like delayed allocation and extents.
XFS: XFS is a high-performance file system that excels in handling large files and volumes. It supports
features like journaling, scalability, and efficient metadata handling, making it suitable for use cases such as
databases and multimedia storage.
Btrfs: Btrfs is a modern copy-on-write file system designed for scalability, data integrity, and easy
administration. It supports features like snapshots, checksums for data integrity, and transparent
compression, making it suitable for both consumer and enterprise environments.
ZFS: Although not native to Linux, ZFS is a powerful file system originally developed by Sun
Microsystems. It offers features like pooled storage, data integrity through checksums and copy-on-write,
and support for advanced storage management features like snapshots and data deduplication.
 File Versions:
In the context of Linux, "file versions" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. Here,
I'll cover two possible interpretations: versions of the Linux kernel and versions of files managed by version
control systems.

1: Versions of the Linux Kernel:

The Linux kernel, as the core of the Linux operating system, undergoes regular updates and releases to
incorporate new features, enhancements, security patches, and bug fixes. Each release of the Linux kernel is
identified by a version number, typically consisting of three or four digits separated by periods (e.g., 5.4.0).
Linux kernel versions follow a specific numbering scheme, where the first digit indicates the major version,
the second digit denotes the minor version, and the third (and sometimes fourth) digit represents the patch
level. For example, in the version number 5.4.0, "5" is the major version, "4" is the minor version, and "0" is
the patch level.

Major versions (e.g., Linux 5.x) signify significant changes or architectural improvements, while minor
versions (e.g., Linux 5.4.x) typically introduce new features and improvements within the same major
version. Patch level updates (e.g., Linux 5.4.1, 5.4.2, etc.) usually address bug fixes and security
vulnerabilities within a specific minor version.

2:Versions of Files Managed

by Version Control

Systems:

In software development, version control systems (VCS) like Git, Subversion (SVN), and Mercurial are
used to manage changes to files and collaborate on projects. These systems track the history of changes
made to files over time, allowing users to revert to previous versions, track modifications, and merge
changes from multiple contributors.

In the context of version control systems, each modification or update to a file is typically referred to
as a "version" or "revision." Each version is uniquely identified by a revision number, commit hash, or a
combination of both, depending on the version control system used.

For example, in Git, a distributed version control system widely used in the Linux development
community, each commit to a repository generates a unique 40-character hexadecimal hash known as the
commit hash. Developers can refer to specific versions of files using these commit hashes or revision
numbers assigned by the version control system.

In summary, "Linux file versions" can refer to either the versions of the Linux kernel, denoting different
releases and updates of the kernel, or versions of files managed by version control systems, representing the
history of changes and revisions made to individual files within software projects.
 Conclusion:
The evolution of Linux file system versions underscores a relentless pursuit of excellence in performance,
reliability, and feature sets, propelled by the ever-evolving needs of users and advancements in technology.
The availability of multiple file system options empowers users to select the most suitable solution tailored
to their specific requirements, ensuring optimal performance and data integrity across diverse applications
and workloads. As Linux continues to evolve, its commitment to providing a robust ecosystem of file system
options remains steadfast, epitomizing its dedication to meeting the dynamic needs of its user base.